Campbell, J.
Each defendant makes the same assignments of error. The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion.
Neither defendant offered any evidence and each contends that the case should have been dismissed at the close of the State’s evidence.
Each defendant concedes that a voluntary confession was made by each under such circumstances that none of the constitutional rights of either was violated. Each defendant, however, contends that it was error to admit the confession since the State failed to prove the commission of any crime
aliunde
the confession and that such failure on the part of the State necessitated the dismissal of the criminal charges, and that a judgment of nonsuit should have been entered.
North Carolina follows the rule succinctly applied in
State v. Bass,
253 N.C. 318, 116 S.E. 2d 772 (1960), that an extra judicial confession, standing alone, cannot be used to prove the commission of a crime. There must be independent proof of the
corpus delicti. State v. Crawford,
260 N.C. 548, 133 S.E. 2d 232 (1963).
“The
corpus delicti
in criminal homicide involves two elements: (1) The fact of the death. (2) The existence of the criminal agency
of another as the cause of death.” 41 C.J.S., Homicide, section 312. Citing
State v. Johnson,
193 N.C. 701, 138 S.E. 19 (1927).
In order to determine whether there was evidence on behalf of the State,
aliunde
the confessions of the defendants, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the State and we must give to such evidence the benefit of every reasonable inference fairly deducible therefrom. Strong, 2 N. C. Index, 2d Ed., Criminal Law, Section 106. Citing cases.
The State offered evidence to the effect that the nude body of MacDaniel McCoy (a Negro man) was found September 1, 1967, in Middle Creek in Johnston County about 500 yards from a bridge across said creek. The body at the time was caught' on a snag in a curve near the bank of the creek and the water in the creek was running swiftly. On the side of the road some 85 to 90 feet from the bridge across the creek, there was found a metal button with the words, “Payday” on it and attached to it was a pink thread. It was shown that this button came from the overalls that the deceased had been wearing on Friday, August 25, 1967, which was the last day the deceased had been seen alive by his relatives. Witnesses testified to seeing the deceased riding in the automobile with the defendant Hamilton about midnight Friday, August 25, 1967.
About 1:30 or 2:00 a.m., in the morning of August 26, 1967, James Johnson, the operator of a service station, testified to seeing both defendants and a colored man whom he did not know at his service station where they bought gas and cigars. At that time the defendant Hamilton told the witness Johnson that he was going to whip the Negro but did not say when he was going to do it.
On September 5, 1967, each of the defendants was picked up by the officers and at that time a belt belonging to the deceased was found in the back of the defendant Hamilton’s automobile.
The deceased was around 49 or 50 years old, weighed about 130 to 135 pounds and was five feet four inches in height. He was last seen by members of his family about midnight Friday, August 25, 1967.
At the time his body was found floating in Middle Creek on September 1, 1967, considerable putrefaction had taken place.
An autopsy was performed and the pathologist testified that he found areas of bruising on the body but no fractured bones. The pathologist testified that in his opinion' the deceased came to his death from drowning and acute aledholism, but that in his opinion there was not sufficient alcohol of itself to cause death.
We think the evidence introduced by the State
aliunde
the confessions of each defendant was sufficient to make out a
prima facié
showing of
corpus delicti.
“To meet the foundational test the prosecution need not eliminate all inferences tending to show a noncriminal cause of death. Rather, a foundation may be laid by the introduction of evidence which creates a reasonable inference that the death could have been caused by a criminal agency * * * even in the presence of an equally plausible non-criminal explanation of the event.”
People v. Jacobson,
46 Cal. Rptr. 515, 405 P. 2d 555 (1965). See also the cases of
Kozlowski v. State,
248 Ala. 304, 27 So. 2d 818 (1946) and
State v. Thomas,
222 S.C. 484, 73 S.E. 2d 722 (1952).
As stated by Britt, J. of this Court in the case of
State of North Carolina v. William Francis Burgess
filed this day: “The corroboration of the confession necessary to support its introduction into evi-' dence can be shown by circumstances. * * * A confession will be sufficient if there be such extrinsic corroborative circumstances, as will, when taken in connection with the confession, establish the prisoner's guilt in the minds of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. * * * The rule does not require that the independent evidence of
corpus delicti
shall be so full and complete as to establish unaided the commission of a crime. It is sufficient if the extrinsic circumstances, taken in connection with the defendant’s admission, satisfies the jury of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Having held that the inculpatory statements were properly ad--mitted, what do they indicate?
Each defendant freely and voluntarily made a statement to Robert D. Emerson, a special agent with the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. These statements were to the effect that on Friday night, August 25, 1967, the two defendants and the deceased, MacDaniel McCoy rode around Johnston County in the Ford automobile of the defendant Hamilton. The three were drinking white liquor. Hamilton stated that he was doing the driving and that Beasley and the deceased had an argument and that Beasley struck the deceased several blows and wanted to throw him over the bridge railing; that he, Hamilton, assisted Beasley in undressing the deceased and helped to throw the deceased over the railing.
Beasley, on the other hand, stated that he was asked to drive and did drive and that Hamilton claimed the deceased owed him some money and threatened to kill the deceased if he did not pay. They argued over the money and Hamilton began to hit the deceased and the deceased got quiet and Hamilton said: “Let’s throw him in the creek.” Beasley further stated that he stopped the car and the deceased was dead or knocked out and that Hamilton had undressed
him and that he helped Hamilton throw the deceased over the rail into the water and that the deceased was unconscious.
Both defendants said this occurred about 2:00,a.m. August 26, 1967, and that later they went back to the place and did not see the deceased.
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Campbell, J.
Each defendant makes the same assignments of error. The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion.
Neither defendant offered any evidence and each contends that the case should have been dismissed at the close of the State’s evidence.
Each defendant concedes that a voluntary confession was made by each under such circumstances that none of the constitutional rights of either was violated. Each defendant, however, contends that it was error to admit the confession since the State failed to prove the commission of any crime
aliunde
the confession and that such failure on the part of the State necessitated the dismissal of the criminal charges, and that a judgment of nonsuit should have been entered.
North Carolina follows the rule succinctly applied in
State v. Bass,
253 N.C. 318, 116 S.E. 2d 772 (1960), that an extra judicial confession, standing alone, cannot be used to prove the commission of a crime. There must be independent proof of the
corpus delicti. State v. Crawford,
260 N.C. 548, 133 S.E. 2d 232 (1963).
“The
corpus delicti
in criminal homicide involves two elements: (1) The fact of the death. (2) The existence of the criminal agency
of another as the cause of death.” 41 C.J.S., Homicide, section 312. Citing
State v. Johnson,
193 N.C. 701, 138 S.E. 19 (1927).
In order to determine whether there was evidence on behalf of the State,
aliunde
the confessions of the defendants, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the State and we must give to such evidence the benefit of every reasonable inference fairly deducible therefrom. Strong, 2 N. C. Index, 2d Ed., Criminal Law, Section 106. Citing cases.
The State offered evidence to the effect that the nude body of MacDaniel McCoy (a Negro man) was found September 1, 1967, in Middle Creek in Johnston County about 500 yards from a bridge across said creek. The body at the time was caught' on a snag in a curve near the bank of the creek and the water in the creek was running swiftly. On the side of the road some 85 to 90 feet from the bridge across the creek, there was found a metal button with the words, “Payday” on it and attached to it was a pink thread. It was shown that this button came from the overalls that the deceased had been wearing on Friday, August 25, 1967, which was the last day the deceased had been seen alive by his relatives. Witnesses testified to seeing the deceased riding in the automobile with the defendant Hamilton about midnight Friday, August 25, 1967.
About 1:30 or 2:00 a.m., in the morning of August 26, 1967, James Johnson, the operator of a service station, testified to seeing both defendants and a colored man whom he did not know at his service station where they bought gas and cigars. At that time the defendant Hamilton told the witness Johnson that he was going to whip the Negro but did not say when he was going to do it.
On September 5, 1967, each of the defendants was picked up by the officers and at that time a belt belonging to the deceased was found in the back of the defendant Hamilton’s automobile.
The deceased was around 49 or 50 years old, weighed about 130 to 135 pounds and was five feet four inches in height. He was last seen by members of his family about midnight Friday, August 25, 1967.
At the time his body was found floating in Middle Creek on September 1, 1967, considerable putrefaction had taken place.
An autopsy was performed and the pathologist testified that he found areas of bruising on the body but no fractured bones. The pathologist testified that in his opinion' the deceased came to his death from drowning and acute aledholism, but that in his opinion there was not sufficient alcohol of itself to cause death.
We think the evidence introduced by the State
aliunde
the confessions of each defendant was sufficient to make out a
prima facié
showing of
corpus delicti.
“To meet the foundational test the prosecution need not eliminate all inferences tending to show a noncriminal cause of death. Rather, a foundation may be laid by the introduction of evidence which creates a reasonable inference that the death could have been caused by a criminal agency * * * even in the presence of an equally plausible non-criminal explanation of the event.”
People v. Jacobson,
46 Cal. Rptr. 515, 405 P. 2d 555 (1965). See also the cases of
Kozlowski v. State,
248 Ala. 304, 27 So. 2d 818 (1946) and
State v. Thomas,
222 S.C. 484, 73 S.E. 2d 722 (1952).
As stated by Britt, J. of this Court in the case of
State of North Carolina v. William Francis Burgess
filed this day: “The corroboration of the confession necessary to support its introduction into evi-' dence can be shown by circumstances. * * * A confession will be sufficient if there be such extrinsic corroborative circumstances, as will, when taken in connection with the confession, establish the prisoner's guilt in the minds of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. * * * The rule does not require that the independent evidence of
corpus delicti
shall be so full and complete as to establish unaided the commission of a crime. It is sufficient if the extrinsic circumstances, taken in connection with the defendant’s admission, satisfies the jury of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Having held that the inculpatory statements were properly ad--mitted, what do they indicate?
Each defendant freely and voluntarily made a statement to Robert D. Emerson, a special agent with the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. These statements were to the effect that on Friday night, August 25, 1967, the two defendants and the deceased, MacDaniel McCoy rode around Johnston County in the Ford automobile of the defendant Hamilton. The three were drinking white liquor. Hamilton stated that he was doing the driving and that Beasley and the deceased had an argument and that Beasley struck the deceased several blows and wanted to throw him over the bridge railing; that he, Hamilton, assisted Beasley in undressing the deceased and helped to throw the deceased over the railing.
Beasley, on the other hand, stated that he was asked to drive and did drive and that Hamilton claimed the deceased owed him some money and threatened to kill the deceased if he did not pay. They argued over the money and Hamilton began to hit the deceased and the deceased got quiet and Hamilton said: “Let’s throw him in the creek.” Beasley further stated that he stopped the car and the deceased was dead or knocked out and that Hamilton had undressed
him and that he helped Hamilton throw the deceased over the rail into the water and that the deceased was unconscious.
Both defendants said this occurred about 2:00,a.m. August 26, 1967, and that later they went back to the place and did not see the deceased.
We are -of the opinion and so hold that there was sufficient evidence of the guilt of each of the defendants to require the case be submitted to the jury..“If there is any evidence tending tp prove the fact of guilt or which'reasonably conduces-to this conclusion • as a fairly logical and legitimate deduction, and not such as merely raises a suspicion or conjecture of guilt, it is for the jury to say whether they are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the fact of guilt.” Strong, 2 N. C. Index 2d, Criminal Law, Section 106, and cases cited therein.
Each defendant contends that the trial court committed error in the charge in failing to include the crime of involuntary manslaughter as one of the possible verdicts.
In the case of
State v. Satterfield,
198 N.C. 682, 684, 163 S.E. 155 (1930), Adams, J. said: “This offense (involuntary manslaughter) consists in the unintentional killing of one person by another without malice (1) by doing some unlawful act not amounting to a felony or
naturally dangerous to human life;
or (2). by negligently doing some act which in itself is lawful; or (3) by negligently failing or omitting to perform a duty imposed by law. These 'elements are embraced in the offense as defined at common law. Wharton, Homicide, 7; 1 Crim. Law (11 Ed.) 622; 1 McClain on Crim. Law, 303, sec. 335; Clark’s Crim. Law 204. The definition includes unintentional homicide resulting from the performance of an unlawful act, from the performance of a lawful act done in a culpably negligent way, and from the negligent omission to perform a legal duty.” (emphasis added.)
This definition is quoted with approval in
State v. Honeycutt,
250 N.C. 229, 108 S.E. 2d 485 (1959).
The acts of the defendants, in the instant case, were without the scope of involuntary manslaughter and, therefore, there was- no necessity for the court to include this as a possible verdict.
The cases cited by the defendants are readily distinguishable and the instant case is not unlike the factual situation presented in
State v. Rich,
231 N.C. 696, 58 S.E. 2d 717 (1950). where Winborne, J. (later C.J.) stated:
“III. ‘Did the court err in its charge to the jury in not submitting that there' might be a finding of guilty of involuntary manslaughter?’ As to this contention, the court instructed the jury that
one of three verdicts might be returned, guilty of murder in the second degree, guilty of manslaughter, or not guilty. In the light of the evidence offered by the State it does not appear that the failure of the trial judge to charge on involuntary manslaughter was error.”
In the instant case the trial judge, after a fair and accurate exposition of the law and application thereof to the facts in the case, submitted the same three possible verdicts as to each defendant.
Hence, after careful consideration of all questions presented, we find in the judgment below
No error.
Morris and Parker, JJ., concur.