State v. Faulkner

84 S.W. 967, 185 Mo. 673, 1905 Mo. LEXIS 240

• Court: Supreme Court of Missouri
• Decided: January 31, 1905
• Status: Published

Opinions

FOX, J.

On February 1, 1902, there was filed in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis for criminal causes, a true bill wherein the defendant was charged with perjury. The perjury is charged to have been committed before the grand jurors impaneled for the December term, 1901, said grand jurors being the same grand jurors who returned this indictment against the defendant. The indictment is reproduced in full in State v. Faulkner, 175 Mo. 546; hence there is no necessity to repeat it here; it will suffice to briefly state the essential elements of the offense described in it.

The indictment alleges that Phillip Stock, on or . about November, 30, 1900, in the presence of John K. Murrell, deposited in a box in the vault of the Lincoln Trust Company $75,000, with the understanding between Stock and Murrell that when Council bill 44, which was then pending in the Municipal Assembly of the city of St. Louis, passed the House of Delegates and Council of said city, and was signed by the Mayor, the said sum of $75,000 would be- turned over to Murrell for his benefit and the benefit of other members of the House of Delegates, which he claimed to represent. That defendant was a member of the House of Delegates. That the grand jurors were investigating that subject, and. defendánt was called before them to testify as a witness, and was duly sworn by the foreman of the grand jury, and that it was material to the issue whether defendant had any knowledge of the existence of said $75,000 and the purposes for which it was to be applied; and that he then and there did feloniously, falsely, corruptly, knowingly, willfully and maliciously depose and swear in substance and to the effect following: that he did not know nor had he ever heard of the existence of said $75,000, whereas, in truth and in fact, he then and there well knew of the existence of said $75,000 and that it was deposited in a box in the safe deposit vault of the Lincoln Trust Company, as a bribe, to be paid said Murrell and other members of the House of Delegates, whom he claimed to represent, to influence their votes for and in favor of the passage of said ordinance, and that on January 31, 1902, in the manner and form aforesaid defendant feloniously, falsely, knowingly, willfully and corruptly committed willful and corrupt perjury.

This cause was assigned to Division No. 9 of said circuit court, and the Hon. O’Neill Ryan was the judge of the court. That the Hon. Walter B. Douglas was the judge of Division 8 of said court. That on June 3, 1902, defendant filed a motion in Division 9 suggesting that Judges Ryan and Douglas were disqualified to try the cause. Judge Ryan sustained the motion in part, and overruled it in part, and transferred the case to Division 8 of said court. Defendant on July 14, 1902, filed his motion in Division 8, suggesting that Judge Douglas was disqualified to try this case, which said motion was on the same day overruled.

On July 23, 1903, defendant filed his plea in abatement as follows: And the said Harry A. Faulkner, in his own proper person, comes into court here, and, having heard the said indictment read, says:

“That on or about January 31, 1902, he was summoned as a witness to appear before the grand jurors of the State of Missouri, within and for the body of the city of St. Louis, summoned and impaneled for the December term, 1901, of the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, then and there to testify, and the truth to say in a certain case pending before said body, wherein the State of Missouri was plaintiff and he was defendant, wherein he was charged with a violation of section 2085, page 593, Revised Statutes *1899; that this defendant on or about January 31, 1902, appearing before said grand jurors, summoned and impaneled as aforesaid, and in direct and positive violation of section 23, article 2, of the Constitution of Missouri — ‘No person shall he compelled to testify against himself in a criminal cause’ — and directly in violation of all rules of-honor, honesty and decency, without the aid of counsel and without advise as to his guaranteed constitutional right, gnd without warning or admonition^ and by the exercise on the part of the representative of the State of an inquisitorial process, was required and compelled by said grand jurors to testify against himself.

“Defendant says that he was a material witness before said grand jurors, and that, contrary to the Constitution of this State and the letter .and spirit of the law, this indictment was found and presented by said grand jurors by reason of his own testimony before said body, and that this indictment is bottomed on the testimony which defendant was compelled to give against himself, in violation of the Constitution of Missouri.

“Defendant further says that he was examined as a witness on January 31, 1902, by said grand jurors, who afterwards, on February 1,. 1902, the last ¿lay of the December term, 1902, of the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, without hearing any testimony or evidence after his examination, as aforesaid, on January 31, 1902, and without hearing any evidence on the charge of perjury, and only on their own knowledge and information, presented this indictment for perjury based upon the testimony which he gave before them on January 31, 1902. That no legal evidence was heard by said grand jurors, in direct and positive violation of section 2489, page 665, Revised- Statutes 1899. ., •

“Defendant further says that neither William H. Lee, foreman of said grand jury, nor John Dutro, nor any other grand juror, was sworn as a witness upon the hearing and investigation of the charge of perjury against the defendant, as required by section 2514, page 668, Revised Statutes 1899, and that there was no hearing or investigation before, said grand jurors of the charge of perjury against this defendant.

“That thereby defendant was denied the equal protection of the law, in violation of section 1 of the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

“That the array of grand jurors who presented defendant were both his accusers and his judges, in violation of the law, and he was, in violation of the 14th amendment to the Constitution, denied an opportunity to challenge the array, which he should have had by virtue of the provisions of sections 2487 and 2488, page 665, Revised Statutes 1899, and that by reason thereof he has been denied the equal protection of the law.

“Defendant says that in violation of section 2517, Revised Statutes 18991, his name is not indorsed upon said indictment as a witness.

“Defendant says he is ready to verify the foregoing, wherefore he prays judgment of - said indictment, and that the same may be quashed.” .

This plea in abatement was by the court overruled.

The trial proceeded, and the testimony tended to show the following state of facts:

That the grand jury of the city of St. Louis had under investigation the question as to whether or not certain members of the House of Delegates and City Council of the. city of St; Louis had been guilty of bribery, in connection with Council bill No. 44, which had been pending before the Municipal Assembly of the city of St. Louis- and which had previously passed the House of Delegates. This bill was afterwards passed by both branches of the legislative department of'the city government and signed by the mayor. Evidence was presented to the grand jury which showed that seventy-five, thousand dollars had been deposited in a safety deposit box at the Lincoln Trust Company, to be turned over to certain members of the legislative department of the city government, in the event of the passage of said Council bill No. 44 and its being signed by the mayor.

Defendant was subpoenaed .as a witness before the grand jury, and there testified that he knew nothing of the $75,000, which had been so deposited, save and except as to newspaper rumor, but then recently published. The fact was, as is shown by the evidence, that defendant was a member of the House of Delegates, during the pendency of said Council bill No. 44, and belonged to the combination of members composed of the following named persons: Edmund ' Berseh, Otto Schumacher, John A. Sheridan, Charles J. Denny, Adolph Madera, John H. Schnettler, Emile Hartmann, Charles A. Gutke, Louis Decker, Edward E. Murrell, John K. Murrell, T. E. Albright, John Helms, Julius Lehman, Charles F. Kelly, Jeremiah J. Hannigan, William M. Tamblyn, Harry A. Faulkner and George F. Robertson, the object of said combination being to control municipal legislation in a corrupt manner by demanding and receiving from certain corporate interests certain sums of money to be from time to time agreed upon, for the passage of such legislation as might be deemed essential to the welfare of such corporate interests. The members of the combination held meetings in the committee rooms adjoining the chamber of the House of Delegates. The first meeting, perhaps, was held sometime before the bill above referred to was introduced in the Council, and the question then came up as to how much the members of the combine should receive for their votes. Edward E. Murrell, chairman of the House of Delegates, at that time presided over the meeting of the combine. The defendant was present and suggested that the nineteen members so constituting the combine demand the sum of one hundred thousand dollars for the passage of the bill. Various members expressed themselves as to the amount of money that should he received in this connection, ranging from one hundred thousand to sixty thousand dollars. The matter was put to a vote of the members and it was upon this vote decided that seventy-five thousand dollars should be fixed as the price the members of the House of Delegates should demand.

John K. Murrell was elected, or, rather, selected, by this combination as their agent to negotiate the deal with the proper parties. He was instructed to see the representatives of the Suburban Railway Company and secure their agreement to pay seventy-five thous- and dollars, part to be paid the night the bill should pass the House of Delegates and the remainder to be paid after the bill should become a law. Murrell subsequently saw Philip Stock, the legislative agent of the Suburban Railway Company, which company was interested in the passage of the bill in question. The proposition was put to Stock by Murrell. Stock refused to consider it, saying that the people that he represented would not put up that amount, meaning the officers of the Suburban Railway Company. Murrell-afterwards made a report to the combine, the defendant being, present. Murrell reported that he had seen Stock and the question came up between the two as to what the combine would do with reference to the bill. It was finally concluded by the members that they would accept Stock’s proposition to have the seventy-five thousand dollars placed in a safety deposit box in some trust company, to be paid after the bill became a law, the defendant being present and taking part in the discussion. Murrell then went to see Stock again and Stock secured the seventy-five thousand dollars from the German Savings Institution, where arrangements had been previously made by the president of the Suburban Railway Company, Mr. Charles H. Turner, and Stock and Murrell went to the Lincoln Trust Company and rented lock box number 132, where the money was counted out in the presence of Murrell and deposited or placed in tlie lock box, Murrell retaining one key and Stock the other, the arrangement being made that as soon as the bill had passed both houses and was signed by the mayor the box should be opened and the money turned over to Murrell for himself and the other eighteen members of the combine, including this defendant. Immediately after that another meeting was held, in which Murrell explained his actions in the premises. The defendant was again present and took part in the proceedings and heard the report made by Murrell.- The evidence tends to show that at the time the defendant was brought before the grand jury then and there the truth to tell in reference to this transaction, he well knew all the circumstances in connection with the deposit of the seventy-five thousand dollars in the Lincoln Trust Company and the purpose for which the deposit was made.

The stenographer for the grand jury, before whom this offense is charged to have been committed, testified that the questions and answers of defendant before the grand jury were substantially as follows:

“Q. "What do you know about this seventy-five thousand dollar deposit in the Lincoln Trust Company for the House of Delegates, after the passage of the Suburban bill? A. I know nothing except what I read in the newspapers.

“ Q. You mean you had never heard of it until you saw it in the paper? A. No, sir.

‘ ‘ Q. Have you heard of it since you saw it in the papers? A. I heard it talked in the street cars, and in fact, several people have spoken to me about it.

‘ ‘ Q. You never heard of this seventy-five thousand dollars referred to directly or indirectly by any member of the House of Delegates or any one else until you saw it in the papers? A. No, sir, I never heard of it.

“Q. You never knew from your own information or any information you obtained that there was any money up for the passage of that bill? A. No, sir.”

And under date of January 31,1902, defendant testified before the grand jury as follows:

“Q. Now, I will ask you whether or not at any time yon had knowledge either of your own or from any information from others, that there was any sum of money put; up to secure the passage of the bill known as the Suburban Railway bill? A. No, sir.

‘ ‘ Q. Either of your own knowledge or from what any other person has told you? A. No, sir.

“ Q. You mean to state positively that prior to these publications in the Star two weeks ago, that you knew nothing from your own knowledge or other information, regarding any money put up to secure the passage of the Suburban bill? A. I saw something in the papers two or three weeks ago. There was a little item.

“Q. "What paper? A. Just a little sketch.

‘ ‘Q. You mean to say prior to three or four weeks ago? A. Yes, sir.

“Q. That you had no knowledge or information regarding the putting up of any money to secure the passage of the Suburban bill for the use of the 'members of the Plouse of Delegates for that purpose. A. I knew nothing, about it.

“Q. Never heard of it? A. No, sir; not for a money consideration. I knew the bill was before us.

“Q. You never heard of the fact that there was any money up to go to any member or members of the House of Delegates in the case of the passage of the Suburban bill, prior to three or four weeks ago, when you saw it in the papers? A. No, sir; I never heard of it.

“Q. You state that positively? A. Yes, sir.”

"Witness John K. Murrell for the State, testified concerning the main facts, substantially as follows:

I was a member of the House of Delegates in 1900 and 1901. I represented the Fourteenth ward. I was a member at the time Council bill 44 was pending. While this bill was pending there was an association of the members of the House of Delegates formed in connection with the bill. There were nineteen of them. It was called the combine. It was composed of members Bersch, Schumacher, Sheridan, Denny, Hartmann, Schnettler, Madera, Gutke, Decker, E. E. Murrell, J. K. Murrell, E. T.. Albright, Helms, Lehman, Kelly, .Hannigan, 'Tamblyn, Robertson and Faulkner, the defendant. There were several meetings held with reference to this bill. The first was held in the House of Delegates chamber in the retiring room at the south end of the hall. There was a single door between this room and the room occupied by the House of Delegates. The door was shut; as a general rule, it was locked when anything was going on. All of these gentlemen that I have just mentioned as constituting the members of the combine were present.at the first meeting, including the defendant. At the first meeting there was a suggestion made by Gutke that some one should be placed on the bill to see what could be gotten out of it for .the members of the combine. Helms was nominated and I was nominated. Helms declined and I was appointed then to see who was back of the bill. The first price set by the combine to pass the bill was seventy-five thousand dollars. Various prices, however, were suggested — one hundred thousand, sixty thousand, and seventy-five thousand. Faulkner and Kelly and Bersch wanted one hundred thousand dollars; the majority, however, decided on seventy-five thousand. I then, as a member of the combine, went to see Mr. Stock and -I asked what proposition he had to make. He said his people would pay just about sixty thousand to pass the bill, and I told him the least we wanted was seventy-five thousand dollars; one thousand dollars especially to each member; that we wanted one thousand dollars each of the seventy-five thousand the night after the bill passed tbe House of Delegates, and tbe balance when it became a law. He, however, refused to accept this proposition and said he would do nothing of the kind. I reported back to the combine at a meeting held by them in the retiring room in the House of Delegates. The defendant Faulkner was there. I reported that he was willing to pay sixty thousand dollars for the passage of the bill; that they would not accept the proposition that we had given them. I went and asked Stock if he wanted to see me to telephone me. Possibly four or five weeks afterwards, I heard of Stock that he wanted to see me. I went down and he said that he saw his people, and that they were willing to pay seventy-five thousand dollars, but would not pay the money the night of the passage of the bill in the House; they would pay the seventy-five thousand dollars when it became a law. I reported back to the members of the combine at a meeting held in the retiring room of the House, the defendant being present. I reported that Stock said they were willing to pay seventy-five thousand dollars after the bill became a law,, and in the meantime the seventy-five thousand dollars was to be placed in a trust company. The members of the combine afterwards agreed to accept the proposition. The defendant was present. In the presence of the defendant I was instructed by the combine to go back and say to Stock that we would accept his proposition. I went back and saw him and told him, and when I left he said he would let me know in a day or so, that he would be ready for me; along about the twenty-fourth day of November, he telephoned me to come down, that he was ready. I went down and met him at the Lincoln Trust Building and we placed the money in a de-** posit box. I counted it. There was seventy-five thousand dollars. There were two keys to the box. Stock held one and I held the other. This box was to be opened after the bill became a law. The money was then to be divided up among the members of the combine; each one was to receive bis part. Both Stock and I had to be present at tbe opening of tbe box. • Tbe password at tbe trust company was “carriage.”

Tbe testimony of witness John K. Murrell was, as to tbe main features of it, corroborated by witnesses Edward E. Murrell, Tamblyn, Robertson, Helms and Schumacher.

Formal proof was made as to tbe organization of ' tbe Municipal Assembly, tbe administration of tbe proper oath to tbe members of it, including tbe defendant, and tbe pendency of Council bill No. 44. A number of witnesses were introduced and testified tbat defendant’s reputation for truth and veracity, in tbe neighborhood in which be resided, was good.

At tbe close of the testimony, defendant requested tbe court to instruct tbe jury as follows:

“Tbe jurors are instructed tbat unless they believe from, all the evidence in tbe case beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant prior to January 31, 1902, and before be testified before tbe grand jurors, was told by John K. Murrell or by some other person who bad personal knowledge tbat be, said Murrell, and Philip Stock bad deposited $75,000 in tbe Lincoln Trust Company for the-purpose of influencing any member or members of tbe House of Delegates of tbe city of St. Louis, for vote or votes or influence of such member or members in tbe passage of Council bill No. 44, then it is your duty to acquit tbe defendant; and tbe court further instructs you in this connection tbat personal knowledge is not knowledge derived from gossip, rumor or hearsay, but is knowledge one derives from the exercise of bis own senses, and tbat in this case unless * defendant saw Philip Stock or John K. Murrell, of either of them deposit $75,000 in tbe Lincoln Trust Company, or unless John K. Murrell or Philip Stock told defendant, or tbat some person associated with defendant who bad personal knowledge told defendant, that said Stock and Mnrrell had deposited $75,00.0 in the Lincoln Trust Company prior to January 31, 1902, then defendant had, in law, no knowledge of any deposits of $75,000 in the Lincoln Trust Company, and it is your duty to acquit him.

“The jurors are instructed that unless they believe from all the evidence in the case beyond a .reasonable doubt that defendant prior to January 31, 1902, and before he testified before the grand jurors, was told by John K. Murrell that he and Philip Stock had deposited $75,000 in the Lincoln Trust Company, for the purpose of influencing any member or members of the House of Delegates of the city of St. Louis, for vote or votes or influence of such member or member,? in the passage of Council bill No. 44, then it is your duty to acquit the defendant; and the court further instructs-you in this connection that personal knowledge is not knowledge derived from gossip, rumor or hearsay, but is knowledge one derives from the exercise of his own senses, and that in this ease, unless defendant saw Philip Stock or John K. Murrell, or either of them deposit $75,000 in the Lincoln Trust Company, or unless John K. Murrell or Philip Stock told defendant that they had deposited $75,000 in the Lincoln Trust Company prior to January 31, 1902, then defendant had, in law, no knowledge of any deposit of $75,000 in the Lincoln Trust Company, and it is your duty to acquit him.”

This request of defendant was denied, and the action of the court in its refusal to give the instruction prayed for, was duly excepted to and is properly preserved in the record before us. The complaints of appellant to instructions given by the court will be given attention in the course of the opinion.

Upon the submission of this cause to the jury, they returned a verdict of guilty, and assessed defendant’s punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of three years.

Motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment were filed, and by tbe court overruled. From tbe judgment of sentence upon tbe verdict rendered, defendant in due time and proper form prosecuted bis appeal to tbis court, and tbe cause is now before us for consideration.

OPINION.

Tbis cause was in judgment before tbis court upon a former appeal (State v. Faulkner, 175 Mo. 546), and it is apparent from tbe record before us tbat tbe trial court, in tbis proceeding, bas endeavored to dispose of tbe case in accordance with tbe views expressed in tbe opinion upon tbe prior appeal.

It is well, at tbe very inception of tbe consideration of tbe propositions disclosed by tbe record, which are involved in tbis cause, to first ascertain tbe questions tbat were settled upon tbe first appeal. We see no reason for departing from tbe principles announced or tbe conclusions reached in tbis case, when it was first presented to tbis court. Gantt, J., after a careful and painstaking investigation of the vital questions involved upon tbe former appeal in tbis case, clearly and correctly settled tbe law upon those questions. Tbe facts disclosing tbe history of tbe subject being investigated by tbe grand jurors, were substantially tbe same upon both appeals.

It is appropriate here to note what was said in tbat case. Upon tbe question ¿is to tbe province or tbe right of tbe grand jury to make tbe investigation which was made, it was said: “It. was then tbe duty and tbe right of tbe grand jury who were investigating* tbe charge of bribery against Murrell to send for defendant and inquire of him if be bad any knowledge or information of tbe existence of said sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, which it was reported tbat Murrell bad agreed should be paid to him to secure tbe passage of said bill No. 44. Any knowledge or information possessed by him concerning ‘the existence of such fund and the purposes for which it was to be used,’ was material to the inquiry the grand jury was then making. ' It was the natural and orderly way in which the grand jury would ascertain the material facts upon which to- base an indictment or to refuse to find one. It was their sworn duty to .obtain the legal evidence, to ascertain the witnesses by whom the charge could be substantiated and to indorse their names on the indictment, not alone for the benefit of the prosecuting attorney, but for the protection of the person charged in the indictment in the preparation of his defense. This inquiry and the defendant’s answer, taken in connection with the allegations of the indictment, disclose the materiality of the question and answer to the inquiry then being made.”

Upon the proposition as to the materiality of defendant’s knowledge of the matters about which the grand jury was making inquiry, the further conclusion was announced upon the first appeal: “That a witness subpoenaed before a grand jury and interrogated as to his knowledge of a crime alleged to have been committed in the county in which the grand jury is lawfully impaneled may commit perjury by falsely swearing that he did not know of the commission of such crime, or any material fact constituting a link in the chain of evidence necessary to establish such offense, is now too well settled to admit of a doubt.”

And after reviewing fully the authorities upon the subject, this final conclusion was announced in that case: “In the light of all these rulings it can not be doubted that if defendant in fact did falsely testify before the grand jury as charged in the indictment that he did not know of nor had he ever heard of the existence of the $75,000 deposited in the Lincoln Trust Company to bribe .certain members of the House of Delegates, when in truth-and in fact he did know of the said money and the purpose for which it was to be used, he was guilty of perjury.”

With these important, underlying principles involved in this case settled, it eliminates the discussion of them, as well as the necessity for doing so, and leaves remaining for solution the propositions suggested in the brief of learned counsel for appellant.

We wiil consider those questions in the order indicated in the assignment of errors urged in the brief before us.

It is first insisted that Judge Douglas, who presided at .the trial in this cause, whs incompetent to try the case. This contention is doubtless predicated upon the action- of the court on July 14, 1902, at which time defendant’s motion requesting the court to make an order declaring that the judge of said court was incompetent to try said cause, for the reason that he would not afford defendant n fair trial, was overruled. It will suffice to say upon that contention, that an examination of the record under review, discloses that the error complained of, if in fact erroneous, is not preserved in .the bill of exceptions in this cause. The two trials of this cause must not be confused, they are separate and distinct, and this court would not be warranted in reviewing complaints of error applicable to the former appeal, unless the same matters were presented to the court upon the trial now being reviewed, and the adverse ruling duly preserved in the bill of exceptions in this cause.

The record does not disclose any action upon the motion in which it was sought to disqualify the judge who presided at the trial of this cause, upon the trial of the cause now before the court for review. This motion was no part of the record proper, and could only be made so by the presentation of it, and the preservation of the adverse action of the court upon it, with the objections and exceptions, by a duly signed bill of exceptions. The stipulation of counsel in this cause, to supply omissions in the record, does not remedy the difficulty confronting ns in this cause. This stipulation simply contains the record entries upon the motion to disqualify the judge, made prior to the first trial. This would not change the condition of the record, for as before stated, the presentation of the motion, with the objections and exceptions to the adverse action of the court upon it, must be preserved by the bill of exceptions in this trial, and not by mere recitations in the record as to the action of the court upon the motion.

It is next insisted that defendant’s plea in abatement should have been sustained, and the court’s action in overruling the same is urged as error.

The first ground urged in the plea of abatement is that defendant was compelled to testify against himself. The disclosures of the record do not support that allegation. This proposition was fully discussed in the opinion of this court upon the first appeal; all the authorities were carefully reviewed and it can serve no useful purpose to repeat what was said in that exhaustive review of the authorities upon the subject. It will suffice to state the conclusions. The principles extracted from a careful analysis of the adjudicated oases, as well as the text-books treating of this subject, were thus stated in that case: “First, that the witness can not be compelled to criminate himself; second, that it is his personal privilege to decline to testify, and he may voluntarily waive it; third, that if compelled to testify after arrested or before arrest before a coroner’s’jury, after he is suspected, his admissions are not voluntary and can not be used against him on a subsequent trial for that offense — and such is the force of State v. Young, 119 Mo. 517.”

Those principles were applied to the facts disclosed by the record, and the final conclusion was announced. It was said: “In our opinion, because a court requires ■a witness even erroneously to testify to a matter which lie is justified in refusing to answer, is no ground for charging the court with having compelled him to testify to that which is false. It may he and is wrong to require him to testify to the truth if it would incriminate him, hut it can not be said, that merely because it wrongfully requires him to answer, it compels him to testify falsely. If he answers truthfully he can not be punished for perjury, and, as already said, he has two modes of redress if called upon to testify to that which is privileged. He may decline and claim his privilege and have his redress by habeas corpus, if imprisoned, or if he yields and saves his exceptions, he can appeal and have the judgment reversed, as is often done. In this case he made no claim of privilege, and it is everywhere ruled that this is a personal privilege which he may waive and must be held to have waived when he voluntarily answers without objecting to it that it would incriminate him. [State v. Douglass, 1 Mo. 527, and cases cited.]”

It is next urged in the plea, that the indictment in this cause was presented without having any testimony upon which to base the finding. If this was true, it furnished sufficient ground for sustaining defendant’s plea. [State v. Grady, 84 Mo. 224.] However, this allegation in order to be availing, must be supported by competent proof. Error is assigned upon the action of the court in the rejection of testimony offered by defendant in support of this allegation. The testimony to which this assignment of error is directed, is that of members of the grand jury, to whom questions were propounded touching their knowledge of the testimony introduced before them, upon which this indictment was predicated. The action of the court in excluding the testimony of members of the grand jury, finds full support in the announcement by this court of the rule upon that subject. The rule and the reason for its adoption is very aptly stated by Burgess, J., in State v. Johnson, 115 Mo. l. c. 489 and 490. It was thus stated:

“Grand juries, for their own protection, and that they may he independent and efficient in the discharge of their duties, are sworn to secrecy, and if the sanctity of their room can he invaded and they he required to testify as to what occurred therein, and what influences, were exerted to induce them to prefer indictments, the obligation thus' administered would be a mere idle ceremony. "While it should not be used as a means of persecution, yet our laws are such that no one.can be prosecuted and punished in this State for -a felony as such without first having been indicted by a grand jury, let the crime be ever so enormous or wherever it may be committed. We do not contend that grand jurors may not be sworn as witnesses in regard to infractions of the law which occur in their room or presence, but we do hold that they are incompetent to testify in regard to their own actions and as to what induced them to find the indictment in this case. A similar question was before this court in the case of State v. Baker, 20 Mo. 339, and it was held that ‘members of the grand jury can not under our statute be permitted to testify how they or their fellow-members did or did not vote, for the purpose of showing that twelve did not concur in finding the indictment,- nor would they, it seems, be permitted to state the fact that twelve did not concur.’ This case was cited with approval in the case of State v. Grady, 84 Mo. 224.” To the same effect is State v. Cole, 145 Mo. 672.

The indictment in this cause was returned and presented to the court in the usual manner of presenting indictments, with the names of certain witnesses indorsed upon it, and the presumption must be indulged* that the indictment was found in the manner indicated by the law, and this presumption is sufficient to support the regularity of the finding of the indictment, until rebutted by satisfactory evidence.

A careful consideration of the evidence as disclosed by the record, upon the hearing of the plea in abatement, fails to convince ns that the indictment was returned without any hearing of any evidence upon which to base it. In this inquiry it must be remembered that the question involved is not as to the sufficiency» of the evidence authorizing the finding of the indictment, or that there may have been incompetent testimony heard; of that, the grand jury were the judges; but the question is, whether they had before them any evidence at all. [State v. Grady, supra.] This subject was fully presented to the Supreme Court of Illinois, in Mackin v. People, 115 Ill. 312, and in our opinion correctly answered by that court. It meets so fully the averments in the plea in the case at bar, that what is there said may very appropriately be applied to the question now under consideration. The proposition was thus dealt with by that court:

“The point has been elaborately argued that the grand jury had no rightful authority, under the statute, to find an indictment, or to make presentment for perjury, upon information of their own body, nor unless upon the testimony of two witnesses. There is nothing in this- record to show how the indictment in this case was found — whether upon the information of the grand jurors themselves, or after hearing testimony of two or more witnesses, or after any testimony at all. The presumption, however, will be indulged in that the indictment was found in the manner the law directs.

“There is yet another objection of much the same character. It is assumed, as a matter of law, that where a defendant is required by the grand jury to testify touching a criminal charge against him pending before them, and in pursuance of that request does testify before them touching such charge, and where an indictment for such an offense is returned by the grand jury against him, it will be set aside, and it is sought to apply the rule stated to the defense being made. This can not be done. Whether the proposition stated embodies a correct principle of law or not, no opinion need be expressed, for tbe reason, if correct, it can have no application to the present case. Tbe perjury assigned is not upon any testimony given before tbe grand jury touching any charge then pending against defendant. No complaint bad been made by any one against him. Nor bad tbe court instructed tbe grand jury to investigate any charge against him. Tbe grand jury bad been charged by tbe court to investigate and inquire touching certain election matters arising out of a certain election held on November 4,1884, and it was upon that inquiry that defendant gave tbe testimony upon which tbe perjury is assigned. It was no more an investigation of a criminal charge against defendant than it was against tbe printers or engravers who did the work on tbe tickets or ballots, all of whom testified freely and fully before tbe same grand jury, and against whom it does not appear any indictments were found for perjury or for any other offense. Complaint is made that tbe defendant was asked tbe direct question whether be ordered tbe spurious ballots, and whether he received them after they bad been engraved or printed. Doubtless tbe same questions in substance were asked of tbe printers and tbe engraver, all of whom answered without hesitation what connection they bad bad with them. Had defendant been guiltless of any criminal use to be made of such ballots thereafter, be could have answered.as freely as did tbe other witnesses, and no one would have pretended any charge against him was being inquired into by tbe grand jury. Assuming answers to tbe question propounded to defendant would have disclosed criminal conduct on bis part, it was bis privilege to decline to answer, and bis refusal could not have been made tbe basis of any prosecution against him. Of course no one can be compelled to give evidence against himself, and tbe law secures to a person testifying in a legal proceeding, whether before a grand jury, or in a trial court, tbe privilege of answering or of declining to an•swer, if, in Ms opinion, the answer to the question wouM tend to disclose matters that might criminate him. The privilege secured is, however, .a personal one, and if he shall waive it, and elect to testify, he must do so with as much truth and candor as if testifying concerning other matters as to which he is bound to answer, .and if his testimony is willfully false, perjury may be assigned.”

' ■ Learned counsel for appellant direct our attention 4o the case of United States v. Edgerton, 80 Fed. 374, as supporting the contention that the plea in abatement should be sustained. That case was fully reviewed when this cause was before this court upon the first appeal, and in discussing the questions involved it was said:

“This is a case in the district court of Montana. The decision was made on a motion to quash an indictment, first, because one Flynn, an expert witness, was permitted to remain in the grand jury room and hear the testimony, of other witnesses, and examine them; second, because, while investigating the offense for which the defendant was indicted, he was- called as a witness before the grand jury to testify as to that offense, without being informed or knowing that his own -conduct was the subject under inquiry. The court quashed the indictment on both grounds and for other reasons also it would appear. While not the opinion of a court of last resort, the case appears to have been well decided. It is in line certainly with the reasoning np*on which the other cases cited depend. It is intolerable that one whose conduct is being investigated for the purpose of fixing on him a criminal charge should, in view of our constitutional mandate, be summoned to testify against himself and furnish evidence upon which he may be indicted. It is a plain violation both ■of .the letter and spirit of our organic law. Such a practice can not be too strongly condemned and scrupulously avoided by those entrusted with the administration of the criminal law, but it is obvious at a glance that this, case, like all others cited, does not meet the question before us.”

It is also urged in this plea that the indictment was ‘ based upon the testimony of the defendant. In a sense, that is true, for there could be no such thing as an indictment for perjury before the grand jury of a witness, without his'testimony constituting one of the essential features of the indictment; but it is not his testimony in respect to the offense of perjury, for which he is indicted, but the testimony given by him upon the subject undergoing investigation before the grand jury.

The record in this cause discloses that the grand jury were making a proper and legitimate inquiry upon the subject which is fully charged in the indictment, and if defendant was subpoenaed as a witness to testify upon such subject, there was one of two courses open to him to adopt. If his answers tended to incriminate him, he could refuse to respond to the question, or he could waive such personal privilege and testify truthfully as to his knowledge of the matter under investigation. If he waived his personal privilege and then testified falsely upon the inquisition being ma.de, and it was material, the responsibility for the results of such criminal conduct must rest with him. The plea in abatement was properly overruled.

Defendant’s application for a change of venue was overruled, and the action of the court in denying such application is assigned as error. Upon this proposition, the record discloses that the trial had proceeded, and some twenty jurors had been examined on their voir dire and found qualified, before this application was filed or called to the attention of the court. It might very appropriately and correctly be said that the presentation of this application was untimely, ígs the reason that the trial of the cause had begun. [State v. Lehman, 182 Mo. l. c. 442.] However, the court heard the testimony, and upon such hearing, denied the application.

‘ ‘ The granting of a change of venue in a criminal case rests largely in the discretion of the trial court, and this court will not interfere in the absence of a showing that such discretion has been abused.” [State v. Clevenger, 156 Mo. l. c. 194; State v. Tatlow, 136 Mo. 678; State v. Dyer, 139 Mo. 199.]

After a full and careful consideration of the immense volume of testimony upon this application, we are unwilling to say that the evidence would warrant us in holding that the discretion of the court, in denying the motion, was abused.

There was no error in the refusal of the instructions requested by defendant. We can not sanction the narrow limit in which the jury were confined by the refused instructions, in finding that the defendant had knowledge of the subject under investigation. We might correctly say, as was said in this case, 175 Mo. l. c. 603: That “this instruction, so far as it goes, is correct, but as the State was proceeding on the theory of- a conspiracy, the instruction should have gone further and stated the further alternative, ‘or that defendant at and prior to the deposit of said $75,000 by said Stock and Murrell was and had been a member of a criminal conspiracy or combine to obtain said sum under an agreement with said Stock in consideration •of their votes to pass said Suburban ordinance, and that said Murrell was also a member thereof, in which case, if they so find, the defendant would be chargeable with knowledge of the acts of said Murrell and of the knowledge possessed by said Murrell during the continuance of and in furtherance of said unlawful conspiracy.’ ”

The instruction given by the court upon this subject was correct, and fully advised the jury as to the state of facts which would warrant the conclusion that defendant was chargeable with knowledge of the subject being investigated by the grand jury.

Instruction numbered 2, which is complained of, given by the court, was a proper declaration of law upon the duty, as well as the right, of the grand jury to make the investigation which was made, and the further direction that the knowledge of any witness brought before them touching the subject of inquiry and the testimony concerning such knowledge, was material, meets with our approval.

It is insisted that the trial court erred in sustaining the challenge of the State to jurors Bushnell, Daub and Dauerheim. Upon this proposition, we have examined the record at the pages indicated by counsel for defendant, and fail to find any reference to challenges made, or any ruling of the court upon the same in respect to jurors Bushnell and Dauerheim. The contention must therefore be treated as applicable alone to juror Daub. It is sufficient to say upon this complaint that the questions and answers by this juror upon his examination as to his qualifications indicated very clearly that he was biased by his associations, and he is certainly to be commended for his honesty, manhood and courage in making the frank statement that he thought his - friendship and association with the brother of the defendant would influence him in reaching a conclusion in the case. The answers of the juror to the questions propounded furnish the answer to the contention of defendant, and that is that the court was fully warranted in sustaining the State’s challenge to this juror. The State, as well as the defendant, is entitled to an impartial jury, to which the issues are to be submitted. There was no error in the action of the court in .excusing the juror from service in this cause.

It is urged that the failure of the court to rebuke the counsel for the State for improper remarks to the jury, constitute reversible error. It is only necessary to say upon that question that we have carefully considered the remarks complained of, and while we do not hesitate to say that prosecuting officers best serve the State by confining themselves in argument in criminal cases to the facts developed upon the trial, and a fair discussion of the law applicable to such facts; yet we are of the opinion that the remarks in this case were not of that character as to endanger a.fair and dispassionate consideration of the issues involved, as well as the testimony introduced in- support of them.

This leads us to the consideration of the only remaining question presented by .counsel for appellant, that is, that the verdict is not supported by the evidence. If the testimony of the witnesses for the State is to he believed, there can he no dispute that the finding of the jury is fully supported. - It is true, the record discloses that much of the testimony relied upon to support this conviction consists of evidence detailed by accomplices in the commission of an offense equally as serious as the one with which the defendant is charged, yet that fact was made manifest to the triers of the fact.

Speaking for myself, I agree with counsel for appellant that little confidence should he placed in the statements of such witnesses; yet from an early period in the history of our jurisprudence, this court, as well as courts in other jurisdictions, have deemed it the safer rule to allow the jury to determine their credibility and the weight to he attached to their testimony.

We are unwilling to unsettle this rule that has been so uniformly followed in the trial of criminal causes. It follows, from what has been said, that it was specially the province of the jury in this case to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to he attached to their testimony. Doubtless the jury applied the usual tests to the witnesses, considered their character as well as their conduct and manner upon the stand; it is at least presumably true that they did this, and having, done so, it is not the province of this court to retry this cause upon the facts disclosed by the record.

The underlying principles upon which this prosecution is based, were settled upon the first appeal. The jury have settled the facts as applicable to the cause and returned their verdict , of guilty, and finding no reversible, error in the trial by the lower court, the judgment should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.

Gantt, P. J., concurs; Burgess, J., absent.

December 13, 1904.