[Cite as State v. Figuero, 2019-Ohio-3151.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2018-T-0071 - vs - :
JOHN LOUIS FIGUEROA, II :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2017 CR 00600.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and Ashleigh Musick, Assistant Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, Ohio 44481-1092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Sean C. Buchanan, Slater & Zurz, One Cascade Plaza, Suite 2210, Akron, Ohio 44308 (For Defendant-Appellant).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, John Louis Figueroa, II, appeals his trafficking in cocaine
convictions. We affirm.
{¶2} Figueroa raises three assigned errors:
{¶3} “[1.] The court erred by allowing the confidential informant, David Leach, to
testify without the state providing his previous record, any plea agreements he received in exchange for his testimony, or a continuance to allow the defendant’s trial attorney to
investigate these issues.
{¶4} “[2.] The court erred by not dismissing the indictment due to delay.
{¶5} “[3.] The court abused its discretion by sentencing Mr. Figueroa to a
maximum sentence.”
{¶6} A confidential informant made four, controlled purchases of crack cocaine
from appellant in August and October 2016. Appellant was convicted by a jury of two
counts of trafficking in cocaine, fifth-degree felonies, and two counts were dismissed.
{¶7} Appellant’s first assignment contends the trial court erred by allowing the
confidential informant to testify because the state violated Crim.R. 16(B)(2) and did not
disclose the identity of the informant until the first day of trial. Appellant claims the court
should have granted him a continuance to investigate the informant’s record and plea
agreement in exchange for his testimony. Alternatively, appellant argues the court should
have dismissed the charges against him based on the state’s discovery violation.
Because appellant fails to establish the premise of his argument, his first assigned error
lacks merit.
{¶8} Crim.R. 16 generally provides for a defendant’s discovery and inspection of
evidence, and Crim.R. 16(B)(2) states that upon receiving a defendant’s demand for
discovery,
{¶9} “the prosecuting attorney shall provide copies [of] the following items related
to the particular case indictment, * * * which are material to the preparation of a defense,
or are intended for use by the prosecuting attorney as evidence at the trial * * * within the
possession of, or reasonably available to the state, subject to the provisions of this rule:
2 {¶10} “* * *
{¶11} “(2) Criminal records of the defendant, a co-defendant, and the record of
prior convictions that could be admissible under Rule 609 of the Ohio Rules of Evidence
of a witness in the state’s case-in-chief, or that it reasonably anticipates calling as a
witness in rebuttal.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶12} Here, appellant’s counsel requested discovery and a bill of particulars, and
there is nothing showing that the state failed to comply with the requests. Moreover, the
criminal rules do not require the state to file written discovery responses with the clerk of
courts. And a trial court does not generally oversee discovery unless a party brings a
discovery issue to the court’s attention via motion. Crim.R. 16(A).
{¶13} “Crim.R. 16(A) intends a two-step discovery procedure. The party wishing
to obtain information must first request it in writing from the other party. Upon an
insufficient response, the requesting party must then timely move to compel discovery,
certifying the original request and lack of proper response.” City of Toledo v. Jackson,
6th Dist. Lucas No. L-94-282, 1996 WL 139481, *2, citing State v. Hicks, 48 Ohio App.2d
135, 356 N.E.2d 319, (8th Dist.1976).
{¶14} Appellant did not object or move to compel discovery, and he made no
argument during the proceedings that the informant’s identity was being improperly
withheld. Appellant likewise did not move to dismiss or to continue the jury trial based on
the state’s failure to provide discovery. Moreover, the parties’ discussion with the court
on the morning of trial makes it clear the informant’s identity was provided to appellant’s
counsel. We presume regularity as appellant fails to demonstrate any error. Curren v.
City of Greenfield, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA30, 2012-Ohio-4688, 978 N.E.2d 632, ¶13.
3 {¶15} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment is overruled.
{¶16} Appellant’s second assigned error claims the trial court should have
dismissed the indictment based on the state’s prejudicial delay in indicting him.
Preindictment delay may result in the dismissal of charges. State v. Whiting, 84 Ohio
St.3d 215, 217, 1998-Ohio-575, 702 N.E.2d 1199. “An unjustifiable delay between the
commission of an offense and a defendant's indictment therefor, which results in actual
prejudice to the defendant, is a violation of the right to due process of law under Section
16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.” State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 472 N.E.2d 1097 (1984),
at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶17} However, a “defendant [must first] produce evidence demonstrating that
the delay has caused actual prejudice to his defense. * * * Then, after the defendant has
established actual prejudice, the state must produce evidence of a justifiable reason for
the delay. * * * ‘[T]he prejudice suffered by the defendant must be [balanced against or]
viewed in light of the state's reason for the delay.’” State v. Whiting, supra.
{¶18} An appellant must show how, based on the circumstances of the case, he
suffered actual prejudice at trial because of the delay. State v. Ware, 11th Dist. Lake No.
2007-L-154, 2008-Ohio-3992, ¶19, citing Luck, supra, at 154. This usually consists of
missing evidence that is exculpatory in nature that would have bolstered or established a
defense. Id. “[T]he proven unavailability of * * * testimony that would attack the credibility
or weight of the state's evidence against a defendant and thereby aid in establishing a
defense may satisfy the due-process requirement of actual prejudice.” State v. Jones,
148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, ¶25.
4 {¶19} Here, however, appellant never moved the court to dismiss the charges
against him based on the state’s preindictment delay, and as such, he waives all but plain
error. Crim.R. 52.
{¶20} As stated, the confidential informant made four, controlled drug purchases
from appellant in August and October 2016. The officer did not prepare the incident report
detailing the offenses until August 2, 2017, and the corresponding police complaint was
filed in the municipal court in August 2017 before the case was bound over to the grand
jury. The grand jury indicted appellant on November 20, 2017, approximately one year
after the offenses.
{¶21} Appellant claims he was prejudiced because appellant’s downstairs
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[Cite as State v. Figuero, 2019-Ohio-3151.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2018-T-0071 - vs - :
JOHN LOUIS FIGUEROA, II :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2017 CR 00600.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and Ashleigh Musick, Assistant Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, Ohio 44481-1092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Sean C. Buchanan, Slater & Zurz, One Cascade Plaza, Suite 2210, Akron, Ohio 44308 (For Defendant-Appellant).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, John Louis Figueroa, II, appeals his trafficking in cocaine
convictions. We affirm.
{¶2} Figueroa raises three assigned errors:
{¶3} “[1.] The court erred by allowing the confidential informant, David Leach, to
testify without the state providing his previous record, any plea agreements he received in exchange for his testimony, or a continuance to allow the defendant’s trial attorney to
investigate these issues.
{¶4} “[2.] The court erred by not dismissing the indictment due to delay.
{¶5} “[3.] The court abused its discretion by sentencing Mr. Figueroa to a
maximum sentence.”
{¶6} A confidential informant made four, controlled purchases of crack cocaine
from appellant in August and October 2016. Appellant was convicted by a jury of two
counts of trafficking in cocaine, fifth-degree felonies, and two counts were dismissed.
{¶7} Appellant’s first assignment contends the trial court erred by allowing the
confidential informant to testify because the state violated Crim.R. 16(B)(2) and did not
disclose the identity of the informant until the first day of trial. Appellant claims the court
should have granted him a continuance to investigate the informant’s record and plea
agreement in exchange for his testimony. Alternatively, appellant argues the court should
have dismissed the charges against him based on the state’s discovery violation.
Because appellant fails to establish the premise of his argument, his first assigned error
lacks merit.
{¶8} Crim.R. 16 generally provides for a defendant’s discovery and inspection of
evidence, and Crim.R. 16(B)(2) states that upon receiving a defendant’s demand for
discovery,
{¶9} “the prosecuting attorney shall provide copies [of] the following items related
to the particular case indictment, * * * which are material to the preparation of a defense,
or are intended for use by the prosecuting attorney as evidence at the trial * * * within the
possession of, or reasonably available to the state, subject to the provisions of this rule:
2 {¶10} “* * *
{¶11} “(2) Criminal records of the defendant, a co-defendant, and the record of
prior convictions that could be admissible under Rule 609 of the Ohio Rules of Evidence
of a witness in the state’s case-in-chief, or that it reasonably anticipates calling as a
witness in rebuttal.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶12} Here, appellant’s counsel requested discovery and a bill of particulars, and
there is nothing showing that the state failed to comply with the requests. Moreover, the
criminal rules do not require the state to file written discovery responses with the clerk of
courts. And a trial court does not generally oversee discovery unless a party brings a
discovery issue to the court’s attention via motion. Crim.R. 16(A).
{¶13} “Crim.R. 16(A) intends a two-step discovery procedure. The party wishing
to obtain information must first request it in writing from the other party. Upon an
insufficient response, the requesting party must then timely move to compel discovery,
certifying the original request and lack of proper response.” City of Toledo v. Jackson,
6th Dist. Lucas No. L-94-282, 1996 WL 139481, *2, citing State v. Hicks, 48 Ohio App.2d
135, 356 N.E.2d 319, (8th Dist.1976).
{¶14} Appellant did not object or move to compel discovery, and he made no
argument during the proceedings that the informant’s identity was being improperly
withheld. Appellant likewise did not move to dismiss or to continue the jury trial based on
the state’s failure to provide discovery. Moreover, the parties’ discussion with the court
on the morning of trial makes it clear the informant’s identity was provided to appellant’s
counsel. We presume regularity as appellant fails to demonstrate any error. Curren v.
City of Greenfield, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA30, 2012-Ohio-4688, 978 N.E.2d 632, ¶13.
3 {¶15} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment is overruled.
{¶16} Appellant’s second assigned error claims the trial court should have
dismissed the indictment based on the state’s prejudicial delay in indicting him.
Preindictment delay may result in the dismissal of charges. State v. Whiting, 84 Ohio
St.3d 215, 217, 1998-Ohio-575, 702 N.E.2d 1199. “An unjustifiable delay between the
commission of an offense and a defendant's indictment therefor, which results in actual
prejudice to the defendant, is a violation of the right to due process of law under Section
16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.” State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 472 N.E.2d 1097 (1984),
at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶17} However, a “defendant [must first] produce evidence demonstrating that
the delay has caused actual prejudice to his defense. * * * Then, after the defendant has
established actual prejudice, the state must produce evidence of a justifiable reason for
the delay. * * * ‘[T]he prejudice suffered by the defendant must be [balanced against or]
viewed in light of the state's reason for the delay.’” State v. Whiting, supra.
{¶18} An appellant must show how, based on the circumstances of the case, he
suffered actual prejudice at trial because of the delay. State v. Ware, 11th Dist. Lake No.
2007-L-154, 2008-Ohio-3992, ¶19, citing Luck, supra, at 154. This usually consists of
missing evidence that is exculpatory in nature that would have bolstered or established a
defense. Id. “[T]he proven unavailability of * * * testimony that would attack the credibility
or weight of the state's evidence against a defendant and thereby aid in establishing a
defense may satisfy the due-process requirement of actual prejudice.” State v. Jones,
148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, ¶25.
4 {¶19} Here, however, appellant never moved the court to dismiss the charges
against him based on the state’s preindictment delay, and as such, he waives all but plain
error. Crim.R. 52.
{¶20} As stated, the confidential informant made four, controlled drug purchases
from appellant in August and October 2016. The officer did not prepare the incident report
detailing the offenses until August 2, 2017, and the corresponding police complaint was
filed in the municipal court in August 2017 before the case was bound over to the grand
jury. The grand jury indicted appellant on November 20, 2017, approximately one year
after the offenses.
{¶21} Appellant claims he was prejudiced because appellant’s downstairs
neighbor died during the preindictment delay, and appellant claims this neighbor could
have “tied” or connected appellant to the informant. This is the extent of his argument.
Appellant does not allege that this now-deceased neighbor would have provided
testimony that would have exonerated appellant or that would have undermined or
contradicted the state’s case.
{¶22} In Luck, supra, the Supreme Court found actual prejudice to the defendant,
Katherine Luck, because two critical defense witnesses died during the 15-year delay in
indicting her, and all the recorded interviews had been destroyed and no transcripts were
made. Luck had claimed that a fight preceded the victim’s death and that another
individual, Cassano, could have confirmed Luck’s defense, but he died before Luck was
indicted. Luck, supra, at 157. She moved to dismiss the indictment based on the
prejudicial delay. The court balanced this claimed prejudice against the circumstantial
nature of the state’s case and found Luck established actual prejudice. Upon balancing
5 this prejudice against the state’s reason for the delay, the court held the delay was
unjustifiable, and thus, dismissal of the indictment was required. Id. at 159.
{¶23} Unlike Luck, the death of appellant’s neighbor here, a potential witness with
no explanation as to how he would have aided appellant’s defense or undermined the
state’s case, fails to show any prejudice. Thus, we need not address the reason for the
state’s delay, and his second assigned error lacks merit.
{¶24} Appellant’s final assignment of error claims the court erred in imposing the
maximum sentence, arguing that the court only made cursory findings and that it failed to
analyze the applicable sentencing factors.
{¶25} Our standard of review is set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), which states:
{¶26} “The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence
that is appealed under this section or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to
the sentencing court for resentencing.
{¶27} “The appellate court's standard for review is not whether the sentencing
court abused its discretion. The appellate court may take any action authorized by this
division if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following: (a) That the record does
not support the sentencing court's findings under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13,
division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the
Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant; (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary
to law.”
{¶28} While courts have discretion to impose any term of imprisonment within the
statutory range, they must consider the sentencing purposes in R.C. 2929.11 and the
guidelines in R.C. 2929.12. But contrary to appellant’s argument, while the sentencing
6 court is required to consider the R.C. 2929.12 factors, it is not required to recite findings
or analysis to demonstrate it addressed the applicable seriousness and recidivism factors.
State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208, 215, 2000-Ohio-302, 724 N.E.2d 793; State v. Long,
11th Dist. Lake No. 2013-L-102, 2014-Ohio-4416, 19 N.E.3d 981, ¶ 79.
{¶29} Appellant was convicted following a jury trial of two counts of trafficking in
cocaine, fifth-degree felonies in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) and (C)(4)(a) and
sentenced to two, twelve-month terms to run concurrently. This is the maximum sentence
for a fifth-degree felony. R.C. 2929.14(A)(5).
{¶30} Upon announcing appellant’s sentence, the trial court notes that it read the
presentence investigation report and emphasizes that this is appellant’s third felony
conviction. The state requests incarceration. Appellant does not dispute the trial court’s
statement that this is his third felony conviction, and he does not make any statement
other than asking for an appeal.
{¶31} Based on the foregoing, appellant fails to clearly and convincingly
demonstrate that his sentence is contrary to law. His third assigned error lacks merit.
{¶32} The trial court’s decision is affirmed.
MATT LYNCH, J.,
MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,
concur.