Day, J.
1. CRIMINAL LAW : adultery: evidence. I. The evidence shows that Mary Henke was married to one Sinnett in 1868; and again about New Tears, 1869: that he lived with her but four days after secon(i marriage, since which time she has not seen an(j t]ia£ never procured a di[458]*458vorce from him. Mary Henke was married to the defendant in 1874. The defendant and Nina Deutimer do not deny their cohabitation, but they claim that they were married. The whole case, therefore, hinges upon the legality of the marriage of the defendant to Mary Henke. Mary Henke for the purpose of establishing the fact that Thomas Sinnett was dead when she married the defendant, was allowed, against defendant’s objection, to testify that about a year after Thomas Sin-nett went away she received a letter from Montana, from a man whose name she had forgotten, saying that “Thomas Sin-nett died, and to let his wife know that he was dead,” that she cannot read, but saw the letter, and that the letter was burned. The testimony was hearsay in a double sense. It amounts to no more than that some one read to her a letter from somebody saying that Thomas Sinnett had died.. The admission of this evidence was clearly erroneous.
2. — : — : absence of husband: presumption of death. II. The court instructed the jury that “if the evidence shows that at the time of the marriage of the defendant Henry and Mary, Sinnett had * * * , , .. , . _ _ . been voluntarily absent from Mary tor the space 0f three years, and Mary did not then, to-wit: at the time of her marriage to Henry, know that Sinnett was alive * * * * then the marriage of Henry to Mary was legal.” The court thus applied to this case the provisions of section 4010 of the Code, enacted in favor of a party contracting a second marriage, whose husband or wife had been continually absent for three years, and was not known to be living at the time of -the second marriage. Thus by the action of the court a statute which was intended to establish-innocence in a prosecution for bigamy, is made to establish guilt in a prosecution for adultery. The instruction is clearly erroneous. . A presumption of the death of a party does not arise until he has been absent,, without intelligence concerning him, for the period of seven years. G-reenleaf on Evidence, § 41. It is claimed, however, that even if this instruction' be erroneous, it is error without [459]*459prejudice, because the evidence shows that Mary Henke and the defendant continued to cohabit as husband and wife until 1881, which was after the lapse of seven years from the time that Thomas Sinnett went away. See Code, § 2201. As the judgment must be reversed on other grounds, we need not determine whether the giving of this instruction was error without prejudice.
3. — : — : indictment: preferred by wife: presumption. III. Section 4008 of the Code provides that “no prosecution for adultery can be commenced but on the complaint of the husband or wife.” Upon this question the court instructed the jury as follows: “It is alleged in the indictment that the action was commenced by Mary Henke, wife of the defendant Henry Henke. The law requires that it should be so commenced. Defendant insists that there is no proof that the action was so commenced, and that hence you cannot convict defendant. If you shall find from the evidence that at the time of the commencement of this action, Mary Hanke was the wife of Henry Hanke, defendant, then you need not stop to consider whether the action was commenced by her. The law will presume in the absence of any proof, that the action was commenced by the witness, Mary Henke.”
In support of this instruction the State relies upon State v. Roth, 17 Iowa, 336. In that ease the defendant introduced affirmative proof that the action was not commenced by his wife. It was held upon the defendant’s appeal, that the averment in the indictment was not conclusive against the defendant that the action was commenced by his wife, but that he might show the real fact. It was not, however, held in that case that the averment in the indictment was even presumptive of its truth, and we think that it is not. There can be no presumptive against a defendant of a fact essential to his conviction. All such facts must be established by the State.
Reversed.
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