1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,704
10 JUAN FLOREZ,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY 13 Jane Shuler Gray , District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 18 Nancy Hewitt, Assistant Appellate Defender 19 Santa Fe, NM
20 Trace L. Rabern 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 Scott M. Davidson 23 David Ferrance, Practicing Law Student 24 Albuquerque, NM 1 for Appellant
2 MEMORANDUM OPINION
3 WECHSLER, Judge.
4 Defendant appeals the denial of a motion to suppress. We issued a notice of
5 proposed summary disposition, proposing to affirm. Defendant has filed a
6 memorandum in opposition, which we have duly considered. Because we remain
7 unpersuaded by Defendant’s assertions of error, we affirm.
8 As an initial matter, we acknowledge and hereby grant the pending “Motion [to]
9 Allow[] Practicing Law Student Appearance.”
10 Turning to the merits, Defendant contends that the fruits of a warrantless search
11 of his residence and vehicle should have been suppressed. [MIO 1, 4-11] The district
12 court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress below, apparently on grounds that
13 Defendant had consented. The docketing statement presented Defendant’s position
14 in a very general way. In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant has elaborated,
15 essentially presenting three arguments. We address each in turn.
16 First, Defendant asserts that he did not validly consent to the searches; rather,
17 he merely acquiesced in response to the officers’ overreaching. [MIO 1, 5-6] As we
18 have previously observed, “consent is not voluntary if it is a mere acquiescence to a
2 1 claim of lawful authority.” State v. Shaulis-Powell, 1999-NMCA-090, ¶ 10, 127 N.M.
2 667, 986 P.2d 463; see also State v. Coleman, 87 N.M. 153, 155, 530 P.2d 947, 949
3 (Ct. App. 1974) (upholding the suppression of evidence obtained after a defendant
4 acquiesced to a claim of lawful authority). However, neither the record nor
5 Defendant’s submissions to this Court indicate that the officers claimed lawful
6 authority to search Defendant’s residence or vehicle. To the contrary, the officers
7 explicitly sought Defendant’s “voluntary consent.” [MIO 3] As a result, we perceive
8 no basis for Defendant’s acquiescence argument. See State v. Muñoz,
9 2008-NMCA-090, ¶ 20, 144 N.M. 350, 187 P.3d 696 (rejecting the defendant’s claim
10 that he believed that he had no choice but to acquiesce to a search, when the evidence
11 indicated that the defendant acted voluntarily in response to the officer’s requests
12 rather than any claim of authority to proceed without consent), cert. granted, 2008-
13 NMCERT-006, 144 N.M. 381, 188 P.3d 105.
14 Second, Defendant contends that he did not voluntarily consent to the searches.
15 [MIO 6-8] The standard by which consent is to be assessed is well settled:
16 The [s]tate bears the burden of proving voluntariness, which 17 depends on the totality of the circumstances. Factors considered are the 18 individual characteristics of the defendant, the circumstances of the 19 detention, and the manner in which the police requested consent. The 20 voluntariness of consent involves a three-tiered analysis: (1) there must 21 be clear and positive testimony that the consent was specific and 22 unequivocal; (2) the consent must be given without duress or coercion; 23 and (3) the first two factors are to be viewed in light of the presumption
3 1 that disfavors the waiver of constitutional rights. In determining whether 2 the consent to search was coerced or made under duress, our case law 3 has looked to analogous case law on coerced confessions. Ultimately, 4 the essential inquiry is whether [the d]efendant’s will had been 5 overborne.
6 State v. Pierce, 2003-NMCA-117, ¶ 20, 134 N.M. 388, 77 P.3d 292 (internal
7 quotation marks and citations omitted).
8 As we observed in the notice of proposed summary disposition, the events
9 described in the record proper indicate that Defendant invited the agents into his
10 residence specifically and unequivocally, without any duress or coercion. [RP 6] He
11 also freely produced the marijuana and paraphernalia and volunteered additional
12 information about his activities to them. [RP 6-7] We find no indication that
13 Defendant’s will was overborne. Accordingly, the district court’s determination that
14 Defendant gave valid consent to search his home appears to be adequately supported.
15 In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant argues that he did not specifically
16 or unequivocally consent to the searches because initially he only offered to cooperate
17 if he would be charged with “practicing medicine without a license,” and because he
18 “never affirmatively voiced his consent” to the searches. [MIO 8] However, the
19 district court could reasonably have concluded that the comment about “practicing
20 medicine” was not a sincere expression of conditional consent, see State v. Johnson,
21 2006-NMSC-049, ¶ 18, 140 N.M. 653, 146 P.3d 298 (observing that on review, “we
4 1 indulge in all reasonable inferences to support the trial court’s decision to deny the
2 motion to suppress”), and specific language is not required to establish specific and
3 unequivocal consent. Conduct alone may suffice. See Muñoz, 2008-NMCA-090,
4 ¶¶ 5, 20 (holding that the defendant’s consent to a search was specific and
5 unequivocal when he complied with the officer’s requests). We are therefore
6 unpersuaded that the evidence failed to establish specific and unequivocal consent.
7 Defendant further argues that his consent to the searches was coerced. [MIO 1,
8 6-8] “Coercion involves police overreaching that overcomes the will of the
9 defendant.” State v. Chapman, 1999-NMCA-106, ¶ 21, 127 N.M. 721, 986 P.2d
10 1122. Based on the information supplied by the record proper and Defendant’s
11 submissions to this Court, we find no indication that Defendant’s will was overcome.
12 In the course of their interaction with Defendant, the officers never used force,
13 displayed their weapons, or threatened Defendant with violence, arrest, or
14 unwarranted prosecution. Moreover, the officers did not subject Defendant to lengthy
15 or abusive questioning or promised leniency in exchange for consent. We are
16 therefore unpersuaded that Defendant’s consent was coerced. See id. ¶¶ 21-22
17 (arriving at the same conclusion under similar circumstances).
18 We understand Defendant to contend that the officers’ interaction with him
19 before he consented to the search should be regarded as coercive, insofar as the
5 1 officers gave the impression that “failure to cooperate would be unwise” because the
2 prosecutor might “go harder” on him “if he did not cooperate.” [MIO 6] However,
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,704
10 JUAN FLOREZ,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY 13 Jane Shuler Gray , District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 18 Nancy Hewitt, Assistant Appellate Defender 19 Santa Fe, NM
20 Trace L. Rabern 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 Scott M. Davidson 23 David Ferrance, Practicing Law Student 24 Albuquerque, NM 1 for Appellant
2 MEMORANDUM OPINION
3 WECHSLER, Judge.
4 Defendant appeals the denial of a motion to suppress. We issued a notice of
5 proposed summary disposition, proposing to affirm. Defendant has filed a
6 memorandum in opposition, which we have duly considered. Because we remain
7 unpersuaded by Defendant’s assertions of error, we affirm.
8 As an initial matter, we acknowledge and hereby grant the pending “Motion [to]
9 Allow[] Practicing Law Student Appearance.”
10 Turning to the merits, Defendant contends that the fruits of a warrantless search
11 of his residence and vehicle should have been suppressed. [MIO 1, 4-11] The district
12 court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress below, apparently on grounds that
13 Defendant had consented. The docketing statement presented Defendant’s position
14 in a very general way. In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant has elaborated,
15 essentially presenting three arguments. We address each in turn.
16 First, Defendant asserts that he did not validly consent to the searches; rather,
17 he merely acquiesced in response to the officers’ overreaching. [MIO 1, 5-6] As we
18 have previously observed, “consent is not voluntary if it is a mere acquiescence to a
2 1 claim of lawful authority.” State v. Shaulis-Powell, 1999-NMCA-090, ¶ 10, 127 N.M.
2 667, 986 P.2d 463; see also State v. Coleman, 87 N.M. 153, 155, 530 P.2d 947, 949
3 (Ct. App. 1974) (upholding the suppression of evidence obtained after a defendant
4 acquiesced to a claim of lawful authority). However, neither the record nor
5 Defendant’s submissions to this Court indicate that the officers claimed lawful
6 authority to search Defendant’s residence or vehicle. To the contrary, the officers
7 explicitly sought Defendant’s “voluntary consent.” [MIO 3] As a result, we perceive
8 no basis for Defendant’s acquiescence argument. See State v. Muñoz,
9 2008-NMCA-090, ¶ 20, 144 N.M. 350, 187 P.3d 696 (rejecting the defendant’s claim
10 that he believed that he had no choice but to acquiesce to a search, when the evidence
11 indicated that the defendant acted voluntarily in response to the officer’s requests
12 rather than any claim of authority to proceed without consent), cert. granted, 2008-
13 NMCERT-006, 144 N.M. 381, 188 P.3d 105.
14 Second, Defendant contends that he did not voluntarily consent to the searches.
15 [MIO 6-8] The standard by which consent is to be assessed is well settled:
16 The [s]tate bears the burden of proving voluntariness, which 17 depends on the totality of the circumstances. Factors considered are the 18 individual characteristics of the defendant, the circumstances of the 19 detention, and the manner in which the police requested consent. The 20 voluntariness of consent involves a three-tiered analysis: (1) there must 21 be clear and positive testimony that the consent was specific and 22 unequivocal; (2) the consent must be given without duress or coercion; 23 and (3) the first two factors are to be viewed in light of the presumption
3 1 that disfavors the waiver of constitutional rights. In determining whether 2 the consent to search was coerced or made under duress, our case law 3 has looked to analogous case law on coerced confessions. Ultimately, 4 the essential inquiry is whether [the d]efendant’s will had been 5 overborne.
6 State v. Pierce, 2003-NMCA-117, ¶ 20, 134 N.M. 388, 77 P.3d 292 (internal
7 quotation marks and citations omitted).
8 As we observed in the notice of proposed summary disposition, the events
9 described in the record proper indicate that Defendant invited the agents into his
10 residence specifically and unequivocally, without any duress or coercion. [RP 6] He
11 also freely produced the marijuana and paraphernalia and volunteered additional
12 information about his activities to them. [RP 6-7] We find no indication that
13 Defendant’s will was overborne. Accordingly, the district court’s determination that
14 Defendant gave valid consent to search his home appears to be adequately supported.
15 In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant argues that he did not specifically
16 or unequivocally consent to the searches because initially he only offered to cooperate
17 if he would be charged with “practicing medicine without a license,” and because he
18 “never affirmatively voiced his consent” to the searches. [MIO 8] However, the
19 district court could reasonably have concluded that the comment about “practicing
20 medicine” was not a sincere expression of conditional consent, see State v. Johnson,
21 2006-NMSC-049, ¶ 18, 140 N.M. 653, 146 P.3d 298 (observing that on review, “we
4 1 indulge in all reasonable inferences to support the trial court’s decision to deny the
2 motion to suppress”), and specific language is not required to establish specific and
3 unequivocal consent. Conduct alone may suffice. See Muñoz, 2008-NMCA-090,
4 ¶¶ 5, 20 (holding that the defendant’s consent to a search was specific and
5 unequivocal when he complied with the officer’s requests). We are therefore
6 unpersuaded that the evidence failed to establish specific and unequivocal consent.
7 Defendant further argues that his consent to the searches was coerced. [MIO 1,
8 6-8] “Coercion involves police overreaching that overcomes the will of the
9 defendant.” State v. Chapman, 1999-NMCA-106, ¶ 21, 127 N.M. 721, 986 P.2d
10 1122. Based on the information supplied by the record proper and Defendant’s
11 submissions to this Court, we find no indication that Defendant’s will was overcome.
12 In the course of their interaction with Defendant, the officers never used force,
13 displayed their weapons, or threatened Defendant with violence, arrest, or
14 unwarranted prosecution. Moreover, the officers did not subject Defendant to lengthy
15 or abusive questioning or promised leniency in exchange for consent. We are
16 therefore unpersuaded that Defendant’s consent was coerced. See id. ¶¶ 21-22
17 (arriving at the same conclusion under similar circumstances).
18 We understand Defendant to contend that the officers’ interaction with him
19 before he consented to the search should be regarded as coercive, insofar as the
5 1 officers gave the impression that “failure to cooperate would be unwise” because the
2 prosecutor might “go harder” on him “if he did not cooperate.” [MIO 6] However,
3 generalizations of this nature are not regarded as coercive. See State v. Evans, 2009-
4 NMSC-027, ¶ 43, 146 N.M. 319, 210 P.3d 216 (observing that “threats that merely
5 highlight potential real consequences, or are ‘adjurations to tell the truth,’ are not
6 characterized as impermissibly coercive”); State v. Sanders, 2000-NMSC-032, ¶ 10,
7 129 N.M. 728, 13 P.3d 460 (observing that “merely promising to bring a defendant’s
8 cooperation to the attention of the prosecutor is not objectionable”). Nor do we agree
9 with Defendant’s suggestion that the officers’ allegedly false statements about their
10 knowledge of his possession of marijuana [MIO 8] were impermissibly coercive. See
11 Evans, 2009-NMSC-027, ¶ 46 (“Our case law makes clear that deception is not
12 coercive per se.”).
13 Third and finally, Defendant asserts that his consent was tainted by a prior
14 illegality, to the extent that the officers entered his back yard to speak with him
15 without first having obtained permission from an individual with actual authority.
16 [MIO 9-11] The chief difficulty with Defendant’s argument is that it was not
17 preserved below. [MIO 9] “Our recent cases have refused to consider contentions
18 raised for the first time on appeal when the failure to raise those contentions in the
19 trial court has deprived the prevailing party of an opportunity to develop facts that
6 1 might bear on the contentions.” State v. De Jesus-Santibanez, 119 N.M. 578, 580, 893
2 P.2d 474, 476 (Ct. App. 1995), modified on other grounds by State v. Gomez, 1997-
3 NMSC-006, ¶ 32, 122 N.M. 777, 932 P.2d 1. Insofar as the State was deprived of the
4 opportunity to develop facts that might bear on the authority of the individual from
5 whom the officers obtained permission to enter the back yard, we conclude that
6 Defendant’s argument is not properly presented on appeal. See State v. Lopez,
7 2008-NMCA-002, ¶¶ 7-10, 143 N.M. 274, 175 P.3d 942 (filed 2007) (holding that a
8 challenge to the validity of a search was not before the reviewing court on appeal
9 when the defendant had failed to specifically apprise the district court of the claimed
10 error below, thereby depriving both the opposing party of a fair opportunity to show
11 why the court should rule in its favor and the district court of the opportunity to
12 correct any mistake).
13 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
14 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 ______________________________ 16 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
17 WE CONCUR:
18 _______________________________ 19 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
7 1 _______________________________ 2 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge