State v. G Ardrey

Opinion

1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 27,396 5 GLENN E. ARDREY, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Parsons, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Francine A. Chavez, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 John Bigelow, Chief Public Defender 14 Karl Erich Martell, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant

17 MEMORANDUM OPINION 18 CASTILLO, Judge. 19 In this case, we consider whether Defendant’s conviction was supported by 20 substantial evidence and whether the length of time between conviction and

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1 sentencing resulted in an unconstitutional delay. We hold that there was substantial 2 evidence to support the conviction and that Defendant failed to establish prejudice 3 resulting from any delay in sentencing. Accordingly, we affirm. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 Defendant was charged by criminal information on one count of possession of 6 a firearm by a felon. NMSA 1978, § 30-7-16 (2001). He stipulated to all of the 7 elements of the crime except his status as a felon. On September 28, 2005, he was 8 convicted by a jury. On October 2, 2006, Defendant had not yet been sentenced, and 9 he filed a motion to dismiss based on unreasonable delay in sentencing. The trial 10 court held a hearing and denied the motion, and on December 21, 2006, the trial court 11 entered a judgment and sentence. Defendant appeals. 12 II. DISCUSSION 13 Defendant makes two arguments on appeal. First, he contends that the State 14 presented insufficient evidence to establish the elements of the charged crime. 15 Second, Defendant argues that the delay between conviction and sentencing violated 16 his rights to speedy sentencing and due process. We address each argument in turn. 17 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence 18 “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the 19 light most favorable to the [s]tate; we resolve all conflicts and indulge all permissible

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1 inferences in favor of the verdict.” State v. Neatherlin, 2007-NMCA-035, ¶ 8, 141 2 N.M. 328, 154 P.3d 703. Defendant was convicted for a violation of Section 30-7-16, 3 which prohibits a felon from possessing, receiving, or transporting a firearm. Because 4 Defendant stipulated that he was in possession of a firearm at the time of his arrest, 5 the State was required to prove only that Defendant had been previously convicted of 6 a felony. See State v. Sundeen, 2001-NMSC-006, ¶ 1, 130 N.M. 83, 17 P.3d 1019. 7 In order to satisfy this element, the State introduced a self-authenticating copy 8 of a 2000 judgment, sentence, and commitment from Curry County (Judgment) and 9 presented the testimony of a single witness. The witness testified that he had spoken 10 to Defendant while Defendant was in Fort Stanton, New Mexico—a rehabilitation 11 facility—and that Defendant had admitted to being in prison. The Judgment shows 12 that a felony conviction was entered against a person with the same first and last name 13 as Defendant. The Judgment also includes the date of birth and social security number 14 of the person named in the Judgment. Defendant argues (1) that the witness could not 15 establish that Defendant was in prison as a result of a felony conviction and (2) that 16 the State offered no evidence to establish that Defendant was the same person referred 17 to in the Judgment. Defendant does not challenge on appeal the trial court’s ruling 18 that the Judgment was admissible. The document is in evidence and was relevant to 19 prove that Defendant had been convicted of a felony. Defendant’s sole argument on

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1 appeal is that the Judgment and the witness testimony are insufficient to support the 2 jury’s conclusion that Defendant had been convicted of a felony. We conclude that, 3 in total, the evidence was sufficient to satisfy the elements of the charged crime. 4 The only fact at issue in this case—the only fact for the jury to determine, was 5 whether Defendant had been previously convicted of a felony. The State provided 6 admissible, relevant evidence to show that Defendant had admitted to having been in 7 prison and that as evidenced by the Judgment, a person with Defendant’s rather 8 unusual name had been convicted of a felony. During closing arguments, Defendant 9 pointed out to the jury that the State did not provide any corroborative evidence, 10 which would have directly linked him to the person named in the Judgment. The jury 11 was not persuaded. We will not second-guess the jury’s determination of fact. See 12 State v. Gonzales, 2008-NMCA-146, ¶ 10, 145 N.M. 110, 194 P.3d 725 (explaining 13 that after a jury has been presented with the parties’ divergent explanations for the 14 evidence and makes its determination, “we will not reweigh the evidence in order to 15 second-guess its ultimate conclusion”). 16 We make two observations. First, the fact that Defendant’s name is unusual is 17 a persuasive factor in this appeal. The outcome could very well be different had 18 Defendant’s name been one commonly used. Secondly, this issue might not be before 19 us had the State provided Defendant’s date of birth and social security

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1 number—evidence that was apparently readily available, given the observations of the 2 trial court.1 The State chose instead to rely on a general admission that Defendant had 3 spent time in prison and the connection between Defendant’s unusual name and the 4 name on the Judgment. This was sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable jury 5 could have concluded that Defendant had previously committed a felony. See State 6 v. Rudolofo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 29, 144 N.M. 305, 187 P.3d 170 (“The question 7 before us as a reviewing Court is not whether we would have had a reasonable doubt 8 but whether it would have been impermissibly unreasonable for a jury to have 9 concluded otherwise.”). Accordingly, we hold that the jury reasonably inferred that 10 Defendant was the person to whom the Judgment referred. 11 B. Unconstitutional Delay 12 Defendant makes two arguments to support reversal of his convictions based 13 on unconstitutional delay in sentencing: (1) the delay violated his right to speedy 14 sentencing under the Sixth Amendment and (2) the delay violated his due process 15 rights. We begin with the speedy sentencing contentions. 16 1. Speedy Sentencing

1 When Defendant objected to the admissibility of the Judgment on the basis of foundation, the trial court admitted the document based on a comparison of information on the Judgment and information in the file from which the court concluded that the “[d]ate of birth is the same, [s]ocial [s]ecurity number is the same.” Evidence of Defendant’s date of birth and social security number was not presented to the jury.

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1 This Court has assumed that under the Sixth Amendment, “the speedy trial right 2 extends to sentencing proceedings.” State v. Brown, 2003-NMCA-110, ¶¶ 9-10, 134 3 N.M. 356, 76 P.3d 1113. We evaluate four factors in order to determine whether a 4 speedy trial violation has occurred: “(1) the length of the delay, (2) the reasons for the 5 delay, (3) the assertion of the right, and (4) prejudice to defendant.” Id. ¶ 11. In 6 conducting this analysis, we “defer to the trial court’s factual findings but review de 7 novo the question of whether [the d]efendant’s constitutional right was violated.” Id. 8 We need only consider the fourth factor because we conclude that Defendant has 9 failed to demonstrate any prejudice resulting from a delay in sentencing. See id. ¶ 21 10 (“Because the showing of prejudice is critical in a speedy sentencing claim, and 11 because the record does not support a finding of prejudice to [the d]efendant, we need 12 not analyze the remaining factors.” (citations omitted)). 13 Defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the delay because he could not 14 serve his sentences concurrently, he could not earn meritorious deductions, and he was 15 unable to support his family. Defendant fails to explain exactly how he lost the 16 opportunity to serve his sentences concurrently as a result of the delay. The State 17 points out that the day after conviction, Defendant was arrested on a new charge. As 18 a result, Defendant was not sentenced, but instead, he was placed in jail awaiting trial 19 on the new charge. This procedure allowed Defendant to wait for the outcome of the

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1 new charge and thereby reserve the opportunity to serve his sentences together if he 2 was convicted on the new charge. Further, Defendant received credit for the time 3 spent incarcerated prior to sentencing. 4 Defendant’s contention regarding the lost opportunity to earn meritorious 5 deductions appears to be based on NMSA 1978, Section 33-2-34 (2006), which 6 permits a prisoner in a correctional facility to earn a reduction in sentence by means 7 of active participation in approved programs. According to Defendant, because he 8 had not yet been sentenced to a correctional facility, he was unable to reduce his 9 sentence in this manner. See State v. Aqui, 104 N.M. 345, 349, 721 P.2d 771, 775 10 (1986) (“Although the Legislature has authorized the Corrections Department and 11 county sheriffs and jail administrators to award good time credits to inmates convicted 12 and confined in their respective institutions, it has chosen not to authorize the 13 awarding of good time credits to persons detained in the county jails prior to trial, 14 conviction, and sentencing.”), limited in part on other grounds by Brooks v. Shanks, 15 118 N.M. 716, 719-20, 885 P.2d 637, 640-41 (1994). 16 To evaluate Defendant’s contention, we look to the requirements of the 17 meritorious deduction program. We observe that the program is conditional: only a 18 prisoner who participates in particular programs and maintains good behavior is 19 eligible for deductions. See Section 33-2-34(A), (D), (F). Even if eligible for a

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1 deduction, a “prisoner may not earn meritorious deductions unless the 2 recommendation of the classification supervisor is approved by the warden or the 3 warden’s designee.” Section 33-2-34(B). As a result, whether a defendant would 4 receive good time credit is a matter of pure speculation. 5 At the stage after conviction but before sentencing, Defendant must establish 6 substantial and demonstrable prejudice. The standard for prejudice is enhanced 7 beyond that required for speedy trial analysis because most “of the interests designed 8 to be protected by the speedy trial guarantee diminish or disappear altogether once 9 there has been a conviction, and the rights of society proportionately increase.” State 10 v. Todisco, 2000-NMCA-064, ¶ 23, 129 N.M. 310, 6 P.3d 1032 (internal quotation 11 marks and citations omitted). Speculation regarding good time does not rise to the 12 level of prejudice required by Todisco. See id. ¶ 24. Accordingly, we are 13 unpersuaded that Defendant was prejudiced by the inability to earn meritorious 14 deductions while awaiting both sentencing and a trial on a new charge. 15 Defendant also argues that he was unable to support his family during the time 16 spent awaiting sentencing. We observe, however, that regardless of the delay in 17 sentencing, Defendant would have been incarcerated while he awaited trial on the new 18 charge. We therefore fail to see the necessary nexus between the asserted prejudice 19 and the delay in sentencing. See id. ¶ 29 (“A finding of prejudice . . . requires

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1 evidence showing a nexus between the undue delay and the prejudice claimed.”). 2 Defendant has failed to show substantial and demonstrable prejudice resulting from 3 the delay in sentencing. Accordingly, we hold that his Sixth Amendment right to 4 speedy sentencing trial was not violated. 5 2. Due Process 6 Defendant contends that the delay in sentencing also violated his due process 7 rights. “To prevail on a claim that delay in the proceedings violated [the d]efendant’s 8 right to due process, [the d]efendant must prove prejudice and an intentional delay by 9 the [s]tate to gain a tactical advantage.” Id. ¶ 30 (internal quotation marks and citation 10 omitted). As we have explained, Defendant failed to establish prejudice as a result of 11 the delay. 12 On appeal, Defendant additionally appears to argue that the trial court’s failure 13 to conduct the sentencing hearing within 90 days, as per Rule 5-701(B) NMRA, was 14 also a violation of due process. A review of the record reveals that Defendant failed 15 to present this argument to the trial court, and it is therefore not preserved for appeal. 16 See Rule 12-216 NMRA. As a result, we decline to address the issue. See State v. 17 Martinez, 2007-NMCA-160, ¶ 4, 143 N.M. 96, 173 P.3d 18 (“Due process claims will 18 not be addressed when raised for the first time on appeal.”). 19 III. CONCLUSION

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1 We affirm the trial court. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED.

3 ________________________________ 4 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge

5 WE CONCUR:

6 _________________________________ 7 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

8 _________________________________ 9 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge