[Cite as State v. Flanik, 2024-Ohio-1689.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 113145 v. :
JULIA FLANIK, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 2, 2024
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-22-674806-B
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Dominic Neville, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Jonathan N. Garver, for appellant.
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.:
Appellant Julia Flanik (“appellant”) appeals her conviction and
sentence in this case. Upon review, we affirm.
On October 27, 2022, appellant was indicted under a multi-count
indictment along with a codefendant, Dashon Harris. The case proceeded to a jury trial for both appellant and Harris. The victim, who is appellant’s mother, testified
in the matter, as did other witnesses for the state.
The victim testified that appellant and Harris have a child together.
For a period, they resided with the victim. Eventually, they moved to their own
apartment. Appellant worked, but Harris did not. At times, the victim willingly
provided appellant and Harris with money.
On September 25, 2022, appellant sent a text to the victim inquiring
about when the victim was getting paid. After a brief exchange of texts, the victim
stated, “[s]ee you Thursday” and planned for Harris to come and pick up money
from her then. On Thursday, September 29, 2022, Harris arrived at the victim’s
home. The victim already had withdrawn money and was not planning to visit the
ATM that day. The victim testified that she gave Harris “a couple hundred dollars
and 40 [dollars],” but it was not enough for him. Harris demanded more money,
broke the victim’s television, struck the victim in the face, threatened the victim, and
put a gun to the victim’s mouth. The victim testified she did not have any more
money and needed to save her money for rent and her bills.
Appellant, who was not present in the victim’s home during the
assault, was outside in the car with her child. Harris made the victim go with him to
the bank, and they were driven there by appellant. The victim testified she was
afraid of Harris, and she did not want anything to happen to appellant, who is her
daughter. When they arrived at the bank, appellant used the victim’s bank card to
withdraw money from the ATM. Photographs and video evidence depicted appellant as appearing calm when making the withdrawal. Appellant then drove the
victim home, and the victim was dropped off in the street.
The victim went to work where the injuries to her face were noticed
by others. The police were called, and the victim told the police what happened. An
officer testified that the victim was extremely upset. The victim also went to the
bank later that day to set up a new account because her account had been
compromised.
Other testimony and evidence were provided in the matter, which this
court has reviewed.
The trial court granted appellant’s Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal as
to Count 4 for endangering children. Only Harris was charged under Count 2 with
felonious assault. Appellant was found guilty of Count 1 for aggravated robbery, a
felony of the first degree in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), and guilty of Count 3 for
abduction, a felony of the third degree in violation of R.C. 2905.02(A)(1), along with
the accompanying three-year firearm specification and forfeiture of a weapon
specification on each of those counts. Appellant was found not guilty of the
accompanying one-year firearm specification on each of those counts.
The trial court found Counts 1 and 3 to be allied offenses of similar
import, and the state elected to proceed with sentencing on Count 1. The trial court
sentenced appellant to three years on each of the three-year firearm specifications
for Counts 1 and 3, for a total of six years, to be served prior to and consecutive to an
indefinite prison term of four to six years on the base charge on Count 1. Appellant timely filed this appeal. She raises nine assignments of
error for review.
Under the first assignment of error, appellant claims there is
insufficient evidence to support her conviction for aggravated robbery. When
determining whether a verdict is supported by sufficient evidence, “‘The relevant
inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Wilks, 154 Ohio St.3d 359, 2018-
Ohio-1562, 114 N.E.3d 1092, ¶ 156, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574
N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. When evaluating the sufficiency
of the evidence, a reviewing court considers “whether the evidence, ‘if believed,
would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” State v. Pountney, 152 Ohio St.3d 474, 2018-Ohio-22, 97 N.E.3d 478, ¶ 19,
quoting Jenks at paragraph two of the syllabus.
Appellant was convicted of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.
2911.01(A)(1), which provides in pertinent part that “[n]o person, in attempting or
committing a theft offense * * * or in fleeing immediately after the attempt or
offense, shall * * * [h]ave a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or under
the offender’s control and either display the weapon, brandish it, indicate that the
offender possesses it, or use it[.]”
An offender may be found guilty of aggravated robbery by being
complicit in an aggravated robbery. See R.C. 2923.03(F). For complicity, R.C. 2923.03(A) provides in pertinent part that “[n]o person, acting with the kind of
culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall * * * aid or abet another
in committing the offense.” R.C. 2923.03 (A)(2). To aid or abet means “‘[t]o assist
or facilitate the commission of a crime, or to promote its accomplishment.’” State
v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 243, 754 N.E.2d 796 (2001), quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary 69 (7th Ed.1999). “‘Aiding and abetting may be shown by both direct
and circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Shepard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 112225,
2023-Ohio-4791, ¶ 69, quoting State v. Gardner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111506,
2023-Ohio-307, ¶ 35.
Our review of the record reflects that this is not a case of mere
presence at the scene of the crime.1 Although the testimony reflects that appellant
was outside in the car while Harris went into the victim’s home, assaulted the victim,
and displayed a weapon to the victim, appellant was not indicted for the felonious
assault. Pertinent hereto, there is evidence in the record that implicates appellant
in the commission of the aggravated robbery that ensued.
The testimony and evidence show that appellant assisted and
cooperated with Harris in the commission of the aggravated robbery by driving the
victim and Harris to the ATM and by using the victim’s bank card to withdraw
money from the ATM. The victim testified that while in the car, she was scared and
1 Contrary to appellant’s argument, this case is not similar to State v. Langford,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83301, 2004-Ohio-3733, in which the record was devoid of evidence that would implicate Langford in the commission of the robberies involved in that case beyond Langford’s mere presence in the vehicle at the scene of the crime and his association with the offender. stated, “Please, I don’t want to do this. I can’t do this. I can’t afford this.”
Photographs and video evidence were introduced depicting appellant as she was
withdrawing the money. Appellant then drove the victim home and dropped her off
in the street. That appellant shared the criminal intent of the principal may be
inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime. See Johnson at 246; see
also Shepard at ¶ 69.
After viewing this and the other testimony and evidence presented in
a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt
and that appellant was complicit in committing the offense of aggravated robbery.
The first assignment of error is overruled.
Under the second assignment of error, appellant claims her
conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence. When evaluating a claim
that a verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, “we review the entire
record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of
witnesses, and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of
fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that we
must reverse the conviction and order a new trial.” Wilks, 154 Ohio St.3d 359, 2018-
Ohio-1562, 114 N.E.3d 1092, at ¶ 168, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Reversing a conviction based upon the weight of the
evidence should occur “‘only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
Appellant incorporates the arguments she presented under her first
assignment of error. After reviewing the entire record, weighing the evidence and
all reasonable inferences, and considering the credibility of the witnesses, we do not
find the trial court clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the adjudication must be reversed. Although appellant challenges the
testimony and evidence that was provided, this is not the exceptional case in which
the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. We are not persuaded by
appellant’s arguments otherwise. The second assignment of error is overruled.
Under the third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial
court committed plain error and violated appellant’s right to confront witnesses
against her by permitting the state to introduce an out-of-court statement that was
made by her nontestifying codefendant during a police interrogation.
Initially, we recognize that contrary to appellant’s argument, the
challenged testimony was not elicited by the state. Rather, the testimony was
provided upon cross-examination of the detective by Harris’s counsel. During cross-
examination, the detective was asked by Harris’s counsel about statements made by
Harris about what he did on the day of the incident, which according to Harris’s
initial statement “was all consensual.” The detective confirmed that Harris
indicated he went and saw the victim, the victim gave them money, and they went to an ATM together. The detective then confirmed the following questions from
Harris’s counsel:
Q. You asked [Harris] how much money, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And he said you would have to ask Julie, correct?
A. And he expanded, 3- or $400, yes.
In context, the above testimony did not implicate appellant in a
robbery. Furthermore, even if such an inference could be made from the limited
testimony provided, we do not find any prejudice occurred. The record reflects
appellant was captured withdrawing money from the ATM.
Although appellant cites to Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88
S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), and related authority with regard to his right to
confrontation, it has been recognized that a Bruton violation may be harmless. State
v. Gerald, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3519, 2014-Ohio-3629, ¶ 67-68; State v.
Edwards, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-034, 2013-Ohio-1290, ¶ 39-40; State v.
Moritz, 63 Ohio St.2d 150, 156, 407 N.E.2d 1268 (1980). Upon our review of the
record, we find that even if Bruton were applicable herein, the contested
codefendant statement did not prejudice appellant in light of the overwhelming
evidence implicating appellant and that any potential error in the admission of the statement was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We also find no plain error
occurred with regard to this testimony.2
Under the fourth assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court
committed plain error by allowing the detective to express his personal opinion
about the veracity of certain statements made by Harris. The detective was asked
about statements during the interview in which Harris kept saying, “It’s me. It
wasn’t [appellant],” to which the detective indicated, “Sometimes people aren’t very
sincere with their responses and in an attempt to try and get somebody else out of
trouble.” Counsel for Harris elicited similar testimony during his cross-examination
of the detective about similar words in the detective’s written report.
Because appellant did not object to the challenged testimony from the
detective, she must demonstrate that plain error occurred. To establish plain error,
appellant “must show that an error occurred, that the error was obvious, and that
there is ‘a reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice,’ meaning that
the error affected the outcome of the trial.” (Emphasis deleted.) State v. McAlpin,
169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459, ¶ 66, quoting State v. Rogers,
143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22. “Notice of plain error ‘is
to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353,
2 We note that no objection was made concerning the best evidence rule, which is
raised by appellant on appeal. 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, ¶ 177, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372
N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.
Here, even if we assume the challenged testimony was improperly
admitted, there is no reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice. The
victim testified to appellant’s involvement in the commission of the aggravated
robbery, and the jurors were able to observe the evidence depicting appellant
withdrawing money from the ATM. No outcome-determinative plain error can be
said to have occurred. The third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
Under the fifth assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court
erred by permitting highly prejudicial hearsay testimony of statements made by the
victim to the banker concerning the aggravated-robbery incident.
“‘A trial court has broad discretion regarding the admission of
evidence, including whether evidence constitutes hearsay and whether it is
admissible hearsay.’” Shepard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 112225, 2023-Ohio-4791, at
¶ 74, quoting State v. Wingfield, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107196, 2019-Ohio-1644,
¶ 29. A reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s ruling on evidentiary issues
“absent an abuse of discretion and proof of material prejudice.” State v. McKelton,
148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 181, citing State v. Belton,
149 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 74 N.E.3d 319, ¶ 116.
Under Evid.R. 803(2), the excited-utterance exception, “A statement
relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the
stress of excitement caused by the event or condition,” is “not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness[.]” “There is no per
se amount of time after which a statement can no longer be considered to be an
excited utterance.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio St.3d 295, 303, 612
N.E.2d 316 (1993). “The central requirements are that the statement must be made
while the declarant is still under the stress of the event and the statement may not
be a result of reflective thought.” (Emphasis sic.) Id.
In the present case, the victim went to her bank later during the day
of the aggravated robbery and informed the bank employee that her account had
been compromised. The bank employee testified that the victim “was completely
beside herself. She was crying the whole time, just very upset and still nervous and
anxious.” The bank employee then testified to statements from the victim describing
how her account was compromised. Even if the challenged statements do not
qualify as excited utterances, we find no material prejudice resulted. The victim
testified to the events that transpired, and other evidence was introduced showing
appellant’s involvement in the aggravated robbery. Furthermore, in light of the
other testimony and evidence in the matter, any error that occurred regarding the
admission of the challenged testimony did not affect appellant’s substantial rights
and was harmless error. See Crim.R. 52(A). Accordingly, we overrule the fifth
assignment of error.
Under her sixth assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court
committed prejudicial error by refusing to allow cross-examination of the
investigating officer concerning the alleged physical abuse of appellant by Harris and what he learned about their relationship, which appellant claims would have
supported her defense of duress. However, it is clear from the record that counsel
was not asking about the detective’s personal knowledge of any such abuse but was
asking about information the detective learned from others during his investigation.
The trial court determined that what the detective learned from other people is
hearsay. We find no abuse of discretion by the trial court. The sixth assignment of
error is overruled.
Under her seventh assignment of error, appellant claims the trial
court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on the defense of duress. We review a
trial court’s refusal to provide a requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion.
State v. Simes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103672, 2016-Ohio-7300, ¶ 33, citing State
v. Leonard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98626, 2013-Ohio-1446, ¶ 33. “[T]he defense
of duress is extremely limited and should only be applied in rare instances.” Id.,
citing State v. Cross, 58 Ohio St.2d 482, 488, 391 N.E.2d 319 (1979). To warrant an
instruction for duress, “All the conditions must be met, and the court must find as a
matter of law that the evidence is sufficient to warrant an instruction on the
affirmative defense of necessity or duress.” Cross at 488. “One of the essential
features of the defense of duress is a sense of immediate, imminent death, or serious
bodily injury if the actor does not commit the act as instructed.” State v. Getsy, 84
Ohio St.3d 180, 199, 702 N.E.2d 866 (1998), citing Cross at 487.
The record herein reflects that although the victim testified to Harris’s
controlling behavior and indicated she was afraid of Harris and did not want anything to happen to appellant, the victim did not testify that Harris indicated he
was going to harm appellant, and the victim did not testify to any statements made
to or by appellant that would indicate appellant acted out of fear for her life or great
bodily harm. The trial court afforded the parties the opportunity to address the issue
of duress and allowed for further evidence, but there was a lack of admissible
evidence as to any history of physical abuse or violence. In the end, the trial court
properly found there was insufficient evidence of duress. Upon our review, we find
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not giving the jury instruction for
duress.
Under her eighth assignment of error, appellant claims she was
denied effective assistance of counsel. Appellant argues her trial counsel failed to
seek a separate trial, failed to object to the introduction of her codefendant’s out-of-
court statements and the detective’s interpretation of those statements, and failed
to adequately separate appellant from her codefendant, who was the principal
offender.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must
show “(1) that defense counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., that counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation, and (2)
that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced him, i.e., that there is a reasonable
probability that but for counsel’s errors, the proceeding’s result would have been
different.” State v. Nicholson, Slip Opinion No. 2024-Ohio-604, ¶ 318, citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph two
of the syllabus. “[A] court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance * * * .” Strickland
at 689.
Crim.R. 8(B) permits joinder of defendants where they are alleged to
have participated in the same act or series of acts constituting an offense or in the
same course of criminal conduct. Crim.R. 14 provides for a court to order a separate
trial if the state or defendant are prejudiced by the joinder. Appellant claims that
she should have been tried separately from Harris because the state used the
nontestifying codefendant’s statement against her and because appellant’s defense
of duress shifted the blame to her codefendant whose defense amounted to a denial
the victim had been robbed. However, the record reflects Harris’s and appellant’s
involvement, and appellant presented insufficient evidence that she acted under
duress. Contrary to appellant’s argument, appellant and Harris did not maintain
mutually antagonistic defenses and even if they had, this does not necessarily
establish counsel’s failure to request to sever constitutes ineffective performance.
See State v. Groves, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 20CA3902, 2022-Ohio-442, ¶ 86-88; see
also State v. Webster, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 20AP-171, 2021-Ohio-3218, ¶ 43-45.
It is apparent from the record that appellant’s trial counsel’s strategy was to shift the
blame upon Harris and to maintain appellant was not complicit in the offenses
charged against her. Furthermore, appellant has failed to demonstrate she was
prejudiced by counsel’s performance such that there is no reasonable probability the outcome of the trial would have been different. Because appellant has not
established that she received ineffective assistance of counsel, the eighth assignment
of error is overruled.
Under her ninth assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court
erred by requiring her to serve an additional three-year mandatory term of
imprisonment on the firearm specification in Count 3 when Counts 1 and 3 were
found to be allied offenses of similar import and the state elected to proceed on
Count 1. In State v. Bollar, 171 Ohio St.3d 678, 2022-Ohio-4370, 220 N.E.3d 690,
the Supreme Court of Ohio recognized that “R.C. 2941.25’s merger provision does
not override R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g)” and that “R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) requires that
courts impose prison terms for the two most serious firearm specifications ‘of which
the offender is convicted or to which the offender pleads guilty.’” Bollar at ¶ 21, 23,
quoting R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g). As stated in Bollar, “[T]he plain language of R.C.
2929.14(B)(1)(g) requires that certain offenders receive prison terms for multiple
specifications” and “[t]he statute makes no exception to the application of its
provisions if one of the underlying felony offenses has been merged.” Bollar at ¶ 1,
19; see also State v. Powell, 2023-Ohio-2770, 222 N.E.3d 1139, ¶ 98 (8th Dist.),
following Bollar. Consistent therewith, in this matter, the sentencing court was
required to impose separate prison terms for each of the two firearm specifications.
Accordingly, the ninth assignment of error is overruled. This court has reviewed the entire record and considered all the
arguments presented. We are not persuaded by any argument not specifically
addressed herein.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case
remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J., CONCUR