State v. Hicks

535 A.2d 776, 148 Vt. 459, 1987 Vt. LEXIS 528
CourtSupreme Court of Vermont
DecidedAugust 14, 1987
Docket85-259
StatusPublished
Cited by42 cases

This text of 535 A.2d 776 (State v. Hicks) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of Vermont primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Hicks, 535 A.2d 776, 148 Vt. 459, 1987 Vt. LEXIS 528 (Vt. 1987).

Opinion

Allen, C.J.

Defendant appeals from a conviction for committing lewd or lascivious conduct upon the body of a child, in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 2602. We affirm.

*461 The conduct occurred on or about January 1, 1984, and was first reported at the beginning of March, 1984 when the six-year-old complainant told her babysitter that the defendant had undressed her and laid on top of her. The babysitter informed the child’s mother, who brought the child to a physician. The physician examined the child and relayed relevant information to the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services, which conducted an investigation in conjunction with the state’s attorney’s office, ultimately resulting in defendant’s conviction.

The defendant claims that the trial court erred by admitting expert testimony about behavior of other children who had been sexually abused, improperly instructing the jury about defendant’s alibi defense, and impermissibly allowing the State to use in its case-in-chief evidence of alleged threats made by the defendant to the victim.

At trial, the State offered expert testimony to show that delays in reporting incidents of sexual assault or sexual abuse are common among children who are the victims of such abuse. Defendant claims that the State’s expert was not sufficiently qualified as an expert to testify, and, if she was so qualified, that her testimony was inadmissible.

A trial court has discretion to admit expert testimony if it “will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence . . . .” V.R.E. 702. 1 Whether the qualifications of an expert have been properly established is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court. Northern Terminals, Inc. v. Smith Grocery & Variety, Inc., 138 Vt. 389, 392-93, 418 A.2d 22, 24 (1980). The State’s proposed expert witness’s qualifications included a B.A. in elementary education and a master’s degree in social work with specialization in children. She had attended at least one state workshop, has pursued various studies in the area of sexual abuse, and at the time of her testimony, was employed as a children’s social worker for Northeast Kingdom Mental Health. She had been employed there for five years, and had counseled eighteen children, nine of whom were under the age of sixteen, who had reported sexual abuse in the latter two of those five years. Rule 702 makes *462 it clear that the expertise or skill of an expert witness may arise from either training, experience or education. See also State v. White, 142 Vt. 73, 77, 451 A.2d 1137, 1139 (1982) (“Skill, knowledge, and experience above and beyond that of the average juror are each an adequate basis upon which to qualify an expert.”). The court’s determination was not erroneous, Northern Terminals, 138 Vt. at 392, 418 A.2d at 24, and the State’s witness was properly allowed to testify as an expert. See also State v. Bubar, 146 Vt. 398, 402-03, 505 A.2d 1197, 1200 (1985) (witness who had assisted four rape victims over a period of four and one-half years, had attended several training sessions and was familiar with the literature qualified as expert).

The defendant has also challenged the substance of the expert’s testimony. Defense counsel cross-examined the complainant’s mother concerning the complainant’s three-month delay in reporting the assault. The State’s expert then testified in rebuttal that fear may prevent abused children from reporting an incident for a long period of time. We conclude that the testimony was properly admitted. The behavioral patterns of child victims of sexual abuse are generally not known to the average juror and are therefore a proper subject for expert testimony. See State v. Catsam, 148 Vt. 366, 369, 534 A.2d 184, 187 (1987). Reporting problems, and the fact that children are not necessarily inclined to immediately recount an incident of sexual abuse, are complicated issues warranting expert testimony. Id.

The testimony did not, as defendant argues in his brief, “improperly bolster the credibility of the complainant.” The expert did not testify on the complainant’s credibility but addressed only the parameters of reporting, and whether it is common for child victims of sexual abuse to delay telling someone what occurred. “The fact that the jury, if it believes the expert’s testimony, may draw inferences which would tend to bolster the victim’s credibility does not make the evidence inadmissible. . . . [S]o long as the expert does not render an opinion on the accuracy of the victim’s recitation of facts, his or her general testimony on the dynamics of sexual abuse does not prejudice the jury.” Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 348 Pa. Super. 368, 376-77, 502 A.2d 253, 257 (1985); cf. Catsam, 148 Vt. at 371, 534 A.2d at 188 (reversible error to admit expert testimony regarding tendency of post-traumatic stress disorder victims to tell the truth about incidents of sexual abuse).

*463 Defendant’s reliance on State v. Percy, 146 Vt. 475, 507 A.2d 955 (1986), is misplaced. In Percy, we determined that the State’s expert witnesses had not testified about profile or syndrome evidence, but had testified about the characteristics of other defendants in other rape cases. Id. at 482-84, 507 A.2d at 959-60. Their testimony was inflammatory and prejudicial and went directly to the question of defendant’s guilt by association with other defendants. Id. at 484-85, 507 A.2d at 960-61; accord Hall v. State, 15 Ark. App. 309, 316-17, 692 S.W.2d 769, 773 (1985) (expert testimony which focused attention of jury upon whether evidence against defendant matched evidence in “usual” case of sexual assault held destructive and prejudicial). Defendant argues that the testimony of the State’s expert in this case similarly prejudiced him through guilt by association.

The testimony elicited upon direct examination in Percy must be distinguished from the situation in this case, where the defense has attacked a witness for the State, and evidence is offered to explain the testimony of that witness. See State v. Claflin, 38 Wash. App. 847, 852, 690 P.2d 1186, 1190 (1984) (social worker’s rebuttal testimony that late reporting was not unusual among sexually abused children held admissible where defendant attempted to discredit witnesses by emphasizing their delay in reporting abuse).

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Bluebook (online)
535 A.2d 776, 148 Vt. 459, 1987 Vt. LEXIS 528, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-hicks-vt-1987.