[Cite as State v. Goss, 2017-Ohio-162.]
COURT OF APPEALS ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES: Hon. John W. Wise, P. J. Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- Case No. 16 COA 024 GARRETT S. GOSS
Defendant-Appellant OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Municipal Court, Case No. 16 CRB 0382
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: January 17, 2017
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
ANDREW N. BUSH MATTHEW J. MALONE ASSISTANT LAW DIRECTOR THE LAW OFFICES OF 1213 East Main Street MATTHEW J. MALONE, LLC Ashland, Ohio 44805 10 East Main Street Ashland, Ohio 444805 Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 2
Wise, P. J.
{¶1} Appellant Garrett S. Goss appeals his conviction, following a no contest
plea, in the Municipal Court of Ashland County, for possession of drug paraphernalia and
possession of marijuana. Appellee is the State of Ohio. The relevant facts leading to this
appeal are as follows.
{¶2} On March 26, 2016, Officer Cody Hying of the Ashland Police Department
stopped Appellant Goss for failing to stop at a marked bar or line at an intersection
(Ashland Codified Ordinance § 331.19(a)), having observed him come to a stop at an
intersection with the engine compartment of his 2004 Toyota Tacoma extended-cab
pickup truck beyond the stop line and the rear wheels of his vehicle behind it, such that
appellant’s “driver’s door was on top of the stop bar.” Hying Testimony, Suppression Tr.
at 6.
{¶3} Based on Officer Hying’s subsequent observations and investigation at the
scene, appellant was charged with OVI (R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(d)) and
improper operation of vehicles at a stop sign (A.C.O. § 331.19(a)), under trial court case
number 16 TRC 1963. In addition, appellant was charged with possession of drug
paraphernalia (A.C.O. § 513.12(C)(1)) and possession of marihuana (A.C.O. §
513.03(C)(2)) under trial court case number 16 CRB 382.
{¶4} Appellant thereafter entered pleas of not guilty to all charges. On April 19,
2016, appellant filed in each case a motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result
of the traffic stop. A joint hearing on the motions was held on May 6, 2016.
{¶5} After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court denied appellant’s
motion(s) to suppress via a judgment entry issued June 21, 2016. Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 3
{¶6} On June 22, 2016, appellant entered no contest pleas to OVI (R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(d)) and the stop sign violation in 16 TRC 1963, as well as
possession of drug paraphernalia and possession of marihuana in 16 CRB 382. Formal
sentencing entries on the two cases were issued on July 6, 2016.
{¶7} Appellant filed a notice of appeal on June 30, 2016. He herein raises the
following sole Assignment of Error:
{¶8} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS.”
I.
{¶9} In his sole Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress. We disagree.
{¶10} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's finding of fact.
Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or
correct law to the findings of fact. Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has
incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to suppress. When
reviewing this third type of claim, an appellate court must independently determine,
without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the appropriate
legal standard in the given case. See State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 1 OBR
57, 437 N.E.2d 583; State v. Williams (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141; State
v. Curry (1994), 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 641 N .E.2d 1172; State v. Claytor (1993), 85
Ohio App.3d 623, 627, 620 N.E.2d 906; State v. Guysinger (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 592,
621 N.E.2d 726. The United States Supreme Court has held that “... as a general matter Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 4
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.” Ornelas v. U.S. (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d
911.
{¶11} A.C.O. § 331.19(a) governs stopping at stop signs within Ashland’s
municipal jurisdiction. It states, in pertinent part: "Except when directed to proceed by a
law enforcement officer, every driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop at a
clearly marked stop line, but if none before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
intersection ***.” (Emphasis added).1
{¶12} In the case sub judice, appellant argues that the trial court incorrectly
decided the ultimate or final issue raised in his motion to suppress. See Appellant’s Brief
at 3-4. Thus, appellant is presently not focused on the court’s basic factual findings.
However, we would at least note the trial court found a lack of credibility in appellant’s
suppression testimony that he was certain he had stopped his vehicle twice at the
intersection, once before the stop bar and once beyond it. See Judgment Entry Regarding
Motion to Suppress, at 2.
{¶13} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated: “ * * * [I]f an officer's decision to stop
a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is prompted by a reasonable
and articulable suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the stop is
constitutionally valid.” State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 894 N.E.2d 1204, 2008–Ohio–
4539, ¶ 8. It is well-established that an officer's reasonable articulable suspicion does not
require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's conduct has satisfied the
elements of the offense. State v. Willis, 5th Dist. Licking No. 14 CA 103, 2015–Ohio–
1 The language of A.C.O. § 331.19(a) reflects the language found in R.C 4511.43(A). Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 5
3739, ¶ 25, citing Westlake v. Kaplysh, 118 Ohio App.3d 18, 20, 691 N.E.2d 1074 (8th
Dist.1997).
{¶14} Appellant directs us inter alia to State v. Drushal, 9th Dist. Wayne No.
13CA0028, 2014–Ohio–3088, wherein the Ninth District Court of Appeals found the basic
language in the Wooster Codified Ordinances that “a vehicle approaching a stop sign
shall stop at a clearly marked stop line” to be unambiguous. Id. at ¶ 12. We note the facts
in Drushal indicate the driver had stopped either just at or somewhat on top of the stop
line, but not “before” it, which is how the Wooster officer making the traffic stop in that
case had interpreted the law. See id. at ¶ 4. Appellant herein maintains that under
Drushal, a driver does not have to stop his or her vehicle just before a stop line or bar in
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[Cite as State v. Goss, 2017-Ohio-162.]
COURT OF APPEALS ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES: Hon. John W. Wise, P. J. Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- Case No. 16 COA 024 GARRETT S. GOSS
Defendant-Appellant OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Municipal Court, Case No. 16 CRB 0382
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: January 17, 2017
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
ANDREW N. BUSH MATTHEW J. MALONE ASSISTANT LAW DIRECTOR THE LAW OFFICES OF 1213 East Main Street MATTHEW J. MALONE, LLC Ashland, Ohio 44805 10 East Main Street Ashland, Ohio 444805 Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 2
Wise, P. J.
{¶1} Appellant Garrett S. Goss appeals his conviction, following a no contest
plea, in the Municipal Court of Ashland County, for possession of drug paraphernalia and
possession of marijuana. Appellee is the State of Ohio. The relevant facts leading to this
appeal are as follows.
{¶2} On March 26, 2016, Officer Cody Hying of the Ashland Police Department
stopped Appellant Goss for failing to stop at a marked bar or line at an intersection
(Ashland Codified Ordinance § 331.19(a)), having observed him come to a stop at an
intersection with the engine compartment of his 2004 Toyota Tacoma extended-cab
pickup truck beyond the stop line and the rear wheels of his vehicle behind it, such that
appellant’s “driver’s door was on top of the stop bar.” Hying Testimony, Suppression Tr.
at 6.
{¶3} Based on Officer Hying’s subsequent observations and investigation at the
scene, appellant was charged with OVI (R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(d)) and
improper operation of vehicles at a stop sign (A.C.O. § 331.19(a)), under trial court case
number 16 TRC 1963. In addition, appellant was charged with possession of drug
paraphernalia (A.C.O. § 513.12(C)(1)) and possession of marihuana (A.C.O. §
513.03(C)(2)) under trial court case number 16 CRB 382.
{¶4} Appellant thereafter entered pleas of not guilty to all charges. On April 19,
2016, appellant filed in each case a motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result
of the traffic stop. A joint hearing on the motions was held on May 6, 2016.
{¶5} After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court denied appellant’s
motion(s) to suppress via a judgment entry issued June 21, 2016. Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 3
{¶6} On June 22, 2016, appellant entered no contest pleas to OVI (R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(d)) and the stop sign violation in 16 TRC 1963, as well as
possession of drug paraphernalia and possession of marihuana in 16 CRB 382. Formal
sentencing entries on the two cases were issued on July 6, 2016.
{¶7} Appellant filed a notice of appeal on June 30, 2016. He herein raises the
following sole Assignment of Error:
{¶8} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS.”
I.
{¶9} In his sole Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress. We disagree.
{¶10} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's finding of fact.
Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or
correct law to the findings of fact. Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has
incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to suppress. When
reviewing this third type of claim, an appellate court must independently determine,
without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the appropriate
legal standard in the given case. See State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 1 OBR
57, 437 N.E.2d 583; State v. Williams (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141; State
v. Curry (1994), 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 641 N .E.2d 1172; State v. Claytor (1993), 85
Ohio App.3d 623, 627, 620 N.E.2d 906; State v. Guysinger (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 592,
621 N.E.2d 726. The United States Supreme Court has held that “... as a general matter Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 4
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.” Ornelas v. U.S. (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d
911.
{¶11} A.C.O. § 331.19(a) governs stopping at stop signs within Ashland’s
municipal jurisdiction. It states, in pertinent part: "Except when directed to proceed by a
law enforcement officer, every driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop at a
clearly marked stop line, but if none before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
intersection ***.” (Emphasis added).1
{¶12} In the case sub judice, appellant argues that the trial court incorrectly
decided the ultimate or final issue raised in his motion to suppress. See Appellant’s Brief
at 3-4. Thus, appellant is presently not focused on the court’s basic factual findings.
However, we would at least note the trial court found a lack of credibility in appellant’s
suppression testimony that he was certain he had stopped his vehicle twice at the
intersection, once before the stop bar and once beyond it. See Judgment Entry Regarding
Motion to Suppress, at 2.
{¶13} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated: “ * * * [I]f an officer's decision to stop
a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is prompted by a reasonable
and articulable suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the stop is
constitutionally valid.” State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 894 N.E.2d 1204, 2008–Ohio–
4539, ¶ 8. It is well-established that an officer's reasonable articulable suspicion does not
require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's conduct has satisfied the
elements of the offense. State v. Willis, 5th Dist. Licking No. 14 CA 103, 2015–Ohio–
1 The language of A.C.O. § 331.19(a) reflects the language found in R.C 4511.43(A). Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 5
3739, ¶ 25, citing Westlake v. Kaplysh, 118 Ohio App.3d 18, 20, 691 N.E.2d 1074 (8th
Dist.1997).
{¶14} Appellant directs us inter alia to State v. Drushal, 9th Dist. Wayne No.
13CA0028, 2014–Ohio–3088, wherein the Ninth District Court of Appeals found the basic
language in the Wooster Codified Ordinances that “a vehicle approaching a stop sign
shall stop at a clearly marked stop line” to be unambiguous. Id. at ¶ 12. We note the facts
in Drushal indicate the driver had stopped either just at or somewhat on top of the stop
line, but not “before” it, which is how the Wooster officer making the traffic stop in that
case had interpreted the law. See id. at ¶ 4. Appellant herein maintains that under
Drushal, a driver does not have to stop his or her vehicle just before a stop line or bar in
order to be “at” the line for purposes of the ordinance in question.
{¶15} We find Drushal provides only limited guidance in our present analysis, as
the opinion does not make entirely clear how similar the car’s position was to the situation
before us of an operator fully straddling the stop line between the front engine
compartment area and the rear axle of his or her vehicle. Furthermore, we do not agree
with the Ninth District’s assessment that the “stop line” language found in ordinances such
as those of Wooster and Ashland is inherently clear and unambiguous.
{¶16} In contrast, the Third District Court of Appeals has concluded that the “stop
line” language of R.C. 4511.43(A), i.e., the requirement that a motorist stop at a clearly
marked stop line, is reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation. See State v.
Miller, 3rd Dist. Marion No. 9–14–50, 2015-Ohio-3529, ¶ 17. Noting the legislative goal of
protecting the safety of motorists and pedestrians, and recognizing that stop lines are
often used to protect other motorists by allowing adequate room for large vehicles to Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 6
complete their turns at intersections, the Third District Court therein stated: “*** [W]e
interpret the statute to require a motorist to stop prior to the point at which the front-most
portion of his or her vehicle will break the plane of the outermost edge of the clearly
marked stop line to most readily further the General Assembly's purpose in enacting R.C.
4511.43(A).” Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶17} Upon review, we find the officer's decision in this instance to stop appellant
under A.C.O. 331.19(a) was supported by a reasonable and articulable suspicion of a
violation of Ashland’s traffic laws, and we therefore find no reversible error in the trial
court's denial of appellant's suppression motion in the instant case.
{¶18} Appellant's sole Assignment of Error is overruled.
{¶19} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Municipal Court, Ashland
County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.
By: Wise, P. J.
Baldwin, J., concurs.
Delaney, J, dissents.
___________________________________ HON. JOHN W. WISE
___________________________________ HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY
___________________________________ HON. CRAIG R. BALDWIN
JWW/d 1222 Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 7
Delaney, J., dissenting.
{¶20} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. Based upon a review of all
the circumstances of this case, I disagree the facts support a conclusion that a reasonable
and articulable suspicion existed to support a constitutionally valid traffic stop of
Appellant’s vehicle. Therefore, I would sustain Appellant’s sole assignment of error in
part.
{¶21} There is little doubt in this case the stop of Appellant’s vehicle was
pretextual. The officer having followed Appellant’s vehicle upon his departure from a bar
in the early morning hours of March 26, 2016, and then shortly thereafter pulls Appellant
over in a residential neighborhood for a “stop line” violation.
{¶22} According to the officer, the Appellant stopped at a stop sign at the
intersection of Cottage Street and West 10th Street in Ashland, Ohio. Photographs of the
intersection are shown in State’s Exhibit 1. The photos show the stop sign with a faded
stop line directly even with the stop sign, and a similarly faded crosswalk approximately
a yard beyond the stop line.
{¶23} The officer testified that while Appellant obeyed the stop sign, his vehicle
straddled or stopped over the stop line such that his driver’s door was on top of the stop
bar and the engine compartment of the truck was into the crosswalk. The rear wheels of
the truck were behind the stop bar. Without any indication of unreasonable driving or
hazard to any potential oncoming traffic or pedestrians, the officer initiated a traffic stop
because Appellant failed to stop his entire vehicle before or “at” the stop line and had
partially stopped in the crosswalk, which is very close to the stop line. Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 8
{¶24} As found by the majority, Ashland Codified Ordinance 331.19(a) mirrors
similar local ordinances and R.C. 4511.43(A), which states, in relevant part: “Except when
directed to proceed by a law enforcement officer, every driver of a vehicle * * *
approaching a stop sign shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before
entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or, if none, then at the point
nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the
intersecting roadway before entering it.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶25} At least two Ohio Appellate Districts have issued conflicting rulings on
whether the meaning of the word “at” as used in the statute or similar ordinances means
“in, on or near” the stop line as was held by the Ninth District in State v. Drushal, 2014-
Ohio-3088 or means “the point at which the front-most portion of his or her vehicle will
break the plane of the outermost edge of the clearly marked stop line” as held by Third
District in State v. Miller, 2015-Ohio-3529.
{¶26} I would follow the reasoning of the Ninth District in Drushal, and find the
word “at” is clear and unambiguous, and does not require a vehicle to be stopped
completely before the stop bar. It would be extremely difficult for a driver to determine if
his or her vehicle had “broken the plane” of the stop line or crosswalk while riding in their
vehicle. Likewise, R.C. 4511.712 permits vehicles to enter an intersection or marked
crosswalk as long as there is sufficient space for the passage of other vehicles or
pedestrians. The Ninth District’s reasoning also appears to follow the practices of many
drivers. Therefore, I would reverse the ruling of the trial court based upon the facts of this
case. Ashland County, Case No. 16 COA 024 9