Brace, J.
The defendants were jointly indicted under section 1262, Revised Statutes, 1879, for assaulting and shooting one Harrison Davenport, “ on purpose and with malice aforethought,” with the intent him the said Davenport to kill; the defendant, Samuel Hickam, as principal, and the other defendants as present aiding, helping, abetting, etc., the said Samuel in the felony and assault as aforesaid. They were all found guilty under section 1262, supra, the punishment of Samuel Hickam assessed at live years imprisonment in the penitentiary, and that of the other defendants at fines in different amounts. The defendant Susan is the mother, and defendant, Nancy Lamm, is the sister, of said Samuel, and defendant, Edie Bell, was a colored servant of the said Susan. As ground for reversal of the judgment in this case, it is urged that the trial court committed error in giving for the state instructions four, five, eight, nine, and ten, which are as follows :
! 14. The court instructs the jury that even though the defendant, Samuel Hickam, may have had good reason to believe, and did believe, that the witness, Harrison Davenport, was about to do him some great bodily harm, yet that would not justify him in using any greater amount of force than was necessary to repel such an attack as said Hickam apprehended was about to be made upon him; and if the jury shall find that the defendant, Samuel Hickam, did shoot said Davenport and wound and disable him in such a manner that said Davenport could not make any further attack or resistance, and that the said defendant, Samuel Hickam, knowing him to be so wounded and disabled, did continue to assault him, then such assault, made after said Davenport was so wounded and disabled was not made in necessary self-defence.”
“5. If the jury shall believe, from the evidence, that Samuel Hickam made an assault upon the witness, [327]*327Harrison Davenport, with a pistol, in the manner and form as charged in the indictment, it devolves upon the defendant to show, to the satisfaction of the jury, some satisfactory grounds for making such assault, and unless he has so done, the jury should find him guilty.”
“8. The court instructs the jury that he who wilfully, that is, intentionally, uses upon another, at some vital part, a deadly weapon, such as a revolver, must, in the absence of qualifying facts, be presumed to know that the effect is likely to be death ; and, knowing this, must be presumed to intend 'death, which is the probable consequence of such an act ■; and if such deadly weapon is used without just cause or provocation, he must be presumed to do it wickedly and from a base heart. If, therefore, you believe, from the evidence, that the defendant, Samuel Hickam, on the twenty-fifth day of July, 1884, in the county of Cooper, and state of Missouri, did shoot Harrison Davenport with a pistol, with the manifest design to use such a pistol upon him, without sufficient reason, cause, or extenuation, then the jury will find said defendant; Samuel Hickam, guilty, and assess his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding ten years.”
“9. The court instructs' the jury that the law of self-defence is emphatically a law of necessity, and no person can avail himself of the right of self-defence, where he freely and voluntarily enters into and engages in a difficulty, and if the jury shall believe, from the evidence, that Samuel Hickam sought a difficulty with the witness Davenport; and that he voluntarily entered into such difficulty; and that he shot the said' Davenport on purpose, and of his malice aforethought, then there is no self-defence in this case.”
“10. The jury are instructed that if they shall believe, from the evidence, that any witness has ■ knowingly testified falsely to any material fact, then [328]*328the jury may disregard the whole of the testimony of such witness.”
The court refused to give the following instruction in behalf of defendants :
“ The mere fact that Nancy Lamm, Susan Hickam, and Edie Bell engaged or took part in the fight or difficulty in which Davenport was shot, is insufficient to convict them; under the indictment in this case, it must further be shown by the evidence, to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, that they, with knowledge of the intention of said Samuel Hickam to do said shooting, aided, abetted, counselled, advised, or commanded him to shoot said Davenport, and unless this proof has been made they must find said defendants, Susan Hickam, Nancy Lamm, and Edie Bell, not guilty, although they may have been present and may have been engaged in the difficulty when the shooting took place.”
■ I. The proposition contained in the first paragraph of the fourth instruction is incorrect. If the defendant, Samuel Hickam, had good reason to believe, and did believe, that Davenport was about to do him some great bodily harm, and “ acted in a moment of apparently impending peril, it was not for him to nicely gauge the proper quantum oí force necessary to repel the assault.” State v. Palmer, 88 Mo. 568. On the plea of self-defence, the question to be determined by the jury was, not whether the shooting was actually necessary to repel the attack, or whether some other or lesser force might not have been adequate to the defendant’s emergency, but whether when he did shoot, under all the circumstances, he had reasonable cause to believe, and did believe, that such shooting was necessary to protect himself from impending danger of great bodily harm. Nichols v. Winfrey, 79 Mo. 544, and cas. cit. This incorrect proposition was so connected, with the correct one declared in the second paragraph of the [329]*329instruction as to indicate that the latter was the corollary or equivalent of the former, and as a whole the instruction had a tendency to confuse or mislead the minds of the jurors.
II. The fifth instruction, purporting to cover the whole case, is either obnoxious to a like criticism or asserts incorrect legal propositions. If the jury, as therein instructed, found, from the evidence, that the defendant made the assault in manner and form as charged in the indictment, then there was and could be no defence in the case. If, however, the court meant to tell the jury that if they found, from the evidence, that the defendant made an assault upon the witness with a pistol, then it devolved upon him to show that the assault was made under such circumstances as would justify it, it is faulty for three reasons : (1) It devolved upon the defendant the burden of proof ; (2) it required a higher degree of proof than the law demands ; and (3) it submitted a question of law to the jury, i. e., what facts would justify the assault. The defendant could not be lawfully convicted on the indictment either under section 1262 or 1263, unless the shooting was done in malice with the intent to kill. If it was done under such circumstances as to be justifiable on the grouiid of self-defence, it was without malice. The defendant, through the whole of the trial, is clothed with the presumption of innocence of the offence with which he is charged. The state failed to make out its case, if, upon the whole evidence, it failed to prove, not to the satisfaction of the jury, for that might be done by a preponderance of the evidence, but beyond a reasonable doubt, that the shooting was done by the defendant with the intent to kill, in malice, i. e.,
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Brace, J.
The defendants were jointly indicted under section 1262, Revised Statutes, 1879, for assaulting and shooting one Harrison Davenport, “ on purpose and with malice aforethought,” with the intent him the said Davenport to kill; the defendant, Samuel Hickam, as principal, and the other defendants as present aiding, helping, abetting, etc., the said Samuel in the felony and assault as aforesaid. They were all found guilty under section 1262, supra, the punishment of Samuel Hickam assessed at live years imprisonment in the penitentiary, and that of the other defendants at fines in different amounts. The defendant Susan is the mother, and defendant, Nancy Lamm, is the sister, of said Samuel, and defendant, Edie Bell, was a colored servant of the said Susan. As ground for reversal of the judgment in this case, it is urged that the trial court committed error in giving for the state instructions four, five, eight, nine, and ten, which are as follows :
! 14. The court instructs the jury that even though the defendant, Samuel Hickam, may have had good reason to believe, and did believe, that the witness, Harrison Davenport, was about to do him some great bodily harm, yet that would not justify him in using any greater amount of force than was necessary to repel such an attack as said Hickam apprehended was about to be made upon him; and if the jury shall find that the defendant, Samuel Hickam, did shoot said Davenport and wound and disable him in such a manner that said Davenport could not make any further attack or resistance, and that the said defendant, Samuel Hickam, knowing him to be so wounded and disabled, did continue to assault him, then such assault, made after said Davenport was so wounded and disabled was not made in necessary self-defence.”
“5. If the jury shall believe, from the evidence, that Samuel Hickam made an assault upon the witness, [327]*327Harrison Davenport, with a pistol, in the manner and form as charged in the indictment, it devolves upon the defendant to show, to the satisfaction of the jury, some satisfactory grounds for making such assault, and unless he has so done, the jury should find him guilty.”
“8. The court instructs the jury that he who wilfully, that is, intentionally, uses upon another, at some vital part, a deadly weapon, such as a revolver, must, in the absence of qualifying facts, be presumed to know that the effect is likely to be death ; and, knowing this, must be presumed to intend 'death, which is the probable consequence of such an act ■; and if such deadly weapon is used without just cause or provocation, he must be presumed to do it wickedly and from a base heart. If, therefore, you believe, from the evidence, that the defendant, Samuel Hickam, on the twenty-fifth day of July, 1884, in the county of Cooper, and state of Missouri, did shoot Harrison Davenport with a pistol, with the manifest design to use such a pistol upon him, without sufficient reason, cause, or extenuation, then the jury will find said defendant; Samuel Hickam, guilty, and assess his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding ten years.”
“9. The court instructs' the jury that the law of self-defence is emphatically a law of necessity, and no person can avail himself of the right of self-defence, where he freely and voluntarily enters into and engages in a difficulty, and if the jury shall believe, from the evidence, that Samuel Hickam sought a difficulty with the witness Davenport; and that he voluntarily entered into such difficulty; and that he shot the said' Davenport on purpose, and of his malice aforethought, then there is no self-defence in this case.”
“10. The jury are instructed that if they shall believe, from the evidence, that any witness has ■ knowingly testified falsely to any material fact, then [328]*328the jury may disregard the whole of the testimony of such witness.”
The court refused to give the following instruction in behalf of defendants :
“ The mere fact that Nancy Lamm, Susan Hickam, and Edie Bell engaged or took part in the fight or difficulty in which Davenport was shot, is insufficient to convict them; under the indictment in this case, it must further be shown by the evidence, to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, that they, with knowledge of the intention of said Samuel Hickam to do said shooting, aided, abetted, counselled, advised, or commanded him to shoot said Davenport, and unless this proof has been made they must find said defendants, Susan Hickam, Nancy Lamm, and Edie Bell, not guilty, although they may have been present and may have been engaged in the difficulty when the shooting took place.”
■ I. The proposition contained in the first paragraph of the fourth instruction is incorrect. If the defendant, Samuel Hickam, had good reason to believe, and did believe, that Davenport was about to do him some great bodily harm, and “ acted in a moment of apparently impending peril, it was not for him to nicely gauge the proper quantum oí force necessary to repel the assault.” State v. Palmer, 88 Mo. 568. On the plea of self-defence, the question to be determined by the jury was, not whether the shooting was actually necessary to repel the attack, or whether some other or lesser force might not have been adequate to the defendant’s emergency, but whether when he did shoot, under all the circumstances, he had reasonable cause to believe, and did believe, that such shooting was necessary to protect himself from impending danger of great bodily harm. Nichols v. Winfrey, 79 Mo. 544, and cas. cit. This incorrect proposition was so connected, with the correct one declared in the second paragraph of the [329]*329instruction as to indicate that the latter was the corollary or equivalent of the former, and as a whole the instruction had a tendency to confuse or mislead the minds of the jurors.
II. The fifth instruction, purporting to cover the whole case, is either obnoxious to a like criticism or asserts incorrect legal propositions. If the jury, as therein instructed, found, from the evidence, that the defendant made the assault in manner and form as charged in the indictment, then there was and could be no defence in the case. If, however, the court meant to tell the jury that if they found, from the evidence, that the defendant made an assault upon the witness with a pistol, then it devolved upon him to show that the assault was made under such circumstances as would justify it, it is faulty for three reasons : (1) It devolved upon the defendant the burden of proof ; (2) it required a higher degree of proof than the law demands ; and (3) it submitted a question of law to the jury, i. e., what facts would justify the assault. The defendant could not be lawfully convicted on the indictment either under section 1262 or 1263, unless the shooting was done in malice with the intent to kill. If it was done under such circumstances as to be justifiable on the grouiid of self-defence, it was without malice. The defendant, through the whole of the trial, is clothed with the presumption of innocence of the offence with which he is charged. The state failed to make out its case, if, upon the whole evidence, it failed to prove, not to the satisfaction of the jury, for that might be done by a preponderance of the evidence, but beyond a reasonable doubt, that the shooting was done by the defendant with the intent to kill, in malice, i. e., under such circumstances as not to be justifiable on the ground of self-defence. Nichols v. Winfrey, supra; State v. Wingo, 66 Mo. 181; Chaffee v. United States, 18 Wall. 517. Malice and an intent to kill being essential elements of the offence [330]*330with which the defendant was charged, it devolved upon the state to prove them the same as any other fact iri the case necessary to establish guilt. From their nature they are not susceptible of proof by direct and positive evidence, ‘but can and may be inferred from other facts.’ Malice may be inferred from the intentional use of a deadly weapon upon a human being, an intent to kill from its intentional use on, or at, a vital part, and the jury may .well be told that these inferences may be made. They are deductions of fact, however, to be pagde by the jury in the light of all the facts and circumstances in evidence in the case, they are not conclusions to be reached at any stage of the case, if the attendant facts and circumstances militate against such conclusions to an extent sufficient to raise in the minds of the jurors a reasonable doubt of their correctness, and of defendant’s guilt. The satisfactory grounds that would constitute a defence to the assault charged are such grounds as would satisfy the law, and not the jury. By the instruction, the jury were told to find the defendant guilty unless he showed some satisfactory grounds for making the assault, leaving to them to determine what facts would satisfy the law, and constitute a good defence, a question of law that they were not competent to determine, and which should not have been submitted to them. State v. Forsythe, 89 Mo. 667.
III. The eighth instruction also purports to cover' the whole case, and while in the first paragraph some correct principles are laid down in the abstract, yet, when application of them is attempted to the case in hand, in the second paragraph so much is left out that practically the instruction is but a repetition in a slightly changed form of the fifth, and what is said in regard to that instruction is equally applicable to this. It must be conceded that these instructions standing alone are erroneous in the particulars pointed out. If, as in the case of the State v. Alexander, 66 Mo. 158, the direction to [331]*331find the defendant guilty upon the facts hypothecated had been qualified by the words, “unless justification-appears from the evidence offered by tlie state,” and an instruction had been given directing the jury to acquit,. if, upon the whole case, they had a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt, it might be contended that the two first vices mentioned were cured. But no such qualification was contained in either instruction,' and the jury were simply instructed that if they had a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt, they should give him the benefit of the doubt, but in what way and to what extent they were not told. They might have supposed that the-requirement of the instruction was satisfied if they applied the principle in the determination of the primafacie case the state was required to make out, and being satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did assault and shoot the witness with a pistol, they may have found the defendant guilty because he did not make out some undefined defence satisfactorily to them, and thus reconciled the instructions ; or, on the whole case, they may have had a reasonable doubt of defendant’ s guilt, an d felt that they were giving him the benefit of the doubt by assessing a milder punishment than they otherwise would have assessed, so that these instructions, whether read alone or in connection with the one on reasonable doubt, are erroneous, and were calculated' to mislead the jury.
IY. If the defendant, Sam Hickam,. on purpose and of his malice aforethought, shot Davenport then there is no self-defence in the case, is the legal truism declared in the last sentence of the ninth instruction, and this would be true just the same whether he sought the difficulty or voluntarily entered into it or not. What was said on that subject was entirely superfluous to the conclusion drawn, was unnecessary, not applicable to the case, and its only tendency was to confuse-the-minds of [332]*332the jury. The uncontroverted evidence was, that when Sam Hickam appeared upon the scene in front of his father’s house, the difficulty was on, between the prosecuting witness, Davenport, and his nephew, on one side, .and Hickam’s mother and sister on the other, whoever brought it on, he did not. In that difficulty he had a right to interfere in behalf of his mother; whether any act he did afterwards cohld be justified on the ground of necessary defence of himself or of his mother, would depend on the motive prompting the act and the circumstances under which it was done, and not upon the fact that he voluntarily entered into the difficulty.
Y. Instruction number ten, should not be given as a matter of course in any case, but when it should be given and when not, is a question difficult to determine upon a record, and the propriety of giving it, in any particular case must be left largely to the judgment and discretion of the trial court. White v. Maxey, 64 Mo. 552. We cannot see that this was a case in which it was •not proper to give it.
YI. We cannot say that the court erred in refusing defendant’s instruction in the form asked; the mere fact that Nancy Lamm, Susan Hickam, and Edie Bell took part in the fight or difficulty, of course, was not sufficient to convict them, but they might have been convicted under the indictment although they had no knowledge that Samuel Hickam intended to shoot Davenport, and although they neither aided, advised, nor commanded him to shoot Davenport. Neither of these defendants, however, could properly be convicted of the offence charged in the indictment, unless the jury found, either that there was a common purpose in the minds of Sam Hickam and such defendant to kill Davenport, and the shooting was done in the attempted accomplishment of such common purpose, or that such shooting was done by Sam Hickam in the attempted accomplishment of a [333]*333purpose in his mind to kill Davenport of which suck, defendant had knowledge, and that she did some act in-furtherance of the attempted accomplishment of suck purpose, and a proper instruction on this branch of the case ought to have been given.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for new trial.
All concur, Norton, C. J., in the result-