[Cite as State v. Guerra, 2013-Ohio-5367.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 12CA010188
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE ANGEL M. GUERRA COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 11CR083281
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: December 9, 2013
CARR, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Angel Guerra, appeals his conviction for aggravated murder. This
Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Guerra and Richard Alvarado intercepted Moises Velez and several of his
acquaintances outside Southerner’s Bar in Lorain. When Velez’s companions saw that the two
men had guns, they jumped into a car to leave the area. Although they urged Velez to do the
same, he stayed behind and urged Guerra and Alvarado to put their weapons away. Instead,
Guerra shot Velez in the forehead at close range. Velez fell to the ground and died within
minutes as a result of his injuries. Guerra and Alvarado fled through a nearby alley.
{¶3} Guerra was arrested after Velez’s companions identified him as one of the
gunmen. During Guerra’s trial, several of Velez’s friends described two other occasions that
resulted in altercations between Guerra and their circle of family and acquaintances, including 2
Velez. Guerra objected to this testimony as improper evidence of other acts under Evid.R.
404(B). A jury found Guerra guilty of aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A),
murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A) and (B), and felonious assault in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(1) and (A)(2), along with accompanying firearm specifications. The trial court
found him guilty of having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2).
The trial court merged the murder and felonious assault convictions with the conviction for
aggravated murder and sentenced Guerra to life in prison without the possibility of parole with a
concurrent twelve-month sentence for having a weapon while under disability. Guerra appealed.
His assignments of error are rearranged to facilitate our review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
MR. GUERRA’S CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED MURDER IS AGAINST THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE AND SHOULD BE REVERSED BECAUSE IT VIOLATES THE FIFTH, SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
{¶4} Guerra’s first assignment of error is that with respect to his conviction for
aggravated murder, the State failed to produce sufficient evidence that he acted with prior
calculation and design. Guerra’s argument is limited: he has not challenged the conclusion that
he killed Moises Velez. Instead, he has argued that although some evidence indicated prior
calculation and design toward another intended victim, his decision to shoot Velez was made at
the spur of the moment.
{¶5} “Whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence is a question of law
that this Court reviews de novo.” State v. Williams, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24731, 2009–Ohio–
6955, at ¶ 18, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). The relevant inquiry is 3
whether the prosecution has met its burden of production by presenting sufficient evidence to
sustain a conviction. Thompkins, at 390 (Cook, J., concurring). In reviewing the evidence, we
do not evaluate credibility, and we make all reasonable inferences in favor of the State. State v.
Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273 (1991). The State’s evidence is sufficient if it allows the trier of
fact to reasonably conclude that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id.
{¶6} Under R.C. 2903.01(A), no person may “purposely, and with prior calculation and
design, cause the death of another[.]” “Prior calculation and design” denotes “sufficient time and
opportunity for the planning of an act of homicide to constitute prior calculation” coupled with
circumstances that demonstrate “a scheme designed to implement the calculated decision to
kill[.]” State v. Cotton, 56 Ohio St.2d 8 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. There is no
bright-line test for determining whether a defendant acted with prior calculation and design, so
courts consider the totality of the circumstances in each case, including:
(1) Did the accused and victim know each other, and if so, was that relationship strained? (2) Did the accused give thought or preparation to choosing the murder weapon or murder site? and (3) Was the act drawn out or “an almost instantaneous eruption of events”?
State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 19 (1978), quoting State v. Jenkins, 48 Ohio App.2d 99, 102
(8th Dist.1976). See also State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St.3d 163, 2010-Ohio-1017, ¶ 154.
{¶7} When a defendant formulates a plan that constitutes prior calculation and design
with respect to an intended victim but purposely kills another person in the course of carrying out
the plan, the culpability evidenced by the prior calculation and design is transferred to the actual
victim. State v. Sowell, 39 Ohio St.3d 322 (1988), paragraph two of the syllabus, following State
v. Solomon, 66 Ohio St.2d 214 (1981), paragraph one of the syllabus. See also State v.
Stoutmire, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 96 CA 186, 2000 WL 652190. Under these circumstances, 4
evidence of prior calculation and design is sufficient if the trier of fact could reasonably conclude
that the defendant acted with prior calculation and design to cause the death of the intended
victim. See, e.g., Sowell at 333-334.
{¶8} In this case, there is sufficient evidence supporting the conclusion that Guerra
purposefully killed Velez while carrying out “a scheme designed to implement the calculated
decision to kill” his intended victim, Noel Cruz. At trial, Cruz explained the connections
between himself and his family, Guerra, and Velez. He testified that his mother had dated
Guerra’s brother in the months that preceded the murder. According to Cruz, this led to
problems when Guerra started acting disrespectfully toward the family. When Cruz confronted
Guerra about his behavior, his response was “hard headed,” and the behavior continued. Cruz,
along with other witnesses, also described two incidents in June and July 2011 that illustrated the
increasing conflict between Guerra and Cruz. Although Guerra has challenged the admission of
this testimony as other acts evidence under Evid.R. 404(B), we must consider all of the evidence
presented in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence. See generally State v. Brewer, 121 Ohio
St.3d 202, 2009-Ohio-593, ¶ 20, citing Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40-41 (1988).
{¶9} Cruz testified that in June 2011, he went to a local bar known as Club Copa with
his brother, Mariano “Nano” Cruz, a friend named Ernie, or “Angel,” and Velez. During the
course of the evening, Cruz stepped outside and saw Guerra holding a gun in Nano’s face.
According to Cruz, Guerra turned away, shot Angel, and left the scene. Gabriel Fernandez, who
was also present, provided additional detail. Fernandez testified that he left the bar and found
Nano Cruz in an alley arguing with Guerra. According to Fernandez, Guerra was “talking real
crazy, just cussing at [Nano] and stuff, and so I just ran up towards him; and that’s when he 5
pulled a gun out on me.” Fernandez testified that Guerra “pointed a gun to my head and told me
he would blow my head off” before getting in his car and shooting Angel as he drove away.
{¶10} During the weeks that followed, the conflict escalated. Noel Cruz testified that
Guerra’s conduct “never stopped * * * it got worse.” Cruz explained that on several occasions
when he, his brother, and their friends were hanging out in a vacant lot, Guerra drove past
brandishing a gun or gesturing as if to do so. On July 17, 2011, a second confrontation occurred.
On that night, Cruz approached Guerra at Club Copa and asked, “Why did you shoot [Angel]?
Why did you have the gun to my brother’s head?” When Guerra denied both accusations, Cruz
“spit in his face and * * * punched him.” Cruz recalled that Velez, who was also present, tried to
intervene. Cruz testified that this incident heightened the conflict and that Guerra then drove
past him “multiple times daily” and sometimes yelled, “I’m going to get you.”
{¶11} A group of men including Rolando “Macho” Ramos was with Velez outside
Southerner’s on the evening of July 20, 2011. According to each of their accounts, the friends
were passing the time in and around Fernandez’s car, which was parked on the street in front of
the bar. Ramos testified that he saw someone approaching their location from behind the bar,
which captured his attention because it was unusual. He warned Velez to turn around as that
individual, later identified as Alvarado, approached with a gun drawn. According to Ramos,
Alvarado asked Velez “where[] his people” were while Guerra, also with gun drawn, approached
from the same direction. Ramos testified that as he and Fernandez “peeled off” in Fernandez’s
car, he saw Velez with his hands outstretched, “like he’s trying to talk to them, like put the gun
away” just before he saw Velez fall to the ground.
{¶12} Fernandez also testified about his recollection of the events. He recalled that he
was sitting on the trunk of his car when he saw Alvarado and Guerra approach from the back of 6
the bar. As he got into the car, he heard Velez tell Alvarado to put his gun away and heard
Guerra say, “No, no I want them. Where they at? I know they was here.” Fernandez drove
away when he saw Guerra looking toward the car, frightened that he was looking for him
because of Guerra’s previous threat. Fernandez testified that he saw Velez fall to the ground as
he looked over his shoulder while driving away.
{¶13} Alvarado also testified about the events that led up to the murder. According to
his testimony, Guerra threatened that he was “going to get” Cruz and his friends after the second
incident at Club Copa. Alvarado testified that he and Guerra armed themselves with guns owned
by Guerra that Alvarado loaded three days before the murder. On July 20th, they circled the
block where Cruz and his friends were two or three times, and “we was talking about shooting at
the time, but we didn’t do it. You know, we just left it alone for the time being” because “too
many people [were] out there.” According to Alvarado, they returned later to “go up to the bar
and look for Noel [Cruz]. We was going to shoot him, but we never found Noel because Noel
was never there.” Chillingly, Alvarado testified that “[w]e wasn’t looking for Mo [Velez]. * * *
[I]t was his friend who was supposed to die.”
{¶14} The evidence at trial is sufficient to lead the jury to reasonably conclude that
Guerra shot Velez under circumstances demonstrating a scheme designed to implement his
calculated decision to kill Noel Cruz. Guerra and Cruz knew each other and, by virtue of the
relationship between Cruz’s mother and Guerra’s brother, their own relationship was
increasingly strained. The course of events during June and July demonstrates increasing
animosity between the two men and between Guerra and Cruz’s family and circle of friends.
According to Gabriel Fernandez, Guerra threatened to “blow [his] head off.” Cruz recalled
repeated threats and threatening gestures from Guerra. The evidence demonstrates that Guerra 7
and Alvarado armed themselves with loaded guns three days before the shooting and drove
around the general location several times, aborting their plans once only because too many
people were in the area. Alvarado testified that the two men regrouped, then returned to
Southerner’s with the intention of killing Cruz.
{¶15} Because the evidence is sufficient to demonstrate that Guerra acted with prior
calculation and design to kill Noel Cruz, it is also sufficient to support his conviction for the
aggravated murder of Moises Velez with prior calculation and design. See Sowell, 39 Ohio St.3d
322 at paragraph two of the syllabus, following Solomon, 66 Ohio St.2d 214 at paragraph one of
the syllabus. Guerra’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
THE COURT IMPROPERLY ALLOWED TESTIMONY REGARDING OTHER CRIMES, WRONGS OR ACTS OF MR. GUERRA, WHICH UNFAIRLY PREJUDICED MR. GUERRA, THUS DENYING HIM OF HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL, AND IN VIOLATION OF OHIO LAW.
{¶16} In his third assignment of error, Guerra has argued that the trial court erred by
admitting testimony related to the two confrontations involving Guerra and Noel and Mano Cruz
at Club Copa. He has argued that this testimony was not relevant and admissible as other acts
evidence under Evid.R. 404(B) and, even if it was, that it should have been excluded nonetheless
under Evid.R. 403(A). We disagree.
{¶17} Under Evid.R. 404(B), evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts of the defendant
is not admissible to prove that the defendant acted in conformity with the character demonstrated
by the other acts, but other acts evidence may be admissible for different purposes. The Rule
specifies, for example, that other acts evidence may be admitted for purposes “such as proof of
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or 8
accident.” Evid.R. 404(B). This list is non-exclusive. State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337,
2012-Ohio-2407, ¶ 18. The admission of other acts evidence is a three-step process:
The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 526, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 20.
{¶18} When an appellant challenges the admission of other acts evidence, we review the
trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. Morris at syllabus. Under this “deferential”
standard, “[i]t is not sufficient for an appellate court to determine that a trial court abused its
discretion simply because the appellate court might not have reached the same conclusion or is,
itself, less persuaded by the trial court’s reasoning process than by the countervailing
arguments.” Id. at ¶ 14. Instead, we consider whether the trial court’s decision lacked “a sound
reasoning process.” Id., quoting AAAA Ents. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment
Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161 (1990).
{¶19} In this case, the testimony related to the June 12, 2011, and July 17, 2011,
incidents at Club Copa demonstrates the increasing hostility between the Cruz brothers and their
friends and Guerra. The testimony provides a full picture of the context for the shooting of
Moises Velez by filling in the details surrounding the parties’ acrimonious relationship and
Guerra’s threatening behavior in the weeks leading up to the murder. In other words, the other
acts evidence is relevant and fits solidly into the category of evidence tending to demonstrate, at
a minimum, motive and intent. 9
{¶20} Guerra also argues that the trial court erred by failing to exclude the evidence
pursuant to Evid.R. 403(A), which provides that otherwise relevant evidence is inadmissible “if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of
the issues, or of misleading the jury.” The trial court, however, has broad discretion to determine
whether relevant evidence must be excluded in accordance with Evid.R. 403(A) because “the
exclusion of relevant evidence under Evid.R. 403(A) is even more of a judgment call than
determining whether the evidence has logical relevance in the first place.” (Emphasis in
original.) State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, at ¶ 40.
{¶21} Guerra has argued that the risk of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed any
potential probative value of the other acts testimony because, in his words, “[t]he State had a
problem in this case wherein the witnesses testified that Mr. Guerra and Mr. Alvarado both had
guns and had confronted the victim, yet none of them saw who shot the victim.” According to
Guerra, the real import of the other acts evidence was, therefore, to imply that because Guerra
had acted violently on other occasions, he must have acted violently on this occasion as well.
This argument fails because the underlying assumption is incorrect.
{¶22} Although Jonathan Negron, Rolando Ramos, and Gabriel Fernandez each testified
that they could not see who shot Velez from their vantage points, that was not the sum and
substance of their testimony. They also testified that they saw the guns that Guerra and Alvarado
held, described them as black and chrome, respectively, and identified the black 9mm gun as the
weapon in Guerra’s hand. The State’s expert witnesses established that Velez was killed by a
single bullet from a 9mm HiPoint semiautomatic weapon, and the police testified that they found
a corresponding magazine in the alley behind Southerner’s. Alvarado testified that Guerra used 10
a black 9mm gun during the entire incident, that they fled through the alley behind the bar, and
that it was Guerra who killed Velez.
{¶23} In light of this testimony, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion by determining that the probative value of the other acts evidence in demonstrating
Guerra’s motive was not outweighed by the risk of prejudice to him. Guerra’s third assignment
of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE GUILTY VERDICT FOR AGGRAVATED MURDER IN THIS CASE IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND SHOULD BE REVERSED BECAUSE IT VIOLATES THE FIFTH, SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
{¶24} Guerra’s second assignment of error is that the determination that he acted with
prior calculation and design is against the manifest weight of the evidence. With respect to this
assignment of error, this Court notes that Guerra has not framed a manifest weight argument with
references to the record as required by App.R. 16(A)(7) and Loc.R. 7(A)(7). Instead, the
substance of Guerra’s manifest weight argument is identical to the substance of his first
assignment of error.
{¶25} Sufficiency and weight of the evidence, however, are “both quantitatively and
qualitatively different.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997), paragraph two of the
syllabus. With respect to the weight of the evidence, the Ohio Supreme Court has explained:
Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.” 11
Id. at 387, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (6 Ed.1990) 1594. When an appellate court reverses
a conviction as against the manifest weight of the evidence, it views the record from the
perspective of the finder of fact without affording deference to the State and disagrees with the
fact finder’s resolution of conflicting evidence. See id. Consequently, this Court must:
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). A reversal on this basis is reserved for
the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Id., citing
State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st. Dist.1983).
{¶26} Despite the limitations of Guerra’s manifest weight argument, this Court has
reviewed the entire record and weighed the evidence and has concluded that the evidence does
not lead to the conclusion that the jury lost its way when it determined that Guerra acted with
prior calculation and design. Cruz, Ramos, and Fernandez each testified regarding the increasing
hostility between the Cruz brothers and Guerra, describing incidents in which Guerra implicitly
threatened them with his weapon and with hand gestures. Each also testified that Velez was
present with the group on prior occasions that culminated in confrontations with Guerra.
Alvarado described Guerra’s plan to find and shoot Cruz, and his testimony about the manner in
which Velez’s death occurred is consistent with the accounts of Cruz and his companions.
Although police never located the murder weapon, forensic evidence further confirmed
Alvarado’s version of the events in question by identifying the make and caliber of the gun that
killed Velez. 12
{¶27} The evidence of the surrounding events and the relationships between the
individuals involved in this case is consistent with Alvarado’s testimony that Guerra killed
Moises Velez in the course of executing his plan to kill Noel Cruz. As explained above,
Guerra’s prior calculation and design with respect to Cruz transferred to Velez, the actual victim.
Sowell, 39 Ohio St.3d 322 at paragraph two of the syllabus, following Solomon, 66 Ohio St.2d
214 at paragraph one of the syllabus. Guerra’s conviction is not against the manifest weight of
the evidence, and his second assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶28} Guerra’s assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the Lorain
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. 13
Costs taxed to Appellant.
DONNA J. CARR FOR THE COURT
MOORE, P. J. HENSAL, J. CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
ROBERT A. GAFFNEY, JR., Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and NATASHA RUIZ GUERRIERI, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.