This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 35,015
5 EARL RAY GARCIA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Jacqueline D. Flores, District Judge
9 Hector J. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM 14 Josephine H. Ford, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 KENNEDY, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant appeals his conviction for DWI (per se, first offense) entered by the
2 metropolitan court following a bench trial and subsequently affirmed by the district
3 court following an on-record review. [RP 4, 85, 88, 86] Our notice proposed to affirm
4 and Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition, which we accept as timely. We
5 remain unpersuaded by Defendant’s arguments and therefore affirm.
6 {2} In issue (1), Defendant continues to argue that Officer Golson lacked probable
7 cause to arrest him. [RP 71, 78; DS 13; MIO 4-5] See State v. Granillo-Macias, 2008-
8 NMCA-021, ¶¶ 7, 9, 143 N.M. 455, 176 P.3d 1187 (setting forth our standard of
9 review and providing that probable cause to arrest exists “when the facts and
10 circumstances within the officer’s knowledge are sufficient to warrant the officer to
11 believe that an offense has been or is being committed”). As specifically argued in his
12 docketing statement, Defendant argued that Officer Golson lacked probable cause for
13 the asserted reason that “[t]he officer . . . did not have a reasonable belief based on the
14 field sobriety tests or other evidence that [Defendant] was impaired by alcohol.” [DS
15 13] As provided in our notice, evidence was presented that Defendant had bloodshot
16 and watery eyes [RP 88], slurred speech [RP 88], a moderate odor of alcohol coming
17 from his facial area [RP 88-89], and admitted having one drink. [RP 89] Evidence was
18 also presented that Defendant did not perform satisfactorily on the standardized field
19 sobriety tests (SFSTs). [RP 89] We hold that this evidence provided probable cause
2 1 for Defendant’s arrest for DWI. See generally State v. Jones, 1998-NMCA-076, ¶ 10,
2 125 N.M. 556, 964 P.2d 117 (concluding that the officer had probable cause to arrest
3 for DWI when the officer noticed bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and a strong
4 odor of alcohol, when the defendant admitted to having drunk two beers, swayed
5 when he was talking to the officer, and failed the field sobriety tests).
6 {3} Moreover, to the extent Defendant additionally asserts that Officer Golson
7 lacked probable cause to believe that Defendant’s intoxication impacted his driving
8 [MIO 4], we disagree. Case law considers a driver’s performance on SFSTs as generic
9 evidence that is relevant to a driver’s impairment, even if it is not a definitive measure.
10 See, e.g., State v. Lasworth, 2002-NMCA-029, ¶ 14, 131 N.M. 739, 42 P.3d 844; see
11 also State v. Torres, 1999-NMSC-010, ¶ 31, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20 (recognizing
12 that a defendant’s performance on motor skills exercises is one of the self-explanatory
13 tests that reveal common physical manifestations of intoxication); Granillo-Macias,
14 2008-NMCA-021, ¶ 12 (holding that the odor of alcohol, lack of balance at the
15 vehicle, and failure to satisfactorily perform field sobriety tests supported an
16 objectively reasonable belief that the defendant had been driving while intoxicated,
17 and thus constituted probable cause to arrest). We thus affirm.
18 {4} In issue (2), Defendant continues to argue that the evidence was insufficient to
19 support his DWI per se conviction. [RP 73, 82; DS 13; MIO 2] See NMSA 1978, §
3 1 66-8-102(C)(1) (2010) (making it a criminal offense for “a person to drive a vehicle
2 in this state if the person has an alcohol concentration of eight one hundredths or more
3 in the person’s blood or breath within three hours of driving the vehicle and the
4 alcohol concentration results from alcohol consumed before or while driving the
5 vehicle”); see also State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M. 126, 753 P.2d
6 1314 (setting forth our standard of review).
7 {5} As addressed in our notice, there are two ways a person may “drive” a vehicle
8 as contemplated by the DWI statute: DWI based on actually driving a moving vehicle
9 while impaired, or DWI being in “actual physical control” of the vehicle while
10 impaired, whether or not the vehicle is not moving. See State v. Sims, 2010-NMSC-
11 027, ¶¶ 7, 10-12, 148 N.M. 330, 236 P.3d 642 (recognizing these two ways to drive
12 a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor). Defendant’s conviction is
13 based on the latter. [RP 91-92, 94] See, e.g., State v. Mailman, 2010-NMSC-036, ¶ 28,
14 148 N.M. 702, 242 P.3d269 (providing that “[a]ctual physical control is not necessary
15 to prove DWI unless there are no witnesses to the vehicle’s motion and insufficient
16 circumstantial evidence to infer that the accused actually drove while intoxicated”
17 (emphasis omitted)).
18 {6} When proceeding under a theory of actual physical control, the State must
19 prove “(1) the defendant was actually, not just potentially, exercising control over the
4 1 vehicle, and (2) the defendant had the general intent to drive so as to pose a real
2 danger to himself, herself, or the public.” Simms, 2010-NMSC-027, ¶ 4. Defendant
3 continues to dispute both of these factors. [MIO 3, 4]
4 {7} In concluding that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy both factors, we
5 consider the following. Officer Golson observed Defendant sitting behind the wheel
6 of a parked vehicle, with the ignition on and the vehicle running. [RP 91] The vehicle
7 was parked in the parking lot of a bar close to closing time. [RP 91] Defendant was
8 awake and he and his girlfriend had just been kicked out of the bar. [RP 96] The
9 driver’s window of the vehicle was rolled down [RP 89], and the weather was warm
10 with no indication that the vehicle was being used as shelter. [RP 90] We hold that the
11 fact-finder could have reasonably relied on the foregoing evidence to determine that
12 Defendant was in actual physical control of the vehicle with intent to drive. See State
13 v. Sparks, 1985-NMCA-004, ¶ 6, 102 N.M. 317, 694 P.2d 1382 (defining substantial
14 evidence as that evidence which a reasonable person would consider adequate to
15 support a defendant’s conviction); see also State v. Reger, 2010-NMCA-056, ¶ 5, 148
16 N.M. 342, 236 P.3d 654 (recognizing that motion of a vehicle is not a necessary
17 element of DWI).
18 {8} We acknowledge Defendant’s continued assertion that the facts do not give a
19 complete picture of what was going on in the parking lot, such that Defendant
5 1 maintains he was only in the vehicle with the engine running so that he and his
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 35,015
5 EARL RAY GARCIA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Jacqueline D. Flores, District Judge
9 Hector J. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM 14 Josephine H. Ford, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 KENNEDY, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant appeals his conviction for DWI (per se, first offense) entered by the
2 metropolitan court following a bench trial and subsequently affirmed by the district
3 court following an on-record review. [RP 4, 85, 88, 86] Our notice proposed to affirm
4 and Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition, which we accept as timely. We
5 remain unpersuaded by Defendant’s arguments and therefore affirm.
6 {2} In issue (1), Defendant continues to argue that Officer Golson lacked probable
7 cause to arrest him. [RP 71, 78; DS 13; MIO 4-5] See State v. Granillo-Macias, 2008-
8 NMCA-021, ¶¶ 7, 9, 143 N.M. 455, 176 P.3d 1187 (setting forth our standard of
9 review and providing that probable cause to arrest exists “when the facts and
10 circumstances within the officer’s knowledge are sufficient to warrant the officer to
11 believe that an offense has been or is being committed”). As specifically argued in his
12 docketing statement, Defendant argued that Officer Golson lacked probable cause for
13 the asserted reason that “[t]he officer . . . did not have a reasonable belief based on the
14 field sobriety tests or other evidence that [Defendant] was impaired by alcohol.” [DS
15 13] As provided in our notice, evidence was presented that Defendant had bloodshot
16 and watery eyes [RP 88], slurred speech [RP 88], a moderate odor of alcohol coming
17 from his facial area [RP 88-89], and admitted having one drink. [RP 89] Evidence was
18 also presented that Defendant did not perform satisfactorily on the standardized field
19 sobriety tests (SFSTs). [RP 89] We hold that this evidence provided probable cause
2 1 for Defendant’s arrest for DWI. See generally State v. Jones, 1998-NMCA-076, ¶ 10,
2 125 N.M. 556, 964 P.2d 117 (concluding that the officer had probable cause to arrest
3 for DWI when the officer noticed bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and a strong
4 odor of alcohol, when the defendant admitted to having drunk two beers, swayed
5 when he was talking to the officer, and failed the field sobriety tests).
6 {3} Moreover, to the extent Defendant additionally asserts that Officer Golson
7 lacked probable cause to believe that Defendant’s intoxication impacted his driving
8 [MIO 4], we disagree. Case law considers a driver’s performance on SFSTs as generic
9 evidence that is relevant to a driver’s impairment, even if it is not a definitive measure.
10 See, e.g., State v. Lasworth, 2002-NMCA-029, ¶ 14, 131 N.M. 739, 42 P.3d 844; see
11 also State v. Torres, 1999-NMSC-010, ¶ 31, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20 (recognizing
12 that a defendant’s performance on motor skills exercises is one of the self-explanatory
13 tests that reveal common physical manifestations of intoxication); Granillo-Macias,
14 2008-NMCA-021, ¶ 12 (holding that the odor of alcohol, lack of balance at the
15 vehicle, and failure to satisfactorily perform field sobriety tests supported an
16 objectively reasonable belief that the defendant had been driving while intoxicated,
17 and thus constituted probable cause to arrest). We thus affirm.
18 {4} In issue (2), Defendant continues to argue that the evidence was insufficient to
19 support his DWI per se conviction. [RP 73, 82; DS 13; MIO 2] See NMSA 1978, §
3 1 66-8-102(C)(1) (2010) (making it a criminal offense for “a person to drive a vehicle
2 in this state if the person has an alcohol concentration of eight one hundredths or more
3 in the person’s blood or breath within three hours of driving the vehicle and the
4 alcohol concentration results from alcohol consumed before or while driving the
5 vehicle”); see also State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M. 126, 753 P.2d
6 1314 (setting forth our standard of review).
7 {5} As addressed in our notice, there are two ways a person may “drive” a vehicle
8 as contemplated by the DWI statute: DWI based on actually driving a moving vehicle
9 while impaired, or DWI being in “actual physical control” of the vehicle while
10 impaired, whether or not the vehicle is not moving. See State v. Sims, 2010-NMSC-
11 027, ¶¶ 7, 10-12, 148 N.M. 330, 236 P.3d 642 (recognizing these two ways to drive
12 a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor). Defendant’s conviction is
13 based on the latter. [RP 91-92, 94] See, e.g., State v. Mailman, 2010-NMSC-036, ¶ 28,
14 148 N.M. 702, 242 P.3d269 (providing that “[a]ctual physical control is not necessary
15 to prove DWI unless there are no witnesses to the vehicle’s motion and insufficient
16 circumstantial evidence to infer that the accused actually drove while intoxicated”
17 (emphasis omitted)).
18 {6} When proceeding under a theory of actual physical control, the State must
19 prove “(1) the defendant was actually, not just potentially, exercising control over the
4 1 vehicle, and (2) the defendant had the general intent to drive so as to pose a real
2 danger to himself, herself, or the public.” Simms, 2010-NMSC-027, ¶ 4. Defendant
3 continues to dispute both of these factors. [MIO 3, 4]
4 {7} In concluding that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy both factors, we
5 consider the following. Officer Golson observed Defendant sitting behind the wheel
6 of a parked vehicle, with the ignition on and the vehicle running. [RP 91] The vehicle
7 was parked in the parking lot of a bar close to closing time. [RP 91] Defendant was
8 awake and he and his girlfriend had just been kicked out of the bar. [RP 96] The
9 driver’s window of the vehicle was rolled down [RP 89], and the weather was warm
10 with no indication that the vehicle was being used as shelter. [RP 90] We hold that the
11 fact-finder could have reasonably relied on the foregoing evidence to determine that
12 Defendant was in actual physical control of the vehicle with intent to drive. See State
13 v. Sparks, 1985-NMCA-004, ¶ 6, 102 N.M. 317, 694 P.2d 1382 (defining substantial
14 evidence as that evidence which a reasonable person would consider adequate to
15 support a defendant’s conviction); see also State v. Reger, 2010-NMCA-056, ¶ 5, 148
16 N.M. 342, 236 P.3d 654 (recognizing that motion of a vehicle is not a necessary
17 element of DWI).
18 {8} We acknowledge Defendant’s continued assertion that the facts do not give a
19 complete picture of what was going on in the parking lot, such that Defendant
5 1 maintains he was only in the vehicle with the engine running so that he and his
2 girlfriend could have some privacy while they argued. [MIO 3] We further
3 acknowledge Defendant’s continued assertion that his eyes were red not because he
4 had been drinking, but because he had been crying. [MIO 4] These assertions,
5 however, were matters for the fact-finder to consider, and it was within the fact-
6 finder’s prerogative to reject Defendant’s version of the event. See generally State v.
7 Salas, 1999-NMCA-099, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482 (recognizing that it is for
8 the fact-finder to resolve any conflict in the testimony of the witnesses and to
9 determine where the weight and credibility lay); State v. Garcia, 2009-NMCA-107,
10 ¶ 21, 147 N.M. 150, 217 P.3d 1048 (recognizing that the jury is free to reject the
11 defendant’s version of the events). We therefore affirm.
12 {9} To conclude, we hold that probable cause supported Defendant’s arrest and that
13 the evidence was sufficient to support his DWI per se conviction. We affirm.
14 {10} IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 16 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge 17 WE CONCUR:
18 19 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge
6 1 2 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge