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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: December 6, 2018
3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
4 Plaintiff-Respondent,
5 v. NO. S-1-SC-36489
6 ANNETTE C. FUSCHINI,
7 Defendant-Petitioner.
8 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI 9 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge
10 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 11 Nina Lalevic, Assistant Appellate Defender 12 Santa Fe, NM
13 for Petitioner
14 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 15 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Respondent 1 DECISION
2 CLINGMAN, Justice.
3 {1} A divided Court of Appeals affirmed the convictions of Defendant Annette
4 Fuschini for involuntary manslaughter, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-3(B)
5 (1994), and aggravated driving while intoxicated (DWI) resulting in bodily injury,
6 contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(D)(2) (2010, amended 2016). State v.
7 Fuschini, 2017-NMCA-084, ¶¶ 1, 15-17, 406 P.3d 965. Defendant petitioned this
8 Court, challenging both convictions, and we granted certiorari. See NMSA 1978, § 34-
9 5-14(B) (1972); Rule 12-502 NMRA.
10 {2} The facts are undisputed. Defendant Annette Fuschini killed her fiancé by
11 driving over him with a truck while she was intoxicated. The district court sentenced
12 Defendant to three hundred sixty-four days in prison for aggravated DWI and eighteen
13 months for involuntary manslaughter. Defendant now asks this Court to overturn the
14 Court of Appeals and vacate her convictions. Defendant argues that her convictions
15 violate her right to be free from double jeopardy and that the vehicular homicide
16 statute preempts her involuntary manslaughter conviction.
17 {3} Our disposition of this case is by nonprecedential decision. See Rule 12-405(B)
18 NMRA (“The appellate court may dispose of a case by non-precedential order,
19 decision or memorandum opinion . . . [where t]he issues presented have been
2 1 previously decided by the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals . . . [or t]he issues
2 presented are manifestly without merit.”). We hold that Defendant’s convictions of
3 both aggravated DWI, as it was instructed to the jury in this case, and involuntary
4 manslaughter violate the prohibition against double jeopardy because Defendant was
5 convicted twice for causing one death. We vacate Defendant’s conviction of
6 aggravated DWI. We hold that preemption does not apply to the facts presented in this
7 case, and we affirm Defendant’s conviction of involuntary manslaughter.
8 I. BACKGROUND
9 {4} Defendant’s convictions stem from events that occurred when Defendant was
10 driving home with her fiancé, Carlos Nevarez III (Victim), after a night of drinking.
11 Defendant and Victim left a party in a pickup truck with Defendant driving. Defendant
12 admitted that she was intoxicated when she drove the truck. While driving home,
13 Defendant and Victim started to argue. At one point during the argument, Defendant
14 brought her truck to a sudden halt. Victim got out of the vehicle, yelled something at
15 Defendant, and then began to walk away. Witnesses reported that Defendant drove her
16 truck off the roadway and over a curb, steering the truck toward where Victim was
17 walking “away from the road.” Defendant drove the truck over Victim, killing him.
18 {5} The State indicted Defendant for first-degree murder and aggravated DWI.
19 During the trial, the State added the lesser included charge of second-degree murder.
3 1 At the close of the evidence, Defendant requested that the jury also be instructed on
2 both voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. The district court denied the voluntary
3 manslaughter instruction because it did not believe Defendant had shown sufficient
4 provocation. The district court agreed to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of
5 involuntary manslaughter. Neither the State nor the Defendant requested that the jury
6 be instructed on vehicular homicide by DWI as an alternative charge. See NMSA
7 1978, § 66-8-101 (2004, amended 2016) (specifying the crime of homicide by vehicle
8 while intoxicated). The jury was ultimately instructed on first-degree murder,
9 second-degree murder, involuntary manslaughter, and aggravated DWI. Without
10 explanation, the parties altered the jury instruction for aggravated DWI by replacing
11 the element requiring the jury to find “bodily injury” as defined in the aggravated
12 DWI statute with an element requiring the jury to find that Defendant caused Victim’s
13 death. See § 66-8-102(U)(1) (2010) (defining bodily injury); UJI 14-4507 NMRA
14 (including the statutory definition of bodily injury as element 3 of the instruction). The
15 jury acquitted Defendant of first- and second-degree murder but found Defendant
16 guilty of both aggravated DWI and involuntary manslaughter. Defendant appealed her
17 convictions on double jeopardy grounds. See Fuschini, 2017-NMCA-084, ¶ 6.
18 {6} The Court of Appeals majority opinion acknowledged that both involuntary
19 manslaughter and aggravated DWI, as instructed, required the jury to find that
4 1 Defendant “caused the death of [Victim]” and that the district court erred by including
2 “caused the death of [Victim]” as an element in the aggravated DWI instruction. Id.
3 ¶¶ 10, 13. The Court of Appeals majority opinion reasoned that the error did not give
4 rise to a double jeopardy issue because the aggravated DWI statute is not intended to
5 be a homicide statute. Id. ¶¶ 12-13. The majority determined that the Legislature
6 intended multiple punishments for involuntary manslaughter and aggravated DWI. Id.
7 ¶ 14. Satisfied that legislative intent was clear, the divided Court of Appeals affirmed
8 Defendant’s convictions. Id. ¶ 15.
9 {7} Defendant appeals both convictions in this Court.
10 II. DISCUSSION
11 {8} We begin our analysis with Defendant’s double jeopardy claim. We then assess
12 Defendant’s complaint that the involuntary manslaughter conviction must be vacated
13 on preemption grounds.
14 A. Double Jeopardy Claim
15 {9} “A double jeopardy challenge presents a question of constitutional law, which
16 we review de novo.” State v. Torres, 2018-NMSC-013, ¶ 17, 413 P.3d 467. Both the
17 United States Constitution and the New Mexico Constitution establish a criminal
18 defendant’s right to be free from multiple convictions for the same offense. U.S.
19 Const. amend. V; N.M. Const. art. II, § 15. There are two ways in which double
5 1 jeopardy protections can be violated by multiple convictions. State v. Bernal,
2 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 7, 140 N.M. 644, 146 P.3d 289. Relevant here are convictions
3 under different statutes where the same criminal conduct is the basis for each of the
4 multiple charges. Torres, 2018-NMSC-013, ¶ 16. This case represents such a double
5 description issue.
6 {10} “In reviewing a double-description double jeopardy challenge, where a
7 defendant’s conduct violates more than one statute, we must first determine whether
8 the defendant’s conduct was unitary, requiring an analysis of whether or not a
9 defendant’s acts are separated by sufficient ‘indicia of distinctness.’” Id. ¶ 18 (quoting
10 State v. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶¶ 26-27, 139 N.M. 211, 131 P.3d 61). In this
11 case, both parties concede that Defendant’s conduct was unitary.
12 {11} “When unitary conduct is the basis for multiple convictions, we must attempt
13 to determine whether ‘the Legislature[] inten[ded] to punish the crimes separately.’”
14 Torres, 2018-NMSC-013, ¶ 21 (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Swick,
15 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 11, 279 P.3d 747). There is no express legislative statement of
16 intent that multiple punishments are permissible under involuntary manslaughter and
17 aggravated DWI. See § 30-2-3(B); § 66-8-102(D)(2) (2010); Fuschini,
18 2017-NMCA-084, ¶ 8. Therefore, we apply the modified Blockburger test to
19 determine whether multiple punishments are appropriate. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018,
6 1 ¶ 21 (citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)) (rejecting the strict
2 application of the Blockburger test and explaining and applying a modified
3 Blockburger test). “In New Mexico, we now apply a modified Blockburger test to not
4 only the defining statutes in the abstract but also to the State’s theory of the particular
5 case, because our law does not permit an application of Blockburger that is ‘so
6 mechanical that it is enough for two statutes to have different elements.’” Torres,
7 2018-NMSC-013, ¶ 25 (quoting Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 21). We will look “to the
8 actual legal theory in the particular case by considering such resources as the
9 evidence, the charging documents, and the jury instructions.” State v. Montoya,
10 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 49, 306 P.3d 426 (citing Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶¶ 21, 26).
11 {12} Defendant was convicted of aggravated DWI contrary to Section
12 66-8-102(D)(2) (2010) and involuntary manslaughter contrary to Section 30-2-3(B).
13 Section 66-8-102(D)(2) (2010) states that aggravated DWI consists of “causing bodily
14 injury to a human being as a result of the unlawful operation of a motor vehicle while
15 driving under influence of intoxicating liquor.” (Emphasis added.) The statute defines
16 “bodily injury” as “injury to a person that is not likely to cause death or great bodily
17 harm to the person . . . .” Section 66-8-102(U)(1) (2010) (emphasis added). The phrase
18 “not likely to cause death” supports our conclusion that the Legislature did not intend
19 to punish homicide under the aggravated DWI statute.
7 1 {13} The actual instructions to the jury in this case did not reflect the Legislature’s
2 intent. In fact, the actual jury instruction directly contradicted the legislative intent that
3 aggravated DWI is not a statute to punish homicide. Instruction eleven reflected UJI
4 14-4507, aggravated DWI, element for element except for element 3 and stated the
5 following elements:
6 (1) [D]efendant operated a motor vehicle; 7 (2) At that time [D]efendant was under the influence . . . [;] that 8 is, . . . [D]efendant was less able to the slightest degree, either mentally 9 or physically, or both, to exercise the clear judgment and steady hand 10 necessary to handle a vehicle with safety to the person and the public; 11 (3) [D]efendant caused the death of [Victim]; [and] 12 (4) This happened in New Mexico, on or about the 12th day of 13 June, 2013.
14 (Emphasis added.)
15 {14} In addition to instruction eleven, instruction seven did reflect UJI 14-231
16 NMRA, involuntary manslaughter, element for element and stated the following
17 elements:
18 (1) [D]efendant ran over [Victim] with a vehicle; 19 (2) [D]efendant should have known of the danger involved in 20 her actions; 21 (3) [D]efendant acted with a willful disregard for the safety of 22 others; 23 (4) [D]efendant’s act caused the death of [Victim]; [and] 24 (5) This happened in New Mexico on or about the 12th day of 25 June, 2013.
26 (Emphasis added.)
8 1 {15} Both jury instructions included the essential element that Defendant “caused the
2 death of [Victim].” The Legislature could not have intended or foreseen that the
3 statute could be interpreted to include the element of death in aggravated DWI. See
4 § 66-8-102(U)(1) (2010) (defining bodily injury as an injury “not likely to cause death
5 or great bodily harm, but does cause painful or temporary disfigurement or temporary
6 loss or impairment of any member or organ of the [victim’s] body”); see also UJI 14-
7 4507 (stating, as element 3, that “[t]he defendant caused painful temporary
8 disfigurement or temporary loss or impairment of the functions of any member or
9 organ of [the victim]”). Contrary to legislative intent, the erroneous aggravated DWI
10 instruction exposed Defendant to two convictions for the single homicide of Victim.
11 Had the parties or the district court adhered to the Uniform Jury Instruction for
12 aggravated DWI, UJI 14-4507 NMRA, the error that determines the outcome of this
13 appeal could have been avoided.
14 {16} Additionally, if the parties or the district court had consulted the cross
15 references for the aggravated DWI and involuntary manslaughter statutes they would
16 have been alerted to their error that put Defendant in double jeopardy. The cross
17 reference listed under Section 66-8-102 (2010), aggravated DWI, states, “For
18 violation being a felony if homicide committed, see 66-8-101 NMSA 1978,” which
19 is the vehicular homicide statute. The same cross-reference is listed under Section
9 1 30-2-3, manslaughter: “For homicide by vehicle, see 66-8-101 NMSA 1978,” the
2 vehicular homicide statute. By inserting “caused the death” into element 3 of the
3 aggravated DWI instruction, the parties and the district court tailored that instruction
4 to the facts of this case, caused the jury to convict Defendant of both the altered
5 aggravated DWI and involuntary manslaughter charges, and put Defendant in double
6 jeopardy.
7 {17} We do not hold that involuntary manslaughter (or vehicular homicide) and
8 aggravated DWI can never be charged together. But we hold that convicting a
9 defendant of involuntary manslaughter (or vehicular homicide) and aggravated DWI
10 as instructed in this case, for the same death, violates double jeopardy.
11 {18} If the aggravated DWI and involuntary manslaughter statutes had been
12 instructed as written, consistent with UJIs 14-4507 and 14-231, legislative intent
13 would have precluded double jeopardy. But where the parties changed the aggravated
14 DWI jury instruction so fundamentally that it no longer resembled the statute,
15 legislative intent as to that statute as enacted was no longer relevant.
16 {19} Despite the improper alteration of the aggravated DWI instruction, we agree
17 with the Court of Appeals dissent “that the instructions given to the jury are the law
18 of the case.” Fuschini, 2017-NMCA-084, ¶ 27 (Vigil, J., dissenting); see Estate of
19 Saenz v. Ranack Constructors, Inc., 2018-NMSC-032, ¶ 40, 420 P.3d 576
10 1 (“[U]nchallenged jury instructions are the law of the case.”); State v. Ramirez, 2018-
2 NMSC-003, ¶ 17, 409 P.3d 902 (“[The defendant] d[id] not question the validity of
3 the . . . jury instruction” which “become[s] the law of the case.”). We complete the
4 analysis of Defendant’s double jeopardy claim based on the jury instructions as given.
5 {20} “If after examining the relevant indicia the legislative intent remains
6 ambiguous, the rule of lenity requires us to presume that the Legislature did not intend
7 multiple punishments for the same conduct.” Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 13 (citing
8 State v. Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 34, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223). “Lenity
9 applies in cases of ambiguity regarding the reach of criminal statutes, ‘because
10 reasonable minds can differ as to the Legislature’s intent in punishing the[] two
11 crimes.’” Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 51 (alteration in original) (quoting Swick,
12 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 30). Guiding our analysis is the principle that one homicide may
13 result in only one conviction of homicide. See State v. Santillanes, 2001-NMSC-018,
14 ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 464, 27 P.3d 456.
15 {21} We conclude that Defendant was convicted twice for the same crime. By
16 inserting the element “caused the death of [Victim]” into the jury instruction for one
17 of two otherwise independent statutes, Defendant was convicted twice for committing
18 one homicide. The altered uniform jury instruction for aggravated DWI, agreed to by
19 all parties and read by the trial judge, imposed two convictions for the single killing
11 1 of a single victim.
2 {22} We vacate Defendant’s conviction for aggravated DWI. See Montoya,
3 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 55 (stating that “where one of two otherwise valid convictions
4 must be vacated to avoid violation of double jeopardy protections, we must vacate the
5 conviction carrying the shorter sentence”).
6 B. Preemption Claim
7 {23} Defendant argues for the first time, not having raised the argument in the courts
8 below, that involuntary manslaughter caused by DWI is a nonexistent crime, that the
9 vehicular homicide statute preempts involuntary manslaughter in such a case, and that
10 Defendant’s conviction of involuntary manslaughter constitutes fundamental error.
11 See State v. Yarborough, 1996-NMSC-068, ¶¶ 29-30, 122 N.M. 596, 930 P.2d 131
12 (holding that “the legislature intended to preempt the crime of involuntary
13 manslaughter with the specific crime of homicide by vehicle when the predicate
14 offense is a [misdemeanor] violation of the Motor Vehicle Code”); see also State v.
15 Cabezuela, 2011-NMSC-041, ¶ 49, 150 N.M. 654, 265 P.3d 705 (“[B]ecause this
16 claim was not preserved [at trial], we review only for fundamental error.”). When our
17 Legislature created the first homicide by vehicle statute in 1978, now Section
18 66-8-101, the Legislature intended to “require that prosecutions for unintentional
19 homicide by operation of a motor vehicle be brought only under the homicide by
12 1 vehicle statute.” State v. Yarborough, 1995-NMCA-116, ¶¶ 24-26, 120 N.M. 669, 905
2 P.2d 209. “Since the involuntary manslaughter statute, as applied to a vehicular
3 killing, and the homicide by vehicle statute both require the same act and culpability,
4 [Defendant] should have been charged with the more specific crime of vehicular
5 homicide.” Id. ¶ 27.
6 {24} Defendant asks us to correct an error by the district court that Defendant
7 invited. We decline. Defendant was charged with first- and second-degree murder and,
8 on Defendant’s request, involuntary manslaughter was added. The jury was so
9 instructed. Neither the district court nor the State nor Defendant ever mentioned
10 vehicular homicide as a possible alternative. The jury acquitted Defendant of first- and
11 second-degree murder and convicted Defendant of involuntary manslaughter.
12 {25} We will not vacate Defendant’s involuntary manslaughter conviction because,
13 even if there was error, Defendant invited the error. Defendant’s argument that her
14 involuntary manslaughter charge is fundamental error lacks merit. Where Defendant,
15 by her own actions invites error, we will not consider a fundamental error argument.
16 State v. Clark, 1989-NMSC-010, ¶ 30, 108 N.M. 288, 772 P.2d 322 (“The
17 fundamental error rule guards against the corruption of justice. The doctrine has no
18 application in cases where the defendant by his own actions created the error, where
19 to invoke the doctrine would contravene that which the doctrine seeks to protect,
13 1 namely, the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” (citation omitted)),
2 disapproved of on other grounds by State v. Henderson, 1990-NMSC-030, ¶¶ 14-15,
3 109 N.M. 655, 789 P.2d 322. “A party may not be rewarded . . . when it invites jury
4 instruction error and subsequently complains about that very error.” State v. Ortega,
5 2014-NMSC-017, ¶ 34, 327 P.3d 1076, 1087 (citing Estate of Gutierrez ex rel.
6 Jaramillo v. Meteor Monument, L.L.C., 2012-NMSC-004, ¶ 34, 274 P.3d 97). “We
7 have consistently followed the ethical maxim that ‘no party can profit by [its] own
8 wrong.’” Proper v. Mowry, 1977-NMCA-080, ¶¶ 64, 69-70, 90 N.M. 710, 568 P.2d
9 236 (citations omitted) (dismissing a complaint that a jury instruction was reversible
10 error, as opposed to invited error, where the complaining party imposed the error).
11 {26} We reject Defendant’s preemption argument because the instruction on
12 involuntary manslaughter was given at Defendant’s request. See State v. Young,
13 1994-NMCA-061, ¶ 3, 117 N.M. 688, 875 P.2d 1119, cert. denied (“[A d]efendant
14 may not claim on appeal that an instruction given at his request was error.”).
15 III. CONCLUSION
16 {27} We reverse the Court of Appeals and remand to the district court to vacate
17 Defendant’s conviction of aggravated DWI. We affirm Defendant’s conviction of
18 involuntary manslaughter.
19 {28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 1 __________________________________ 2 GARY L. CLINGMAN, Justice
3 WE CONCUR:
4 ___________________________________ 5 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice
6 ___________________________________ 7 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
8 ___________________________________ 9 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
10 ___________________________________ 11 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice