WALKER, J.
The appellant was charged by information in the circuit court of Greene County with murder in the first degree in having shot and- killed his wife, Clara Ferguson. Upon a trial, he was convicted of murder in the second degree, and his punishment .assessed at ten years’ imprisonment in the penitentiary. From this judgment he appeals.
At the time of the homicide, the appellant was 62 years of age, and his wife was 48 or 49. They had been married 29 years, and six children had been born to them. Prior to September, 1915, the family has resided in Camden County. At this' time, the wife for the ostensible purpose of affording a fourteen-year-old daughter better educational advantages, removed with their household effects to Springfield. Although ap[126] pellant remained in Camden County, there was no breach in his family relations, his business as caretaker of an estate requiring his presence in that county. Up to within a few months before the tragedy, he sent his wife money, corresponded with her, and visited his home as circumstances permitted. Sometime in August, 1916, appellant sent his wife forty dollars, but received no reply to the letter inclosing same. Later, he received a letter from 'his fourteen-year-old daughter, who was then at Lebanon, stating that her mother had sent her to the latter place to a married sister who resided there, and that the mother had started, or was about to start, to St. Louis to hunt work. Surprised at this information, he went to Springfield to see his wife. Upon meeting her, she treated him with indifference, and he tried to secure an explanation of her conduct and effect a reconcilation. Failing in this, he proceeded to Lebanon, and brought the young daughter home with him. When he returned, he found a man named Smithmier at his house with his wife. This Smithmier, it appears, had a few months before resided next door to where the wife of appellant was living. Upon the death of Smithmier’s wife, . a short time prior thereto, he had gone to board with the wife of appellant, and their conduct towards each other had excited comment of those residing in the vicinity. After supper, the evening succeeding the arrival of 'appellant and his little daughter from Lebanon, Smithmiér and appellant’s wife played cards until bedtime, when the wife informed appellant he would sleep upstairs in Charley’s bed — Charley being a young son who ran as a newsboy on a railroad train — until other arrangement could be made. Appellant complied with his wife’s wishes in this regard and the next day sought to have her explain her treatment. She refused to make any explanation. When night came, she again directed him to sleep upstairs. She ánd Smithmier slept in separate rooms on the first floor. About midnight, appellant heard his wife arise and go into Smithmier’s room. The next morning, he told his wife what he had [127] heard, and she vouchsafed no reply. This was on Wednesday. On the succeeding Thursday and Friday, he again remonstrated with his wife as to her conduct, and urged her to explain why she had become estranged from him, but she treated him with indifference and refused to agree to a reconcilation. After their la,st conversation, the appellant who, instead of leaving the house, had secreted himself in a closet, heard his wife say to Smithmier:— “Where did he go? He is not here, and you had better watch him. He is crazy enough to do you some injury.” Smithmier replied: ‘ ‘Let him come if he wants to. I will be ready for him.’ ’ Appellant then went down town, and returning later, saw through the window his wife arranging Smithmier’s tie. Appellant entered and ordered Smithmier to leave the house. The latter refused to do so. This was just before dinner on Saturday. Immediately after ordering Smithmier to leave the house, appellant went up town, bought a pistol, and returned to find his wife and Smithmier at dinner. Appellant again insisted upon Smithmier leaving, hie replied: “I will not do it,” and applying vile epithets to appellant, he threw a tea cup at and hit appellant. The latter drew the pistol and shot him. Three shots, one of which killed Smithmier, were heard by persons near at hand. Immediately following the shots, they saw appellant’s wife run out of the house, followed by the little girl. After them came the appellant with a pistol in his hand. The wife ran to the end of the porch, and was fired at by appellant just as she was about to jump off on the ground. In jumping off, she fell on her knees. The little girl had in the meantime gotten between her father and mother, and was trying to prevent the former from again firing the pistol. After a struggle, appellant succeeded in pushing her aside, and shot his wife, inflicting the wound from which she died in a few minutes. He was arrested a short time thereafter. Appellant’s own testimony, so far as concerns his actions preceding the homicide, and that pertaining to the killing of Smithmier, is embodied [128] in the foregoing statement. Its correctness is not questioned. The account of the killing of the wife is that detailed by other witnesses.
After^reiim inary Hearing, I. Appellant contends that the proceeding against him by information was unauthorized: that having been held without bail, after a preliminary examination before a justice of the peace, to await the action of grand jury, the prosecuting attorney was precluded from filing an information and subjecting appellant to trial and conviction upon same. Under our law, constitutional and statutory, one may be prosecuted for a crime either by indictment or information (Art. 2, sec. 12, Const.; Secs. 5055, 5077, R. S. 1909), the remedies being stated in the constitution, “concurrent.” This leaves the manner of proceeding to the discretion of the prosecuting attorney. Despite the fact, therefore, that a grand jury had been ordered, as stated by appellant, to consider this case, this did not preclude the filing of an information by the prosecuting attorney. The discretionary power thus granted has been construed by this court in State v. Anderson, 252 Mo. l. c. 96, in which we held that “it was not an invasion of the rights of the defendant for the prosecuting attorney on March 4th to file an information charging a felony when a grand jury had been summoned to convene on March 6th.” This following a ruling in State v. Harvey, 214 Mo. l. c. 408, that a preliminary examination held before a justice of the peace, resulting in defendant being bound over “to answer the charge before the court in which the same was cognizable,” did not preclude the State from proceeding by information filed in the circuit court. These rulings, applied to the instant case, do not conflict with that portion of the statute (Sec. 5055) which requires that mode of procedure, whether by indictment or information, which shall first be "instituted, to be pursued to the exclusion of the other, so long as the same shall be pending and undetermined. The limitation of this provision, as we [129] held in State v. Grieseke, 209 Mo. l. c. 339, applies only to proceedings instituted in courts having jurisdiction to hear and determine the guilt or innocence of the accused, and not to information filed before a justice of the peace merely for the purpose of committing the defendant to jail or binding him over to await the action of the grand jury. The preliminary examination being thus limited in its purpose, did not constitute a commencement of “one of the modes of procedure” prescribed by the statute, and the prosecuting attorney was, in the exercise of his discretion, authorized to file in the criminal court in vacation the information upon which the accused was tried.
Jurisdiction Waiver II. It is urged that the information filed by the prosecuting attorney conferred no jurisdiction on the -trial court, because the testimony taken at the pre^m^nary examination was not reduced to writing, signed by the witnesses, certified by the magistrate taking same, and by him delivered to the clerk of the court having cognizance of the offense, as required by Sections 5033, 5042, Revised Statutes 1909. The contention as to the absence of jurisdiction is not tenable. The Criminal Court of Greene’County is clothed with exclusive original jurisdiction of all criminal cases in said county (See. 4200, R. S. 1909). Thus panoplied, the consideration by it of an information filed therein by the prosecuting attorney is within the limits of its general jurisdiction and not such a special or exceptional exercise of same as to require that all of the preliminary steps leading up to such filing be shown on the face of the information. We have held affirmatively in a number of cases that a-preliminary examination may be waived, not only before the examining tribunal, but ^me ^ie defendant is required to plead to the information in the trial court, and that if he pleads the general issue of not guilty, as was done here, he will be held to have waived such examination. This presumption as to a waiver is based on the fact that the [130] right to a preliminary examination is a matter which goes to the regularity of the previous proceedings, and not to the merits of the trial, as we held in State v. Jeffries, 210 Mo. l. c. 319; Ex parte McLaughlin, 210 Mo. 657; State v. McKee, 212 Mo. l. c. 147; Ex parte Buckley, 215 Mo. 98; State v. Pritchett, 219 Mo. l. c. 703; State v. Green, 229 Mo. l. c. 655. The ruling reason of these cases is that the right to a preliminary examination as a condition precedent 'to the filing of an information is not jurisdictional, and a failure to accord this right can only be taken advantage of by calling the trial court’s attention to same by an appropriate motion and offering' proof to establish such failure.
n ormation. III. Objection is made to the information in that (a) there is not appended to the signature of the prosecuting attorney the words ‘ ‘ of Greene Coun- ^,, an(^ that (b) the word “wilfully” is omitted from the body of the charge.
igna ure. (a) There is no complaint that appellant suffered and prejudice by reason of the omission of the name of the county. In the absence of any showing to this effect, there exists no reason to sustain this con£ent£01]u _ jn State v. Walker, 221 Mo. l. c. 518, it was held that the omission of the name of the county was not error. While no reason was assigned for the ruling, it is evident that it was on account of the. nonprejudicial nature of the omission, as we held in State v. Brock, 186 Mo. l. c. 459, in passing on a similar objection, based on a failure of the prosecuting attorney to write his full name in the body of the information and in -signing it in like manner at its conclusion. [State v. Campbell, 210 Mo. l. c. 215.] A prosecuting attorney is one of the officers of the court, of which fact it will take judicial notice; this being true, we have held that when an information had nothing more than the name of the prosecuting attorney appended thereto, without stating his official title, that the error was immaterial, and constituted no ground to quash. [State v. Kinney, [131]*13181 Mo. l. c. 102; State v. Kyle, 166 Mo. l. c. 307; State v. Salts, 263 Mo. 304.]
Wüfuii u (b)‘ Tbe information, omitting the formal prelimiary and closing averments, concerning which there is no question, alleges that the defendant “did then and there feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought make an assault upon one Clara Ferguson with a certain deadly weapon, to-wit, a revolving pistol then and there loaded with gunpowder and leaden balls, which said pistol in his hand had and held, he, the said Farmer Ferguson, did then and there feloniously premeditatedly, deliberately and of his malice aforethought shoot off and discharge at and against her, the said Clara Ferguson, and with the pistol aforesaid and the gunpowder and leaden balls aforesaid did then and there feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought shoot, strike and wound her, the said Clara Ferguson, giving to her, the said Clara; Ferguson, with the pistol aforesaid and with the gunpowder and leaden balls aforesaid, in the front part of the breast of her, the said Clara Ferguson, one mortal wound of the breadth of one-half inch and of the depth of six inches, of which said mortal wound the said.Clara Ferguson then and there instantly died, and so the said Sam M. Wear, Prosecuting Attorney as aforesaid, under his oath aforesaid, does say that the said Farmer Ferguson in the manner and form áforesaid, and with the weapon aforesaid, her, the said Clara Ferguson, feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought did kill and murder. ’ ’ •
. Other than in the omission of the word “wilfully” the information conforms to approved’ precedents. While it is an inflexible rule in criminal pleadings that nothing in indictments or informations for felonies can be left to intendment or implication, that the accused may be clearly apprised of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, it remains to be determined whether this rule has been violated in the instant case. The statute (Sec. 4448, R. S. 1909), as applied to the facts, de[132] fines mnrder in the first degree to be any willful, deliberate and premeditated killing. Omitting the averment of deliberation, the same essential elements are necessary to properly charge murder in the second degree, of which appellant was convicted, as authorized by our procedure (Sec. 4450, R. S. 1909). The same canons of construction will, therefore, apply in testing the sufficiency of the information in one ease as in the other, barring, as stated, the averment' of deliberation not required in a charge of murder in the second degree. Technically considered, therefore, does the word willfully as employed in the statute necessitate its use in such an indictment or information as is here under review? As to the use of statutory words in a criminal charge, this well-established rule is of general application: “If the words used in the statute do not, in view of the. nature of the offense and the recognized principles of law, describe the offense so as to convey to the mind a full and clear idea of everything necessary to constitute the crime, the*full measure of the offense must be charged by the use of such words as are necessary and proper, under established rules of law, to characterize it.” While this rule has more particular reference to offenses created by statute, its application in determining whether a criminal charge conforms to the statute can only be properly invoked where the offense is fully and clearly defined by the statute. [State v. McCoy, 162 Mo. l. c. 389.] That murder in the first degree is defined by statute in so far as it designates the particular homicides which constitute this grade of offense, it must be admitted, but in- such classification, it does not attempt to set forth all of the material allegations required in such a charge. To illustrate, there is an absence from the statute (Sec. 4448) of the words “feloniously,” “with malice aforethought,” and “murder,” uniformly held necessary in charging this offense. We find the use of these words necessary because .they are embedded in the old English statute (23 Hen. VIII, c. 1, s. 3), enacted in 1531, defining murder, and which [133] has become with its subsequent modification, hereinafter noted, the common law of this and other states in regard to this crime. An indictment for murder, therefore, under our statutes, means just what it did at common law. [Ex parte Slater, 72 Mo. l. c. 106; State v. Meyers, 99 Mo. l. c. 116; State v. Sanders, 158 Mo. l. c. 612; State v. Cook, 170 Mo. l. c. 214.] Not only is* this conclusion evident from these well reasoned rulings, but we have expressly held that forms of indictments for murder in this State are to be measured by the rules of the common law in that behalf prescribed. ' [State v. Cline, 264 Mo. l. c. 418, 175 S. W. 184.] But an exam-nation of the Statute of Henry discloses that it contains the word “wilfully,” as well as the other words held material in a charge of murder. From which, counsel for appellant, buttressed by the presence of the word in our statute, reasons that it is equally essential to the validity of the charge at bar. However, we find that in 1547 an English statute was enacted (1 Ed. VI., c. 12, s. 10), which was a re-enactment of the Statute of Henry, from which the word “wilfully” was omitted. The effect of the Statute of Edward, according to the reasoning of the recondite, was to “take- away the right of clergy from defendants attainted or convicted of malice prepensed,” omitting the word “wilful.” [State v. Harris, 27 La. 572; 1 Hale’s P. C. 466; 3 Bish. New Cr. Pro. Secs. 545, 6, p. 1553.] A more practical reason urged bv American jurists in construing this statute, is that the employment of the word “wilfully” in conjunction with the words “feloniously,” and “with malice aforethought, ’ ’ is expletory in that an act committed feloniously and with malice aforethought must necessarily be "wilful and unlawful. [State v. Arnold, 107 N. C. 861; Burnett v. Commonwealth, 172 Ky. 397; Carroll v. State, 71 Ark. 404; Ward v. State, 11 So. (Ala.) -217.] The words “with malice aforethought” being of like import, but evun more intense in their meaning than the word “wilfully,” the former may reasonablv be sai to supply the place of the latter. This being true, in -the omission [134] of the word “wilfully,” the rule is not violated which forbids in criminal pleadings the leaving of any material allegation to. intendment or implication, nor is the constitutional requirement infringed, which provides that the accused shall be appraised of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. [Art. 2, sec. 22, Const, of Mo.] We, therefore, overrule this contention, and hold the information sufficient.
witnesses IV. It is urged as error that the names of all of the witnesses examined by the State were not indorsed on the information, and that certain eye-witnesses were not P’^drced. or examined. It is necessary to render effective an objection to a failure to comply with the statutes (Sees. 5057, 5097, R. S. 1909), requiring the indorsement of the names of the State’s witnesses upon an indictment or information, that a motion to quash be made' or that an application be filed for a continuance on account of such omission. ■ [State v. Leach, 193 S. W. 916; State v. Ferguson 183 S. W. 336; State v. Jeffries, 210 Mo. 324; State v. Barrington, 198 Mo. l. c. 68.] Neither course was pursued here, and appellant’s contention "first appears in' the motion for a new trial. This is not timely. It is not compulsory upon the State to examine all the witnesses subpoenaed. To sustain a conviction on account of the sufficiency of the evidence it is only necessary' that those examined give substantial testimony in support of the required material facts. Others called would serve only to corroborate those examined. This is not necessary. [State v. Ivy, 192 S. W. 737; State v. Dixon, 190 S. W. l. c. 294; State v. Swain, 239 Mo. 729, 144 S. W. 427; State v. McAfee, 148 Mo. 370; State v. Billings, 140 Mo. 193; State v. David, 131 Mo. 380.] The assignment, therefore, lacks merit.
[135] Impaneling Jury. [134] V. No objecions were made or excepions saved, at the' time, to the manner in which the trial jury was summoned and impaneled. Such objections first find expres
[135] sion in the motion for a new trial. Thus sought to he preserved, they are not entitled to our consideration. [State v. Page, 212 Mo. l. c. 238; State v. Grant, 152 Mo. l. c. 71; State v. Sansone, 116 Mo. l. c. 11; State v. Smith, 114 Mo. l. c. 423.]
Testimony: Order of Admission. YI. Error is. , assigned in the rulings of the trial court upon the admission and exclusion of testimony. It is contended that “a wise judicial discretion” was not exercised in admitting in rebuttal the testimony of certain witnesses named. `In lthe absence of any showing, or even a claim, of prejudice resulting therefrom, we have held that the order of proof is within the discretion of the trial court. [State v. Burgess, 193 S. W. 821; State v. Baker, 262 Mo. l. c. 699; State v. Dilts, 191 Mo. l. c. 673; State v. Murphy, 118 Mo. l. c. 15; State v. Buchler, 103 Mo. 203.]
Incapable of Description. It is contended that error was committed in permitting certain witnesses to testify as' to the condition of appellant immediately following the firing of the fatal shot. These objections are based on the assumption that the testimony thus adduced constitutes mere conclusions and are opinions rather than statements of fact. We have recently had occasion in State v. Stewart, 274 Mo. l. c. 658, 204 S. W. l. c. 13, to review the cases in which this court has held such testimony admissible oh the ground of necessity. We will not burden this opinion with a repetition of the reasons assigned for this ruling, or a citation of the cases, other than to say that in the instant case, as in that of State v. Stewart, the testimony had reference to the manifestations and condition of the appellant immediately after the commission of the crime, and being’ open to the senses, but otherwise incapable of exact description, could not be gotten before the jury except by asking the witnesses to state the appellant’s-appearance. No material reason appearing, therefore, for a variance from the rule heretofore announced in this regard, we overrule this contention.
[136] It is further contended that undue latitude was permitted in the cross-examination of the appellant. The record does not sustain this contention. The inquiry made by the prosecuting attorney, of the appellant, on cross-examination was excluded by the court upon the objection of counsel for the appellant, and was not answered. The question itself could have had no prejudicial effect, because it was simply an inquiry as to whether the appellant had not made a contradictory statement in regard to a certain matter to that testiSed to by him.
Question!1081 The objection to the hypothetical question propounded by the State has not been preserved in a manner to entitle it to a review. If, however, the absence of our authority to review this question, under well-established rules of procedure, be waived, there is no substantial ground of objection to the inquiry as made. The question was framed in conformity with the State’s theory of the evidence. It was, therefore, not error under the rule which authorizes the .State in putting a hypothetical question to an expert witness, to frame the same in accordance with the State’s theory of the evidence; and it is not essential that the facts should be stated as they actually exist - nor is the question improper because it includes only a part of the facts in evidence. [State v. Bell, 212 Mo. l. c. 124; State v. Privitt, 175 Mo. l. c. 225.]
to0lwife.S The testimony of third parties 'sought to be introduced by appellant as to the relations existing between him and his wife, prior to the homicide, and her relations to the creature Smithmier, was, measuring its imPort by the questions propounded in regard thereto, not of such relevancy as to authorize its admission; if this testimony had been admitted, it could not have disclosed such facts as to have constituted a defense to the crime charged: There was no error, therefore, in its exclusion.
[137] VII. The court of its own motion gave sixteen instructions and five additional ones requested by the defendant. These instructions covered murder in the first and second degrees, manslaughter in the fourth degree, the presumptions of innocence, reasonable doubt and that arising from the use of deadly weapon, what constitutes heat of passion, how far proof of illicit sexual relations between the wife and her paramour afforded an excuse for the crime charged, insanity as a defense, good character, and that the jury are the judges of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. These instructions fully covered the evidence submitted on the trial and substantially followed forms apnroved by this court. We do not deem it necessary, in view of their correctness, to review them in detail.
One exeception we note to this general approval: Although instruction numbered 21, given at the request of the appellant, is, in all of its material features, the same as that condemned by a majority of this court in State v. Finkelstein, 269 Mo. 612, in regard to the weight to be given appellant’s testimony, it does not constitute error of which the appellant will be heard to complain. First, because being one of appellant’s instructions, it is not preserved as error for our consideration; second, having been given at the instance of the appellant, it comes within the saving clause of the statute (Sec. 5115, R. S. 1909), which provides that “no trial, judgment or other proceedings shall be stayed, arrested or in any manner affected for any error committed at the instance or in favor of the defendant.” In construing this statute, as applied to an erroneous instruction given at the instance of the defendant, we have expressly declared that complaint in regard thereto will not be heard, although such instruction is a literal copy of one for the State formerly condemned by this court. [State v. Jackson, 99 Mo. 60; State v. Manicke, 139 Mo. 548; State v. Payne, 223 Mo. 117.] '
[138] The evidence was ample to sustain the verdict; the appellant was awarded a fair trial, and the judgment should be affirmed. ’It is so.ordered.
PER CURIAM:
The foregoing divisional opinion i£ adopted by Court in Banc.
Bond, C. J., Woodson and Williams, JJ., concur; Baris, Blair and Graves, JJ., dissent.