This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 33,525
5 ANTONIO HERNANDEZ,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY 8 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 VANZI, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant Antonio Hernandez appeals his convictions for one count of criminal
2 sexual penetration of a minor (CSPM) and four counts of criminal sexual contact of
3 a minor (CSCM). He argues that (1) the State failed to establish beyond a reasonable
4 doubt that Defendant committed the crimes against a minor under the age of thirteen
5 (Victim); and (2) his convictions violate the state and federal guarantees against
6 double jeopardy. We affirm in part and reverse in part. Because this is a memorandum
7 opinion and because the parties are familiar with the case, we reserve discussion of the
8 facts for our analysis of the issues on appeal.
9 DISCUSSION
10 Sufficiency of the Evidence
11 {2} On appeal, Defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence presented
12 to prove that he committed any of the crimes against Victim. In order to convict
13 Defendant of CSPM, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:
14 Defendant caused the insertion, to any extent, of a finger into the vagina of Victim,
15 a child under the age of thirteen. UJI 14-957 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(D)(1)
16 (2009). To convict him of second and third degree CSCM, the State was required to
17 prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant touched or applied force to the
18 unclothed vulva and buttocks and clothed vulva and buttocks of Victim, a child under
19 the age of thirteen. UJI 14-925 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13(B)(1), (C)(1) (2003).
20 The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence is highly deferential. State v.
2 1 Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 110, 257 P.3d 930. When undertaking
2 such an analysis, we “determine whether substantial evidence of either a direct or
3 circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
4 with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” Id. (internal quotation marks
5 and citation omitted). In doing so, we “view the evidence in the light most favorable
6 to the State, resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible inferences in favor
7 of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138 N.M. 365, 120 P.3d 447.
8 “We do not substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder concerning the credibility
9 of witnesses or the weight to be given their testimony.” State v. Haskins, 2008-
10 NMCA-086, ¶ 8, 144 N.M. 287, 186 P.3d 916.
11 {3} The evidence at trial was as follows. Victim testified that the incident at issue
12 took place in April 2010, when she was eleven years old and in the fifth grade. At that
13 time, Defendant and his wife were in the process of getting a divorce, and Defendant
14 was living at his sister Elaine’s house in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Victim and her two
15 younger sisters visited Defendant at Elaine’s home every other weekend and
16 sometimes on holidays. Most of the time when they were there, Victim and her sisters
17 would sleep in a room with bunk beds, and Defendant slept in a room across the hall
18 from them, although Victim testified that she had slept in the same bed as Defendant
19 once or twice.
3 1 {4} On Friday, April 16, 2010, Victim’s mother dropped Victim and her sisters off
2 to spend the weekend with Defendant. That evening, Victim, her sisters, and
3 Defendant stayed in the living room and watched television and then went to bed.
4 Victim slept with her sisters in the bunk beds. The next evening, April 17, 2010,
5 Defendant rented a movie that he watched with Victim and her sisters. When the
6 movie was over, Defendant asked which of them wanted to sleep with him that night,
7 and Victim said that she would. Defendant sent Victim’s sisters to bed and then
8 watched music videos with Victim in the computer room. Victim went to bed with
9 Defendant after watching the videos. Like Defendant, she was wearing a t-shirt and
10 pajama pants.
11 {5} At some point during the night—between 1:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m.—Victim was
12 asleep on her stomach and woke up with Defendant’s hand in her pants. Victim
13 testified that Defendant was rubbing her “back and forth” on her vagina and bottom.
14 Because she was scared, Victim stayed quiet so Defendant would not know that she
15 was awake. Then Defendant “stuck his finger up [Victim’s] vagina” and after he
16 pulled it out, she flinched. Defendant took his hand out of Victim’s pants, and she
17 closed her legs hoping that Defendant would stop. Throughout, she tried not to let him
18 know that she was awake.
19 {6} Although she had her legs closed, Defendant pried them open with his hands
20 and pulled Victim’s pants down. He started rubbing her vagina and bottom back and
4 1 forth again and kissed her buttocks. Victim felt Defendant’s lips and the bristle on his
2 chin on her buttocks when he kissed her. Defendant “finished . . . rubbing” Victim and
3 then pulled her pants back up. Victim shook and told Defendant that she had had a
4 nightmare and needed to use the rest room. She spent about five minutes in the
5 restroom crying and wondering what to do. She considered calling her mother but did
6 not have her phone because Defendant had locked it up in the computer room. She did
7 not consider using the land line at the house because it was too dark to see anything
8 and because the phones were always moved and not necessarily on the chargers.
9 Victim did not know what to do and was scared that Defendant might hurt her or her
10 sisters, so she went back in the room and to bed where she stayed awake the rest of the
11 night.
12 {7} Victim’s mother picked Victim and her sisters up on Sunday morning. She took
13 her daughters to McDonald’s for breakfast, and afterwards, Victim told her mother
14 that she needed to go home rather than going straight to run errands as her mother had
15 planned. When she got home, Victim ran upstairs and hid behind her mother’s bed,
16 crying. Victim told her mother what Defendant had done and told her mother that she
17 did not want anyone to know because she was scared.
18 {8} Victim went to school on Monday morning and, at about 10:00 a.m., Victim’s
19 mother took Victim to the police department to make a report. In the interview, Victim
20 told Detective Palos everything that she could remember. Shortly after the incident,
5 1 Victim started seeing a counselor and was still seeing the same counselor when she
2 testified at trial.
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 33,525
5 ANTONIO HERNANDEZ,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY 8 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 VANZI, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant Antonio Hernandez appeals his convictions for one count of criminal
2 sexual penetration of a minor (CSPM) and four counts of criminal sexual contact of
3 a minor (CSCM). He argues that (1) the State failed to establish beyond a reasonable
4 doubt that Defendant committed the crimes against a minor under the age of thirteen
5 (Victim); and (2) his convictions violate the state and federal guarantees against
6 double jeopardy. We affirm in part and reverse in part. Because this is a memorandum
7 opinion and because the parties are familiar with the case, we reserve discussion of the
8 facts for our analysis of the issues on appeal.
9 DISCUSSION
10 Sufficiency of the Evidence
11 {2} On appeal, Defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence presented
12 to prove that he committed any of the crimes against Victim. In order to convict
13 Defendant of CSPM, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:
14 Defendant caused the insertion, to any extent, of a finger into the vagina of Victim,
15 a child under the age of thirteen. UJI 14-957 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(D)(1)
16 (2009). To convict him of second and third degree CSCM, the State was required to
17 prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant touched or applied force to the
18 unclothed vulva and buttocks and clothed vulva and buttocks of Victim, a child under
19 the age of thirteen. UJI 14-925 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13(B)(1), (C)(1) (2003).
20 The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence is highly deferential. State v.
2 1 Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 110, 257 P.3d 930. When undertaking
2 such an analysis, we “determine whether substantial evidence of either a direct or
3 circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
4 with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” Id. (internal quotation marks
5 and citation omitted). In doing so, we “view the evidence in the light most favorable
6 to the State, resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible inferences in favor
7 of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138 N.M. 365, 120 P.3d 447.
8 “We do not substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder concerning the credibility
9 of witnesses or the weight to be given their testimony.” State v. Haskins, 2008-
10 NMCA-086, ¶ 8, 144 N.M. 287, 186 P.3d 916.
11 {3} The evidence at trial was as follows. Victim testified that the incident at issue
12 took place in April 2010, when she was eleven years old and in the fifth grade. At that
13 time, Defendant and his wife were in the process of getting a divorce, and Defendant
14 was living at his sister Elaine’s house in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Victim and her two
15 younger sisters visited Defendant at Elaine’s home every other weekend and
16 sometimes on holidays. Most of the time when they were there, Victim and her sisters
17 would sleep in a room with bunk beds, and Defendant slept in a room across the hall
18 from them, although Victim testified that she had slept in the same bed as Defendant
19 once or twice.
3 1 {4} On Friday, April 16, 2010, Victim’s mother dropped Victim and her sisters off
2 to spend the weekend with Defendant. That evening, Victim, her sisters, and
3 Defendant stayed in the living room and watched television and then went to bed.
4 Victim slept with her sisters in the bunk beds. The next evening, April 17, 2010,
5 Defendant rented a movie that he watched with Victim and her sisters. When the
6 movie was over, Defendant asked which of them wanted to sleep with him that night,
7 and Victim said that she would. Defendant sent Victim’s sisters to bed and then
8 watched music videos with Victim in the computer room. Victim went to bed with
9 Defendant after watching the videos. Like Defendant, she was wearing a t-shirt and
10 pajama pants.
11 {5} At some point during the night—between 1:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m.—Victim was
12 asleep on her stomach and woke up with Defendant’s hand in her pants. Victim
13 testified that Defendant was rubbing her “back and forth” on her vagina and bottom.
14 Because she was scared, Victim stayed quiet so Defendant would not know that she
15 was awake. Then Defendant “stuck his finger up [Victim’s] vagina” and after he
16 pulled it out, she flinched. Defendant took his hand out of Victim’s pants, and she
17 closed her legs hoping that Defendant would stop. Throughout, she tried not to let him
18 know that she was awake.
19 {6} Although she had her legs closed, Defendant pried them open with his hands
20 and pulled Victim’s pants down. He started rubbing her vagina and bottom back and
4 1 forth again and kissed her buttocks. Victim felt Defendant’s lips and the bristle on his
2 chin on her buttocks when he kissed her. Defendant “finished . . . rubbing” Victim and
3 then pulled her pants back up. Victim shook and told Defendant that she had had a
4 nightmare and needed to use the rest room. She spent about five minutes in the
5 restroom crying and wondering what to do. She considered calling her mother but did
6 not have her phone because Defendant had locked it up in the computer room. She did
7 not consider using the land line at the house because it was too dark to see anything
8 and because the phones were always moved and not necessarily on the chargers.
9 Victim did not know what to do and was scared that Defendant might hurt her or her
10 sisters, so she went back in the room and to bed where she stayed awake the rest of the
11 night.
12 {7} Victim’s mother picked Victim and her sisters up on Sunday morning. She took
13 her daughters to McDonald’s for breakfast, and afterwards, Victim told her mother
14 that she needed to go home rather than going straight to run errands as her mother had
15 planned. When she got home, Victim ran upstairs and hid behind her mother’s bed,
16 crying. Victim told her mother what Defendant had done and told her mother that she
17 did not want anyone to know because she was scared.
18 {8} Victim went to school on Monday morning and, at about 10:00 a.m., Victim’s
19 mother took Victim to the police department to make a report. In the interview, Victim
20 told Detective Palos everything that she could remember. Shortly after the incident,
5 1 Victim started seeing a counselor and was still seeing the same counselor when she
2 testified at trial.
3 {9} Victim’s mother testified that when she picked her daughters up on the morning
4 of April 18, 2010, the girls rushed outside, and she noticed that Victim was “extremely
5 pale” and was “very disoriented, very zombie-like.” Consistent with Victim’s
6 testimony, her mother testified that she took her daughters to McDonald’s for
7 breakfast and then went home because she knew something was seriously bothering
8 Victim. When they got in the house, Victim ran upstairs, and her mother found her
9 hiding by the corner of the bed just crying. Victim told her mother what had happened
10 with Defendant, and her mother cried and held Victim for a long time. Afterwards,
11 Victim’s mother went outside for some air and then made a phone call to Defendant
12 and told him that she needed to talk to him when he got back into town. Later that day,
13 Defendant called Victim’s mother and said, “Look, I know what you want to talk to
14 me about, but I just want to let you know that it was an accident. And once I realized
15 what I was doing, I stopped.” Defendant had no further conversations with Victim’s
16 mother but sent her a few text messages, including one that said,
17 If the shoe was on the other foot[,] I would give you the [benefit] of the 18 doubt [until] I knew better. I understand your concern but [please] give 19 me a chance to explain before you make your judgement.
20 {10} The next day, April 19th, Victim’s mother picked Victim up from school
21 between 9:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. and took her directly to the police department to file
6 1 a report. Victim’s mother spoke to Detective Irma Palos, an investigator with the Las
2 Cruces Police Department, and provided information, including Defendant’s
3 whereabouts, his cell phone number, and names and phone numbers of family
4 members. She also gave her cell phone to Detective Palos to examine and photograph.
5 After Victim’s mother made the police report, neither she nor the girls had any further
6 contact with Defendant.
7 {11} Detective Palos testified that she conducted a safehouse interview with Victim
8 and also interviewed her mother. Although Victim made a disclosure, Detective Palos
9 decided that there was not enough to put her through a SANE examination because
10 there was no physical injury and, therefore, there would not be any evidence that
11 could be recovered.
12 {12} Once the disclosure was made, Detective Palos attempted to contact Defendant.
13 She called him at least once on April 19, 2010, and left him a voice mail message, and
14 she followed up with several other phone calls. On April 20, 2010, Detective Palos left
15 two more voice mail messages for Defendant. In addition, Detective Palos made other
16 attempts to contact Defendant, including going to Elaine’s home, but Elaine told the
17 officers that she had not seen her brother since April 22, 2010.
18 {13} Ultimately, Detective Palos obtained an arrest warrant for Defendant and
19 entered it into the national crimes center and with the local crime stoppers. On about
20 May 20, 2010, she asked for assistance from the U.S. Marshal’s office in locating
7 1 Defendant because there had been no response to where he might be from the other
2 sources. Defendant was arrested four months later on September 23, 2010, in Hidalgo
3 County, Texas.
4 {14} We conclude that Victim, her mother, and Detective Palos testified in a manner
5 that could lead a rational jury to conclude that Defendant committed each of the
6 counts of CSPM and CSCM against Victim. See, e.g., State v. Delgado, 1991-NMCA-
7 064, ¶ 59, 112 N.M. 335, 815 P.2d 631 (holding that the victim’s description of the
8 incidents supplied sufficient evidence to support convictions for CSPM). In an effort
9 to cast doubt on the jury’s verdict, Defendant contends that his own testimony and the
10 testimony of others could have supported a different result. For example, he argues
11 that, contrary to Victim’s testimony, Elaine testified that there is a telephone in nearly
12 every room, and that others saw Victim behaving normally when she woke up on
13 Sunday morning. He also states that Victim was angry at him for flirting with a
14 grocery store cashier, that it was “[i]nexplicabl[e]” that Victim’s mother did not
15 contact the police until the next day, and that he turned himself in as soon as he
16 learned about the outstanding arrest warrant from his mother. We disagree that any
17 inconsistency in the testimony warrants reversal. State v. Ortiz-Burciaga, 1999-
18 NMCA-146, ¶ 22, 128 N.M. 382, 993 P.2d 96 (“It is the exclusive province of the jury
19 to resolve factual inconsistencies in testimony.” (internal quotation marks and citation
20 omitted)). Further, the question in this case is “not whether substantial evidence would
8 1 have supported an opposite result but whether such evidence supports the result
2 reached.” State v. James, 1989-NMCA-089, ¶ 11, 109 N.M. 278, 784 P.2d 1021. We
3 hold that, under our standard of review, there was sufficient evidence to convict
4 Defendant of the five counts charged against him.
5 Double Jeopardy
6 {15} Defendant argues that the four charged convictions on two counts of second
7 degree CSCM and two counts of third degree CSCM violate the state and federal
8 constitutional guarantees against double jeopardy. See generally Swafford v. State,
9 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 9, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223; Herron v. State, 1991-NMSC-012,
10 ¶ 6, 111 N.M. 357, 805 P.2d 624. “Double jeopardy protects against multiple
11 punishments for the same offense.” State v. Silvas, 2015-NMSC-006, ¶ 8, 343 P.3d
12 616. The parties agree that this is a “unit of prosecution” case because Defendant was
13 charged and convicted of four violations of CSCM based on a single statute. See § 30-
14 9-13(B)(1), (C)(1). We review the constitutional question of whether there has been
15 a double jeopardy violation de novo. State v. Andazola, 2003-NMCA-146, ¶ 14, 134
16 N.M. 710, 82 P.3d 77.
17 {16} In Herron, our Supreme Court set forth the following factors to consider when
18 determining whether one act is sufficiently distinct from another to permit multiple
19 punishments: (1) the temporal proximity of the acts; (2) location and whether there
20 was movement or repositioning of the victim; (3) the existence of an intervening
9 1 event; (4) the sequence of the acts; (5) the defendant’s intent as evidenced by his
2 conduct and utterances; and (6) the number of victims. 1991-NMSC-012, ¶ 15. “These
3 are flexible factors intended to guide appellate courts in unit of prosecution analyses.”
4 Haskins, 2008-NMCA-086, ¶ 17 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “No
5 single factor is controlling.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
6 Defendant contends that his acts of rubbing Victim’s vagina beneath her clothing and
7 kissing her bottom, and rubbing her vagina and bottom outside of her clothing
8 constitute one sexual encounter, spanning a short period of time, with no separation
9 in time or location, no intervening events, and a single course of conduct requiring
10 that three of his four CSCM convictions be vacated. Alternatively, Defendant argues
11 that, if we conclude there is a distinction between second and third degree CSCM
12 (clothed as opposed to unclothed), one count of second degree CSCM and one count
13 of third degree CSCM should be vacated.
14 {17} We begin with Defendant’s argument that the four charged touchings were one
15 continuous event. Applying the Herron factors, we conclude that they were not. See
16 1991-NMSC-012, ¶ 15. Under the second factor, movement or repositioning of the
17 victim, Victim testified that Defendant put his hand in her underwear and rubbed her
18 vagina and bottom back and forth. Defendant took his hand out of Victim’s pants, and
19 Victim closed her legs. After she put her legs together, Defendant pried Victim’s legs
20 open, pulled down her pants, and started rubbing her vagina and bottom area again.
10 1 Victim’s position was sufficiently distinct between the time she was clothed and
2 unclothed to support a finding of separate offenses.
3 {18} Moreover, under the third Herron factor, there was clearly an intervening event
4 that weighs in favor of multiple punishments. Defendant’s digital penetration of
5 Victim after he had touched her vagina and bottom the first time and then the removal
6 of Victim’s pants constituted intervening events. With regard to the fourth factor, the
7 sequencing of the acts, we note that “[t]he legislatively-protected interests under the
8 CSCM statute are aimed at protecting the bodily integrity and personal safety of
9 children. Great pain, embarrassment, psychological trauma, or humiliation may result
10 from contact with intimate body parts as compared to contact with other parts of the
11 body.” Haskins, 2008-NMCA-086, ¶ 24 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and
12 citation omitted). In defining “intimate parts,” the CSCM statute lists five separate
13 protected areas: the primary genital area, groin, buttocks, anus, and breast. Section 30-
14 9-13(A). “Accordingly, the legislative intent was to protect the victim from intrusions
15 to each enumerated part.” Haskins, 2008-NMCA-086, ¶ 24 (internal quotation marks
16 and citation omitted). Here, the fact that Victim was touched in separate locations on
17 her body during the encounters—her vulva and her buttocks—contributes to a finding
18 of separate offenses. See id. ¶ 19 (concluding that touching of separate locations on
19 the body weighed in favor of multiple punishments). Accordingly, under the facts of
20 this case, in light of the foregoing discussion of the other Herron factors, we hold that
11 1 there is a sufficient distinction between the second and third degree CSCM (clothed
2 as opposed to unclothed) to sustain Defendant’s convictions. We now turn to
3 Defendant’s alternative arguments that one count of second degree CSCM (unclothed)
4 and one count of third degree CSCM (clothed) should be vacated.
5 {19} We agree with Defendant’s assertion that his two second degree CSCM
6 convictions fall under one continuous course of conduct and cannot be counted as
7 separate offenses. We also agree that his two third degree CSCM convictions fall
8 under one continuous course of conduct and cannot be counted as separate offenses.
9 This case is very similar to State v. Ervin, 2008-NMCA-016, 143 N.M. 493, 177 P.3d
10 1067. There, we concluded that, with no lapse in time, no intervening event, no
11 repositioning of child, and with one intent to massage her body, the defendant’s
12 touching of child’s breasts, buttocks, and vagina was one continuous course of
13 conduct even though the defendant touched three different body parts. Id. ¶ 46. In
14 light of our holding in Ervin, and applying the Herron factors to the facts of this case,
15 Defendant’s act of rubbing Victim’s vulva and buttocks while clothed and then
16 unclothed was one continuous course of conduct in each instance. Accordingly, we
17 conclude that Defendant’s convictions on two counts of second degree CSCM and two
18 counts of third degree CSCM violate his right to be free from double jeopardy, and we
19 remand to the district court for dismissal of one conviction of second degree CSCM
20 and one conviction of third degree CSCM.
12 1 CONCLUSION
2 {20} We hold that one of Defendant’s convictions for second degree CSCM and one
3 of Defendant’s convictions for third degree CSCM were in violation of Defendant’s
4 right to be free from double jeopardy, and we reverse and remand to the district court
5 for dismissal of one of the convictions for CSCM in the second degree and one of the
6 convictions for CSCM in the third degree. We affirm on all of Defendant’s remaining
7 convictions.
8 {21} IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 __________________________________ 10 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
11 WE CONCUR:
12 _________________________________ 13 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
14 _________________________________ 15 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge