JUSTICE GRAY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The State of Montana (State) appeals from the order of the Nineteenth Judicial District Court, Lincoln Comity, suppressing a statement of Benedict Hermes (Hermes). We affirm.
We address the following issues on appeal:
1. Did the District Court err in suppressing Hermes’ statement after finding that the statement was involuntary?
2. Did the District Court err in determining that the State could not use Hermes’ statement for impeachment purposes?
In September of 1993, Detective Craig Martin (Martin) of the Lincoln County Sheriff’s Office received information from Jeff Wedel (Wedel), a social worker with the Montana Department of Family Services, that Hermes had sexually assaulted S.S., a minor child. Martin interviewed S.S. and her father about the incident on September 23, 1993. Later the same day, Martin and Wedel went to Hermes’ residence in an isolated part of Lincoln County, where Martin interviewed Hermes in Wedel’s pickup truck. Martin recorded the statement.
On October 12, 1993, the State charged Hermes by information with the offense of sexual intercourse without consent. Hermes pled not guilty.
Hermes subsequently moved to suppress the statement taken by Martin on the grounds that the statement was involuntary. The District Court held a hearing on the motion at which Martin, Hermes and Hermes’ father testified. Thereafter, the court entered findings with regard to the circumstances under which Martin obtained Hermes’ statement and ultimately found that the statement was involuntary. On that basis, the District Court entered its order and memorandum suppressing the statement from use at trial for all purposes. The State appeals.
1. Did the District Court err in suppressing Hermes’ statement after finding that the statement was involuntary?
Psychological pressure exerted upon a defendant to procure a confession renders the confession involuntary.
State v. Allies
(1979), 186 Mont. 99, 112, 606 P.2d 1043, 1050 (citations omitted). An involuntary confession violates a criminal defendant’s Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment privileges against self-incrimination and may not be used as evidence at trial without violating the defendant’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.
State v. Lenon
(1977), 174 Mont. 264, 271, 570 P.2d 901, 906 (citations omitted). Moreover, § 46-13-301(1), MCA, specifically authorizes a motion to suppress any confession or admission given by a defendant on the basis that the statement was involuntary. The State has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the confession or admission was voluntary. Section 46-13-301(2), MCA.
By placing the “preponderance of evidence” burden of proof on the State, § 46-13-301, MCA, clarifies that the question of voluntariness is primarily one of fact. We consistently have emphasized that point by stating, for example, that “[a]n analysis of the voluntariness of a confession is a factual question which must take into account the totality of the circumstances.”
State v. Mayes
(1992), 251 Mont. 358, 376, 825 P.2d 1196, 1208 (citation omitted).
The District Court listened to the taped interview at issue and held a hearing on the admissibility of Hermes’ statement. The court found that, after Hermes agreed to talk with Martin, Martin’s tone of voice and questions changed as he “[went] on the offensive.” The court noted that the interview took place in a “small enclosure” with a third person sitting behind Hermes and found that this was a coercive setting. The court also noted that Martin did not advise Hermes of
his rights pursuant to
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966), 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694.
The District Court set forth some of the questions Martin asked Hermes. Each such question was phrased in a way that assumed Martin sexually assaulted S.S. The court noted that Martin never asked Hermes what happened and found that Martin asked Hermes exclusively accusatory questions. The District Court found that Martin’s accusatory questions compounded the coercion already present in the interview setting.
In an order and supporting memorandum dated February 10, 1995, the District Court made findings regarding the coercive nature of Martin’s interrogation of Hermes and ultimately found that the State did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Hermes’ confession was voluntary. Additionally, the court found that Martin used psychological pressure to induce Hermes’ confession and, as a result, that Hermes’ confession was involuntary.
We review a district court’s findings of fact regarding suppression hearing evidence to determine whether they are clearly erroneous.
State v. Kaluza
(1993), 262 Mont. 360, 361, 865 P.2d 263, 264;
State v. Cope
(1991), 250 Mont. 387, 396, 819 P.2d 1280, 1286. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence or, if it is so supported, the trial court misapprehended the effect of the evidence or if this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
State v. Bower
(1992), 254 Mont. 1, 7, 833 P.2d 1106, 1110 (citation omitted).
In this regard, we note that our recent decisions in
State v. Stubbs
(1995), 270 Mont. 364, 892 P.2d 547, and in
State v. Rushton
(1994), 264 Mont. 248, 870 P.2d 1355, inadvertently reverted to a “substantial credible evidence” standard of review for a court’s findings relating to suppression evidence. We take this opportunity to reaffirm our holding in
Cope,
with regard to the standard of review, that “we will not overturn a District Court’s findings of fact regarding suppression hearing evidence unless those findings are clearly erroneous.”
Cope,
819 P.2d at 1286.
Voluntariness depends on the facts of each case, with no fact being dispositive.
Allies,
606 P.2d at 1050 (citation omitted). In determining whether a confession is voluntary under the totality of circumstances test, courts consider the characteristics of the defendant and what transpired during the interview.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
(1973), 412 U.S. 218, 226, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2047, 36 L.Ed.2d 854, 862. We have reviewed district court findings of fact under the
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JUSTICE GRAY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The State of Montana (State) appeals from the order of the Nineteenth Judicial District Court, Lincoln Comity, suppressing a statement of Benedict Hermes (Hermes). We affirm.
We address the following issues on appeal:
1. Did the District Court err in suppressing Hermes’ statement after finding that the statement was involuntary?
2. Did the District Court err in determining that the State could not use Hermes’ statement for impeachment purposes?
In September of 1993, Detective Craig Martin (Martin) of the Lincoln County Sheriff’s Office received information from Jeff Wedel (Wedel), a social worker with the Montana Department of Family Services, that Hermes had sexually assaulted S.S., a minor child. Martin interviewed S.S. and her father about the incident on September 23, 1993. Later the same day, Martin and Wedel went to Hermes’ residence in an isolated part of Lincoln County, where Martin interviewed Hermes in Wedel’s pickup truck. Martin recorded the statement.
On October 12, 1993, the State charged Hermes by information with the offense of sexual intercourse without consent. Hermes pled not guilty.
Hermes subsequently moved to suppress the statement taken by Martin on the grounds that the statement was involuntary. The District Court held a hearing on the motion at which Martin, Hermes and Hermes’ father testified. Thereafter, the court entered findings with regard to the circumstances under which Martin obtained Hermes’ statement and ultimately found that the statement was involuntary. On that basis, the District Court entered its order and memorandum suppressing the statement from use at trial for all purposes. The State appeals.
1. Did the District Court err in suppressing Hermes’ statement after finding that the statement was involuntary?
Psychological pressure exerted upon a defendant to procure a confession renders the confession involuntary.
State v. Allies
(1979), 186 Mont. 99, 112, 606 P.2d 1043, 1050 (citations omitted). An involuntary confession violates a criminal defendant’s Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment privileges against self-incrimination and may not be used as evidence at trial without violating the defendant’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.
State v. Lenon
(1977), 174 Mont. 264, 271, 570 P.2d 901, 906 (citations omitted). Moreover, § 46-13-301(1), MCA, specifically authorizes a motion to suppress any confession or admission given by a defendant on the basis that the statement was involuntary. The State has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the confession or admission was voluntary. Section 46-13-301(2), MCA.
By placing the “preponderance of evidence” burden of proof on the State, § 46-13-301, MCA, clarifies that the question of voluntariness is primarily one of fact. We consistently have emphasized that point by stating, for example, that “[a]n analysis of the voluntariness of a confession is a factual question which must take into account the totality of the circumstances.”
State v. Mayes
(1992), 251 Mont. 358, 376, 825 P.2d 1196, 1208 (citation omitted).
The District Court listened to the taped interview at issue and held a hearing on the admissibility of Hermes’ statement. The court found that, after Hermes agreed to talk with Martin, Martin’s tone of voice and questions changed as he “[went] on the offensive.” The court noted that the interview took place in a “small enclosure” with a third person sitting behind Hermes and found that this was a coercive setting. The court also noted that Martin did not advise Hermes of
his rights pursuant to
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966), 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694.
The District Court set forth some of the questions Martin asked Hermes. Each such question was phrased in a way that assumed Martin sexually assaulted S.S. The court noted that Martin never asked Hermes what happened and found that Martin asked Hermes exclusively accusatory questions. The District Court found that Martin’s accusatory questions compounded the coercion already present in the interview setting.
In an order and supporting memorandum dated February 10, 1995, the District Court made findings regarding the coercive nature of Martin’s interrogation of Hermes and ultimately found that the State did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Hermes’ confession was voluntary. Additionally, the court found that Martin used psychological pressure to induce Hermes’ confession and, as a result, that Hermes’ confession was involuntary.
We review a district court’s findings of fact regarding suppression hearing evidence to determine whether they are clearly erroneous.
State v. Kaluza
(1993), 262 Mont. 360, 361, 865 P.2d 263, 264;
State v. Cope
(1991), 250 Mont. 387, 396, 819 P.2d 1280, 1286. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence or, if it is so supported, the trial court misapprehended the effect of the evidence or if this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
State v. Bower
(1992), 254 Mont. 1, 7, 833 P.2d 1106, 1110 (citation omitted).
In this regard, we note that our recent decisions in
State v. Stubbs
(1995), 270 Mont. 364, 892 P.2d 547, and in
State v. Rushton
(1994), 264 Mont. 248, 870 P.2d 1355, inadvertently reverted to a “substantial credible evidence” standard of review for a court’s findings relating to suppression evidence. We take this opportunity to reaffirm our holding in
Cope,
with regard to the standard of review, that “we will not overturn a District Court’s findings of fact regarding suppression hearing evidence unless those findings are clearly erroneous.”
Cope,
819 P.2d at 1286.
Voluntariness depends on the facts of each case, with no fact being dispositive.
Allies,
606 P.2d at 1050 (citation omitted). In determining whether a confession is voluntary under the totality of circumstances test, courts consider the characteristics of the defendant and what transpired during the interview.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
(1973), 412 U.S. 218, 226, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2047, 36 L.Ed.2d 854, 862. We have reviewed district court findings of fact under the
totality of circumstances test many times and, in doing so, we have determined that the following factors, among others, are relevant: the defendant’s age and level of education
(State v. Davison
(1980), 188 Mont. 432, 442, 614 P.2d 489, 495); the interrogation technique and whether the defendant was advised of his
Miranda
rights
(Allies,
606 P.2d at 1050); the defendant’s prior experience with the criminal justice system and police interrogation
(State v. Craig
(1993), 262 Mont. 240, 242, 864 P.2d 1240, 1242); and the defendant’s background and experience
(Matter of J.W.K.
(1986), 223 Mont. 1, 6, 724 P.2d 164, 167).
The record before us is replete with evidence supporting the District Court’s findings regarding the circumstances surrounding Hermes’ confession and its ultimate finding that Hermes’ confession was involuntary. At the time of the interview, Hermes resided in an isolated area of Lincoln County in a house without electricity. He received formal education through approximately the seventh grade level. He testified that, at the time Martin took his statement, he was unaware of his
Miranda
rights. Additionally, Hermes had neither been charged with a crime nor interrogated by the police prior to this occasion.
Upon arriving at Hermes’ residence, Martin informed Hermes that he would like to ask him some questions, but failed to disclose the subject he sought to discuss with Hermes. Martin interviewed Hermes in the club cab of Wedel’s pickup truck with Martin in the driver’s seat, Hermes in the passenger seat, and Wedel in the back seat. The pickup truck’s doors were closed during the interview. Martin admitted that his purpose in talking with Hermes was to obtain a confession from him. However, he did not advise Hermes of his
Miranda
rights.
Martin’s entire interrogation of Hermes was premised on Martin’s belief that the alleged sexual assault of S.S. had occurred and that Hermes had committed it; Martin structured his questions in such a way that Hermes could not effectively deny that the incident occurred. Although this is only one factor in the totality of circumstances, we have condemned the guilt assumption technique of interrogation as coercive.
Allies,
606 P.2d at 1050.
Additionally, the District Court noted that, during the interview, Martin “barked” questions at Hermes three times. Hermes discontinued the interview when he was wanted on the telephone; he testified that he felt this was the “first chance” he had to get out of the pickup truck.
We conclude that the District Court’s findings of fact regarding Hermes’ confession are supported by substantial evidence and that
the court did not misapprehend the effect of the evidence; nor, after reviewing the record, are we left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. We hold, therefore, that the District Court’s finding that Hermes’ confession was involuntary is not clearly erroneous and that the court did not err in suppressing Hermes’ statement.
2. Did the District Court err in determining that the State could not use Hermes’ statement for impeachment purposes?
The District Court ordered that Hermes’ statement was “suppressed from use at trial in this matter for all purposes.” The State argues that it is entitled to use Hermes’ statement for impeachment purposes in the event Hermes testifies at trial and, as a result, that the District Court erred as matter of law. We review a district court’s conclusions of law to determine whether they are correct.
Stubbs,
892 P.2d at 550 (citations omitted).
Relying on
Miranda
and
Mincey v. Arizona
(1978), 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290, the State argues that a defendant’s prior incriminating statements properly may be used for impeachment, despite the lack of
Miranda
warnings, if the defendant testifies in a manner inconsistent with his earlier statements. The State concedes, however, that the question of whether the statement is admissible for impeachment purposes turns on the question of voluntariness.
We concluded above that the District Court’s findings of fact regarding the involuntary nature of Hermes’ statement were not clearly erroneous. Thus, in addressing the first issue, we essentially determined this issue as well. Even under the authorities relied on by the State,
“any
criminal trial use against a defendant of his
involuntary
statement is a denial of due process of law ....”
See, e.g., Mincey,
437 U.S. at 398, 98 S.Ct. at 2416. We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not err in concluding that the State could not use Hermes’ statement for impeachment purposes.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES HUNT, TRIEWEILER and LEAPHART concur.