State v. Gray

2016 NMCA 095, 10 N.M. 623
CourtNew Mexico Court of Appeals
DecidedAugust 4, 2016
DocketS-1-SC-36077; Docket 33,940
StatusPublished

This text of 2016 NMCA 095 (State v. Gray) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering New Mexico Court of Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Gray, 2016 NMCA 095, 10 N.M. 623 (N.M. Ct. App. 2016).

Opinion

OPINION

SUTIN, Judge.

{1} This appeal involves Defendant Kenneth Gray’s criminal liability under NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-101 (C) (2004, amended 2016) (current version at Section 66-8-101(E)), for a third degree felony of driving while intoxicated (DWI) causing great bodily harm to a human being. The human being was Defendant. The appeal also involves a sixteen-year enhancement to a three-year basic sentence. The enhancement was based on four prior DWI convictions. Defendant questions the applicability of the liability and sentencing provisions of Section 66-8-101, and the failures of his counsel and the district court to advise him at the plea stage of the enhancement.

{2} We hold that Section 66-8-101 (C) does not apply to Defendant, the perpetrator, where the great bodily injury resulting from his unlawful conduct was to himself and not to others. Although this holding requires reversal and vacation of the judgment and sentence associated with Defendant’s plea, we choose also to discuss the sentencing statute, Section 66-8-101(D) (current version at Section 66-8-101(F)), under which Defendant was sentenced, and we hold that Defendant was improperly sentenced. Further, we take this opportunity to once again remind lower courts and defense counsel of their obligations in plea circumstances.

BACKGROUND

{3} When the arresting officer responded to a report of a possible drunk driver, he found Defendant sitting in the right front seat of a truck that had collided with another vehicle. Defendant was bleeding from his face and head, holding his chest and head, and appeared to be in great pain, and the steering wheel was severely bent inward. Two persons in the other vehicle were also injured, but the injuries to these victims were not the subject of the charge under Section 66-8-101 (C) to which Defendant pleaded guilty. 1 Based on clear evidence of DWI, Defendant was charged with violating Section 66-8-101(B) and (D) and, in a written plea and disposition agreement, pleaded guilty to Section 66-8-101(B) based on having committed great bodily harm to himself in the collision. 2 Defendant was also charged with DWI fourth or subsequent offense, a fourth degree felony, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(D)(2), (G) (2010, amended 2016). D efendant’s plea agreement recites that a DWI charge under Section 66-8-102(A), a special fourth degree felony, “will be dismissed.”

{4} Section 66-8-101(C), the provision to which Defendant pleaded guilty during his plea hearing, reads:

A person who commits . . . great bodily harm by vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor . . . is guilty of a third degree felony and shall be sentenced pursuant to the provisions of [NMSA 1978,] Section 31-18-15 [(2007, amended 2016).]

“Great bodily harm by vehicle” is defined in Section 66-8-101(B) as “the injuring of a human being, to the extent defined in [NMSA 1978,] Section 30-1-12 [(1963)], in the unlawful operation of a motor vehicle.” Section 30-l-12(A) defines “great bodily harm” as “an injury to the person which creates a high probability of death; or which causes serious disfigurement; or which results in permanent or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any member or organ of the body[.]”

{5} For a Section 66-8-101(C) third degree felony, the basic sentence as set out in Section 31-18-15 (A)(9) (current version at S ection 31 - 18-15(A)(11)) is three years imprisonment. Section 66-8-101(D) provides enhancements to the basic sentence as follows:

A person who commits . . . great bodily harm by vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor . . . as provided in Subsection C of this section, and who has incurred a prior DWI conviction within ten years of the occurrence for which he is being sentenced under this section shall have his basic sentence increased by four years for each prior DWI conviction.

{6} Defendant does not dispute that he admitted in his plea agreement and at the plea hearing that he drove under the influence of alcohol causing the collision. Further, in pleading to a violation of Section 66-8-101(C), he necessarily admitted that his injuries rose to the level of great bodily harm under Section 66-8-101(B) and (C). And he admitted that he had four prior DWI convictions dated in 1987, 1996, 2006, and 2008. At sentencing, the prosecution argued that under Section 66-8-101(D) and (E) the four prior DWI convictions should add four four-year enhancements to Defendant’s basic three-year sentence, totaling nineteen years. The district court agreed.

{7} The circumstances underlying the plea and sentencing concerns are telling. After first using the injuries of others to charge Defendant in magistrate court, in district court, the State switched to Defendant’s own injuries — a ruptured aorta valve and a dislocated hip — as the factual basis to support the charge and the plea. The crime required that “a human being” suffer great bodily harm. See § 66-8-101 (B). Although not made a point of error on appeal, throughout the proceedings defense counsel did not argue and Defendant was unaware that the statute’s wording, “the injuring of a human being,” could be viewed as unclear. 3 Defendant contends on appeal that the statute is, indeed, unclear and must be interpreted to exclude the perpetrator within the intended coverage of “human being,” and therefore, the crime to which Defendant pleaded guilty was nonexistent, requiring vacation of his conviction.

{8} Further, it is undisputed that Defendant was not informed by his counsel, the prosecution, or the district cortrt that his having admitted in his plea and disposition agreement to the existence of four prior DWI convictions would trigger enhancement of his basic three-year sentence and how much additional prison time he would face. The plea and disposition agreement stated only that the maximum penalties for the charge were “[third] degree felony — 3 years/$5,000 fine[.]” At the plea point in time, Defendant had been informed only that he would receive a three-year basic sentence for the DWI offense. Before he was sentenced, a pre-sentence report recommended that Defendant’s total prison time for the DWI third degree felony be three years followed by two years parole.

{9} At sentencing, the prosecution argued for enhancement of Defendant’s basic three-year sentence by sixteen additional years. It was clear that two of the four prior convictions occurred outside of the ten-year limitation in Section 66-8-101(D). While defense counsel argued that only two of the four prior DWI convictions should be considered in sentencing, that the statute was ambiguous, and that the rule of lenity should apply, there is no indication that defense counsel or the district court discussed with Defendant whether he might want to consider withdrawing his plea, when the district court interpreted the statute to include all four of the prior convictions and sentenced Defendant to nineteen years.

{10} Finally, along the same lines, at sentencing the prosecution argued that two persons, in addition to Defendant, were severely injured in the collision.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

United States v. Tucker
404 U.S. 443 (Supreme Court, 1972)
State v. Ramirez
2011 NMSC 025 (New Mexico Supreme Court, 2011)
State v. Office of the Public Defender Ex Rel. Muqqddin
2012 NMSC 29 (New Mexico Supreme Court, 2012)
State v. Roper
921 P.2d 322 (New Mexico Court of Appeals, 1996)
State v. Telles
1999 NMCA 013 (New Mexico Court of Appeals, 1998)
State v. Garcia
915 P.2d 300 (New Mexico Supreme Court, 1996)
State v. Fairbanks
2004 NMCA 005 (New Mexico Court of Appeals, 2003)
State v. Ogden
880 P.2d 845 (New Mexico Supreme Court, 1994)
State v. Loretto
2006 NMCA 142 (New Mexico Court of Appeals, 2006)
Marquez v. Hatch
2009 NMSC 040 (New Mexico Supreme Court, 2009)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
2016 NMCA 095, 10 N.M. 623, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-gray-nmctapp-2016.