1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 8 Plaintiff-Appellee, 9 v. NO. 30,441 10 JUAN C. HERRERA, 11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY 13 Karen L. Parsons, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Margaret McLean, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Charles E. Knoblauch 19 Albuquerque, NM
20 for Appellant 21 MEMORANDUM OPINION 22 FRY, Judge. 23 In 1992, Defendant Juan Candelario Herrera pleaded guilty to two felony 24 charges that he alleges resulted in his deportation from the United States. In 2009,
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1 Defendant was arrested and charged in federal district court with having reentered the 2 country without authorization. While the federal charges were still pending against 3 him, Defendant filed a petition for a writ of coram nobis in state district court to set 4 aside the 1992 criminal judgment on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel 5 under the standard enunciated in State v. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, 136 N.M. 533, 6 101 P.3d 799. We conclude that the district court properly denied Defendant’s writ 7 petition and motion for reconsideration because Defendant failed to meet his burden 8 of proof on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Accordingly, we affirm. 9 BACKGROUND 10 On May 18, 1992, Defendant entered guilty pleas to one count of criminal 11 sexual penetration in the third degree and one count of false imprisonment in the 12 fourth degree. The district court accepted the plea agreement after a hearing at which 13 Defendant was represented by an attorney from the public defender’s office and where 14 a Spanish language interpreter was present to translate the proceedings to Defendant. 15 Defendant’s written plea and disposition agreement included the following statement: 16 “I understand that a conviction may have an effect upon my immigration or 17 naturalization status.” 18 The district court sentenced Defendant to four-and-a-half years’ imprisonment. 19 This sentence was then suspended, and Defendant was placed on supervised
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1 probation. Although not part of the evidentiary record before us, Defendant alleges 2 that as a result of his felony convictions, he was placed in immigration removal 3 proceedings and deported from the United States in 1996. 4 Approximately thirteen years later, in 2009, Defendant was arrested and 5 charged in federal district court with having reentered the United States without 6 authorization, contrary to 8 U.S.C. § 1326 (2006). During the pendency of the federal 7 action, Defendant filed a petition in state district court for a writ of coram nobis to set 8 aside the 1992 criminal judgment as illegal and void due to ineffective assistance of 9 counsel. Defendant alleged that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing 10 to advise him of the immigration consequences of his guilty pleas as required by 11 Paredez and that he would not have pleaded guilty if he had known that the guilty 12 pleas would result in virtually certain deportation. Alleging that he was never advised 13 that his guilty pleas would automatically subject him to deportation, Defendant argued 14 that his pleas were involuntarily given. 15 At the hearing on the merits of Defendant’s writ petition, the district court was 16 presented only with arguments by counsel. No testimony was elicited and 17 Defendant’s counsel informed the court that she had been unable to locate 18 Defendant’s 1992 trial counsel. Following the hearing, the district court entered an 19 order denying Defendant’s petition. Relying on Paredez for the proposition that
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1 “there is a strong presumption that an attorney’s conduct falls within a wide range of 2 reasonable professional assistance,” the court concluded in its written order that 3 Defendant failed to overcome this presumption because “no evidence [was] presented 4 at the hearing other than argument of counsel.” 5 Defendant subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration of his writ petition. 6 Defendant’s motion documents included a copy of Defendant’s plea and disposition 7 agreement as well as portions of the tape log from Defendant’s plea hearing. The 8 district court held an evidentiary hearing on Defendant’s motion, at which Defendant 9 testified that his 1992 trial counsel never discussed the immigration consequences of 10 his guilty pleas with him and that the interpreter also failed to tell him anything about 11 immigration consequences. The district court denied Defendant’s motion for 12 reconsideration on grounds that: (1) Defendant’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing 13 was inconsistent with the reconstructed record and lacked credibility, and (2) 14 Defendant’s petition was untimely because he waited for fourteen years before 15 seeking to set aside his guilty pleas. This appeal followed. 16 As an initial matter, we note that the writ of coram nobis has been abolished by 17 Rule 1-060(B)(6) NMRA. Consequently, the State treats Defendant’s appeal as 18 having been brought under Rule 1-060(B)(4) NMRA. Because Defendant relied on 19 Rule 1-060(B) as a basis for his writ petition, we review Defendant’s petition to set
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1 aside his guilty pleas pursuant to Rule 1-060(B)(4). See State v. Tran, 2009-NMCA- 2 010, ¶¶ 15-17, 145 N.M. 487, 200 P.3d 537 (construing a petition for a writ of coram 3 nobis as a Rule 1-060(B) motion and determining that a Rule 1-060(B)(4) motion is 4 a proper method for seeking to set aside a criminal judgment on grounds of ineffective 5 assistance of counsel where the defendant has served his sentence). We apply de novo 6 review. See id. ¶ 18. 7 DISCUSSION 8 To state a case of ineffective assistance of counsel, Defendant must show that: 9 (1) his “counsel’s performance was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard 10 of reasonableness;” and (2) he “suffered prejudice in that there is a reasonable 11 probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding 12 would have been different.” State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 13 P.3d 384 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We apply a “strong 14 presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable 15 professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, 16 under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial 17 strategy.” Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 14 (internal quotation marks and citation 18 omitted).
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1 In Paredez, our Supreme Court determined that criminal defense attorneys have 2 “an affirmative duty to determine [a defendant’s] immigration status and [to] provide 3 him specific advice regarding the impact a guilty plea would have on his immigration 4 status.” Id. ¶ 1. The Court delineated that counsel’s performance is deemed deficient 5 as a matter of law and falls below the objective standard of reasonableness where 6 counsel either fails to advise, or gives incomplete or incorrect advice, on the 7 immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Id. ¶¶ 14-16. The Court further stated that 8 in order to prove the prejudice prong of the test for ineffective assistance in this 9 context, a criminal defendant must show that “he would not have entered into the plea 10 agreement if he had been given constitutionally adequate advice about the effect that 11 his guilty plea would have on his immigration status.” Id. ¶ 20 (internal quotation 12 marks and citation omitted). In the present case, Defendant asserted in the district 13 court that his guilty pleas should be set aside because his trial counsel failed to advise 14 him that his guilty pleas would result in virtually certain deportation under the 15 requirements of Paredez. 16 On appeal, Defendant argues that the district court incorrectly denied his 17 petition on the ground that it was untimely. He also asserts that the district court’s 18 order was erroneous because he was not informed of the immigration consequences 19 of his guilty pleas and he would not have pleaded guilty “had he known he would be
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1 deported” because “[h]e was a long time resident of the United States [and] had 2 children here.” The State concedes, and we agree, that it was error for the district 3 court to deny Defendant’s petition on the ground that it was untimely. See Tran, 4 2009-NMCA-010, ¶ 16 (stating that there is no time limit for the filing of a Rule 1- 5 060(B)(4) motion to set aside a guilty plea on grounds of ineffective assistance of 6 counsel). 7 However, we conclude that the district court properly determined that 8 Defendant did not meet his burden of establishing that the performance of his trial 9 counsel was deficient and any resulting prejudice. See State v. Grogan, 2007-NMSC- 10 039, ¶ 11, 142 N.M. 107, 163 P.3d 494 (stating the general rule that the defendant has 11 the burden of establishing deficient performance and prejudice when claiming 12 ineffective assistance of counsel); Tran, 2009-NMCA-010, ¶ 20 (same). We explain. 13 With regard to the first prong of the test for ineffective assistance of counsel, 14 Defendant was required to present “evidence in his moving papers, by affidavit, 15 transcripts, or otherwise,” to establish that his trial counsel failed to advise him of the 16 specific immigration consequences of his guilty pleas. Id. ¶ 21. Defendant failed to 17 include any supporting evidence in his initial writ petition, and he attached to his 18 motion for reconsideration only a copy of the 1992 written plea and disposition 19 agreement and the tape log from the 1992 plea hearing. We conclude that neither of
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1 these documents was sufficient to establish that trial counsel’s performance was 2 deficient. Although the written plea and disposition agreement included an 3 acknowledgment that the pleas “may have an effect” upon Defendant’s immigration 4 status, the plea and disposition agreement was silent as to what, if any, advice 5 Defendant’s trial counsel gave him prior to the entry of the plea and disposition 6 agreement. Because the tape log only showed that the Spanish language interpreter 7 translated the plea agreement to Defendant, it too failed to indicate one way or the 8 other whether Defendant’s trial counsel advised him of any immigration consequences 9 that would flow from the guilty pleas. 10 The only other evidence presented by Defendant as to the first prong was his 11 testimony at the evidentiary hearing, which the district court determined was 12 inconsistent with the record and not credible. On appeal, Defendant fails to 13 specifically assert that the district court erred in reaching this determination and we 14 therefore do not disturb the district court’s credibility determination on appeal. See 15 State v. Aragon, 1999-NMCA-060, ¶ 10, 127 N.M. 393, 981 P.2d 1211 (stating that 16 there is a presumption of correctness in the rulings or decisions of the trial court, and 17 the party claiming error bears the burden of showing such error). Because counsel is 18 presumed to have provided adequate assistance, Tran, 2009-NMCA-010, ¶ 23, we are 19 unable to hold that Defendant overcame this presumption simply based on his bare
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1 assertion that the record is “uncontroverted” that his trial counsel failed to advise him 2 of the immigration consequences that would flow from his guilty pleas. See id. ¶¶ 19- 3 21 (holding that a criminal defendant failed to make a prima facie case for ineffective 4 assistance of counsel where he made only a general assertion that his defense counsel 5 failed to specifically advise him of specific immigration consequences); see also 6 Patterson v. LeMaster, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 29, 130 N.M. 179, 21 P.3d 1032 (stating 7 that “courts are reluctant to rely solely on the self-serving statements of [the] 8 defendants, which are often made after they have been convicted and sentenced” in 9 assessing ineffective assistance of counsel claims). 10 In addition, appellate counsel provided this Court with a copy of the tape from 11 Defendant’s 1992 plea hearing. Although the district court did not have the tape at the 12 time of the first hearing on Defendant’s writ petition, the district court took judicial 13 notice of the 1992 case file and stated at the hearing that it would attempt to locate the 14 case file and tape from the plea hearing. The record is silent as to whether the district 15 court located the tape prior to issuing its order denying the writ petition. However, 16 even if we were to assume on appeal that the tape was part of the record below, our 17 review of the tape also does not establish that Defendant’s trial counsel failed to 18 advise him of the immigration consequences of his guilty pleas. Prior to the entry of 19 Defendant’s guilty pleas, the only discussion at the hearing concerning immigration
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1 consequences was an inquiry by the district court as to whether the plea agreement 2 included an acknowledgment concerning immigration consequences, which 3 Defendant’s trial counsel and interpreter answered in the affirmative. This exchange 4 does not speak to whether Defendant’s trial counsel sufficiently advised him of the 5 immigration consequences of his guilty pleas. 6 The dissent points to a statement made by Defendant’s trial counsel at his 7 sentencing that could give rise to a reasonable inference that Defendant was not 8 informed of specific immigration consequences prior to the entry of his guilty pleas. 9 However, even if we were to consider this statement as meeting the first prong of the 10 test for ineffective assistance, we conclude that Defendant failed to meet his burden 11 of proof as to the prejudice prong. 12 Although Defendant argues on appeal that he was prejudiced as a result of his 13 trial counsel’s performance, the only evidence presented on the prejudice issue below 14 was Defendant’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing that he would not have entered 15 his guilty pleas if he had known they would result in his deportation. This statement 16 by Defendant was not sufficient by itself to establish prejudice. See State v. Carlos, 17 2006-NMCA-141, ¶ 20, 140 N.M. 688, 147 P.3d 897 (“To establish prejudice, a 18 defendant generally must introduce evidence beyond solely self-serving statements.”). 19 In addition, although Defendant alleged in his writ petition that he had asserted his
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1 factual innocence to the charges against him and that the victim in his cases “refused 2 to cooperate” with the prosecution, Defendant failed to provide evidence to support 3 these allegations. These bare allegations in his pleadings also were not adequate to 4 demonstrate prejudice. See Patterson, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 29 (stating that “[b]ecause 5 courts are reluctant to rely solely on the self-serving statements of [the] defendants, 6 which are often made after they have been convicted and sentenced, a defendant is 7 generally required to adduce additional [objective] evidence to prove” that he or she 8 was prejudiced as a result of counsel’s deficient performance). 9 Because there is a strong presumption that trial counsel provided adequate 10 assistance, it is a criminal defendant’s burden to produce evidence demonstrating the 11 invalidity of his convictions on the ground of ineffective assistance of counsel. Tran, 12 2009-NMCA-010, ¶¶ 23-24. Here, Defendant was afforded an opportunity to present 13 evidence supporting his claim at two evidentiary hearings in addition to his moving 14 papers. Despite this opportunity, Defendant failed to establish that his 1992 trial 15 counsel was ineffective. We therefore conclude that the district court properly denied 16 Defendant’s requested relief to set aside his guilty pleas on the ground of ineffective 17 assistance of counsel. In light of our disposition, we do not address whether Paredez 18 applies retroactively to this case, given that Defendant entered his guilty pleas and 19 served his sentence several years before Paradez was decided.
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1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s 3 writ petition and motion for reconsideration. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED.
5 6 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
7 I CONCUR:
8 9 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
10 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge (dissenting).
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1 KENNEDY, Judge (dissenting). 2 I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion depends on affirmative and 3 negative presumptions rather than evidence. Evidence existed from which inferences 4 contrary to the presumptions could be made and was brought into the case by the 5 district court itself. This case presents a situation in which I believe the procedure 6 undertaken by the district court was sufficiently faulty that remand is necessary to 7 allow the district court to do the review of the plea proceeding that it told the parties 8 it would undertake, including the chance to enter findings and conclusions sufficient 9 for us to review on appeal. 10 To presume based on the record before us that the defense attorney properly 11 discharged his “affirmative duty to determine immigration status and provide . . . 12 specific advice regarding the impact a guilty plea would have on his immigration 13 status” is a leap of faith. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 1. Here, the very evidence the 14 district court brought into the record may belie that presumption. The discussion at 15 the plea hearing about whether the form contains an immigration advisory clearly does 16 not support a finding that any “specific” advice was given to Defendant. This was not 17 the “only discussion” about immigration. 18 On page 10 of the transcript of the sentencing portion of the hearing tape, the 19 defense attorney uses the words “likely” and “possibility” to describe Defendant’s
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1 chances of deportation as he described them to him. From this evidence, a district 2 court could conclude that the advice given was not sufficiently specific as to justify 3 the presumption of “specific” advice, but may conclude that it was enough to color 4 Defendant’s choice to take his chances on a plea with only a “possible” or “likely” 5 immigration consequence. There is no indication this evidence was considered 6 despite the district court’s representation that it would be, and it is all evidence that 7 could affect the presumption that defense counsel’s advice was adequate and hewed 8 to the required standard as well as might have had a prejudicial effect on Defendant’s 9 decision. 10 I am uncomfortable indulging presumptions when facts exist from which 11 opposite findings may be made. Since the tape was there, the district court had the 12 same access to the tape that we did (it coming from the district court). The district 13 court should evaluate on remand the evidence she indicated to the parties she would. 14 This discomfort is sufficient for me to dissent.
15 _______________________________ 16 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge