[Cite as State v. Elkins, 2011-Ohio-3611.]
COURT OF APPEALS LICKING COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. : Hon. John W. Wise, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Julie A. Edwards, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 2010-CA-104 TIMOTHY ELKINS : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Licking County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2010- CR-00093
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: July 21, 2011
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
KENNETH OSWALT ERIC W. BREHM Licking County Prosecutor BREHM & ASSOCIATES 20 S. 2nd St., 4th Fl. 604 E. Rich St., Ste. 2100 Newark, OH 43055 Colummbus, OH 43215 [Cite as State v. Elkins, 2011-Ohio-3611.]
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Timothy Elkins appeals his convictions and
sentences from the Licking County Court of Common Pleas for one count of Rape of a
minor less than ten years old, a felony of the first degree in violation of R.C.
2907.02(A)(1)(b) and two counts of Gross Sexual Imposition felonies of the third degree
in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Plaintiff-appellee is the State of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On February 26, 2010, a Licking County grand jury indicted appellant on
two (2) counts of rape and two (2) counts of gross sexual imposition (GSI).
{¶3} The first count was alleged to have occurred during C.E.B.’s kindergarten
year which spanned, roughly, from August 15, 2008 to August 15, 2009, and was
alleged to have taken place at the first of two apartments which her maternal
grandmother, Marjorie Elkins, lived in located at 106D Andover Road, Heath, Ohio.
C.E.B. testified that on one occasion while she had been sleeping, her "Uncle Timmy"
(appellant) had licked her privates.1
{¶4} The second count was alleged to have occurred during the approximate
time frame of November 1, 2009 to January 20, 2010. By this time C.E.B.'s grandmother
had moved to a trailer in Buckeye Lake, Ohio, and appellant had moved to the State of
Indiana. However, during the period of time appellant returned to his mother's trailer in
Buckeye Lake on at least two occasions: once near Christmas; and then again for
several days near his mother's birthday weekend, January 14-20, 2010, which was also
Martin Luther King Day weekend. As with the earlier episode, C.E.B. alleged that
appellant licked her "in the wrong place", which she identified as her vagina. 1 The jury was unable to agree on a verdict on this Count of the Indictment. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 3
{¶5} Counts Three and Four of the indictment allege acts of Gross Sexual
Imposition for acts committed against appellant's de facto step-niece, B.S. These two
counts involve a single temporal event where appellant was alleged to have touched
B.S. on her breast (Count Three), and in her genital region (Count Four). This event is
alleged to have occurred during March 1, 2008 to November 1, 2008.
{¶6} Prior to trial appellant filed a motion pursuant Evid.R. 601 requesting that
the trial court conduct a voir dire examination of C.E.B. to determine her competency to
testify.2 The court conducted the examination and permitted counsel to participate in the
questioning of C.E.B. At the conclusion of that evaluation, the trial court found that she
was competent to testify and she did testify before the jury during appellant's trial.
{¶7} The State called seven witnesses during appellant's three-day trial.
Appellant chose not to take the stand in his own defense; however, the defense did call
his mother, Marjorie Elkins to testify on his behalf.
{¶8} When the trial concluded on August 26, 2010, the jury found appellant
guilty of Rape as set forth in Count 2 of the Indictment and two counts of Gross Sexual
Imposition as set forth in Counts Three and Four. The jury could not agree on a verdict
on Rape as set forth in Count One of the Indictment.
{¶9} The trial court sentenced appellant to fifteen (15) years to life on the rape,
and five (5) years on each of the GSI counts; the five year terms were to run
concurrently with each other, but consecutive to the rape sentence, for an aggregate
sentence of twenty (20) years to life in prison. The trial court also imposed five years
of mandatory post-release control, and classified appellant as a Tier III sex offender.
2 C.E.B. was born April 13, 2003. (Comp. May 6, 2010 at 11; 15). Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 4
{¶10} Appellant has timely appealed, raising the following two assignments of
error:
{¶11} “I. THE TRIAL COURT DID ERR BY FINDING C.E.B. COMPETENT TO
TESTIFY.
{¶12} “II. THE TRIAL COURT DID ERR WHEN IT ENTERED JUDGMENT
AGAINST THE DEFENDANT WHEN THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO
SUSTAIN A CONVICTION AND WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”
I.
{¶13} In his first assignment of error, appellant contends that the trial court
committed plain error in finding C.E.B. competent to testify at trial. Specifically
appellant’s argument centers upon three contentions, to wit: that during administration
of the oath at the competency hearing, C.E.B. was unable to spell her last name or
provide her current address; during cross-examination by the defense, C.E.B. agreed
that she would say a bad thing about a person, if C.E.B.'s mother instructed her to say a
bad thing; and C.E.B. experienced difficulty articulating time measurement; she was
unaware how many seasons are in a year, and she was unable to name the days of the
week.
{¶14} Evidence Rule 601 states:
{¶15} “Every person is competent to be a witness except:
{¶16} “(A) Those of unsound mind, and children under ten years of age, who
appear incapable of receiving just impressions of the facts and transactions respecting
which they are examined, or of relating them truly.” See, also R.C. 2317.01. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 5
{¶17} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth the following factors for a
competency determination pursuant to Evid. R. 601(A):
{¶18} “In determining whether a child under ten is competent to testify, the trial
court must take into consideration (1) the child’s ability to receive accurate impressions
of fact or to observe acts about which he or she will testify, (2) the child’s ability to
recollect those impressions or observations, (3) the child’s ability to communicate what
was observed, (4) the child’s understanding of truth and falsity and (5) the child’s
appreciation of his or her responsibility to be truthful.” State v. Frazier (1991), 61 Ohio
St. 3d 247, 251. The trial court must find, then, that the child witness: (1). has the ability
to recall the alleged acts of abuse; (2). has the ability to communicate those facts; and
(3). understands his responsibility to be truthful.
{¶19} A court conducting a voir dire to determine competency is not chained to a
ritualistic formula to ask specific questions. However, it must satisfy itself of the
elements enumerated in Frazier. State v. Swartsell, Butler App. No. CA2002-06-151,
2003-Ohio-4450 at ¶ 13. As long as a witness understands the oath, or has the mental
capacity sufficient to receive just impressions of the facts and transactions relating to
what he or she is being questioned upon, then he or she is competent to testify at trial.
State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 140-141, 538 N.E.2d 373. See, also, State
v. Wildman (1945), 145 Ohio St. 379, 61 N.E.2d 790, paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶20} “A child may be competent to testify even though the child * * * initially
does not recognize the concept of truth, so long as the voir dire continues on to
demonstrate that the child * * * generally * * * understands the concept of truthfulness.” Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 6
State v. Brooks (Oct. 26, 2001), 2nd Dist. No. 18502, quoting State v. Boyd (Oct. 31,
1997), 2d Dist. No. 97 CA 1.
{¶21} A trial court's decision that a presumed incompetent witness is competent
to testify must be approached by a reviewing court with great deference because the
trial judge has the opportunity to observe the person's appearance, his or her manner of
responding to the questions, general demeanor and any indicia of ability to relate the
facts accurately and truthfully. See Frazier, 61 Ohio St. 3d 247, 251, 574 N.E. 2d 483;
State v. Lewis (1982), 4 Ohio App.3d 275, 277, 448 N.E.2d 489, 490. See also, State v.
Uhler (1992), 80 Ohio App.3d 113, 118, citing State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d
136, paragraph one of the syllabus. See, also, State v. Wilson (1952), 156 Ohio St. 525;
Banez v. Banez, Stark App. No.2006CA00216, 2007-Ohio-4584 at ¶ 20.
{¶22} In the case at bar, appellant argues that the trial court should have found
C.E.B. not competent to testify because C.E.B.’s inability to measure time illustrates her
inability to accurately communicate what she observed, and further C.E.B.'s admission
that she would say bad things, if her mother instructed her to, shows that she did not
appreciate her responsibility to be truthful.
{¶23} We find instructive the case law that has developed concerning the failure
to provide exact dates upon which a sexual assault is alleged to have occurred. In those
cases, courts have found specificity as to the time and date of an offense is not required
in an indictment. Under R.C. 2941.03: “an indictment or information is sufficient if it can
be understood therefrom: * * * (E) That the offense was committed at some time prior
to the time of filing of the indictment * * *.” An indictment is not invalid for failing to
state the time of an alleged offense or doing so imperfectly. The State is not required to Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 7
prove that an offense occurred on any specific date, but rather may prove that the
offense occurred on a date reasonably near that charged in the indictment. State v.
Adams, 5th Dist. No. 02-CA-00043, 2002-Ohio-5953 at ¶8.
{¶24} Impreciseness and inexactitude of the temporal evidence at trial is not “per
se impermissible or necessarily fatal to a prosecution.” State v. Robinette (Feb. 27,
1987), 5th Dist. No. CA-652. The question in such cases is whether the inexactitude of
temporal information truly prejudices the accused's ability fairly to defend him. Sellards,
supra; State v. Gingell (1982), 7 Ohio App.3d 364, 368, 455 N.E.2d 1066, 1071; State v.
Kinney (1987), 35 Ohio App.3d 84, 519 N.E.2d 1386. Appellant has not argued or
alleged that the inexactitude prejudiced his ability to defend himself at trial.
{¶25} Grafted upon the question of prejudice is a problem that cases of child
abuse invariably present, i.e., a victim-witness who, due to tender years, does not have
the temporal memory of an adult and has problems remembering exact times. As this
court has noted: “[t]ime is neither essential nor an element of the crime of sexual
battery.” State v. Robinette (Feb. 27, 1987), 5th Dist. No. CA-652.
{¶26} In Robinette this court stated: “[w]e note that these particular cases often
make it more difficult to ascertain specific dates. The victims are young children who
may reasonably be unable to remember exact times and dates of psychologically
traumatic sexual abuses. This is especially true where the crimes involve several
instances of abuse spread out over an extended period of time. State v. Humfleet
(Sept. 9, 1985), Clermont App. No. CA84-04-031, unreported, at 15. The problem is
compounded where the accused and the victim are related or reside in the same
household, situations which often facilitate an extended period of abuse. An allowance Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 8
for reasonableness and inexactitude must be made for such cases considering the
circumstances.”
{¶27} In State v. Sellards (1985), 17 Ohio St.3d 169, 478 N.E.2d 781, the
Supreme Court gave two examples of when the failure to provide specific dates and
times could be prejudicial to the accused. The court first noted that if the age of the
victim were an element of the crime with which the accused had been charged and the
victim bordered on the age required to make the conduct criminal, then the failure to
provide a more specific time frame would be prejudicial. This is true because “specific
dates of sexual conduct might well have become critical to the accused's ability to
prepare a defense, since sexual conduct toward one thirteen years of age or older
would not constitute the offense of rape as defined in the charged section of the criminal
code, R.C. 2907.02(A)(3).” Sellards, supra, 17 Ohio St.3d at 172, 478 N.E.2d at 785.
The second situation is where “the defendant had been imprisoned or was indisputably
elsewhere during part but not all of the intervals of time set out in the indictment.
Again, under such circumstances, the inability of the state to produce a greater degree
of specificity would unquestionably prejudice the defense." Id. The Sellards court
noted: “the record in this case does not indicate that the failure to provide the accused
with a specific date was a material detriment to the preparation of his defense. In this
regard, we note that while appellee claims on appeal that the inexactitude of the
indictment and bill of particulars as to date denied him the ability to present an alibi
defense, appellee never filed a notice of intent to rely on an alibi as is required by
Crim.R. 12.1. (Cf. State v. Dingus [1970], 26 Ohio App.2d 131, 137, 269 N.E.2d 923
[55 O.O.2d 280]; Gingell, supra, at 368, 455 N.E.2d 1066.)” Id. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 9
{¶28} In the case at bar, C.E.B.’s age did not border on the age required to
make the conduct criminal. She was under ten years old at the time of the sexual
assaults and also at the time of appellant’s trial. As the case law illustrates, the fact that
an immature mind cannot relate time with the exactitude of an adult is not dispositive of
the child’s ability to know the importance of telling the truth. In the case at bar, the trial
court found that C.E.B. was aware of her ability to be truthful and was capable of
relating her experiences. After a thorough review of the record we find nothing to
demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion by so finding.
{¶29} Finally, although C.E.B. admitted that she would say bad things, if her
mother instructed her to, there was never any evidence presented to suggest that her
mother had instructed her to say “bad things” about appellant. In any event, it was not
shown that C.E.B. would “lie” about a person if her mother told her too. In other words,
saying “bad things” are not the same thing as “telling lies” about a person or lying in the
courtroom.
{¶30} We have reviewed the entire voir dire and trial testimony of C.E.B. After
our review of these sections, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's
determination C.E.B. was competent to testify at trial.
{¶31} Appellant’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.
II.
{¶32} In his Second Assignment of Error appellant argues that his convictions on
the rape charge and the two gross sexual imposition charges were against the manifest
weight of the evidence and not based upon sufficient evidence. We disagree. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 10
{¶33} Our standard of reviewing a claim a verdict was not supported by sufficient
evidence is to examine the evidence presented at trial to determine whether the
evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the accused’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, State v. Jenks
(1991), 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, superseded by State constitutional
amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith (1997), 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 684
N.E.2d 668..
{¶34} The Supreme Court has explained the distinction between claims of
sufficiency of the evidence and manifest weight. Sufficiency of the evidence is a
question for the trial court to determine whether the State has met its burden to produce
evidence on each element of the crime charged, sufficient for the matter to be submitted
to the jury.
{¶35} Manifest weight of the evidence claims concern the amount of evidence
offered in support of one side of the case, and is a jury question. We must determine
whether the jury, in interpreting the facts, so lost its way that its verdict results in a
manifest miscarriage of justice, State v. Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St. 3d 387, 678
N.E.2d 541, 1997-Ohio-52, superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds
as stated by State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 1997-Ohio-355, 684 N.E.2d 668. On
review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is “to examine the entire record, weigh the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses and
determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 11
way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be
reversed. The discretionary power to grant a new hearing should be exercised only in
the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the judgment.” State
v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, citing State v. Martin (1983), 20 Ohio
App.3d 172, 175. Because the trier of fact is in a better position to observe the
witnesses’ demeanor and weigh their credibility, the weight of the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass (1967), 10
Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212, syllabus 1.
{¶36} In Thompkins, the Ohio Supreme Court held "[t]o reverse a judgment of a
trial court on the basis that the judgment is not sustained by sufficient evidence, only a
concurring majority of a panel of a court of appeals reviewing the judgment is
necessary." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. However, to "reverse a judgment of
a trial court on the weight of the evidence, when the judgment results from a trial by jury,
a unanimous concurrence of all three judges on the court of appeals panel reviewing
the case is required." Id. at paragraph four of the syllabus; State v. Miller (2002), 96
Ohio St.3d 384, 2002-Ohio-4931 at ¶38, 775 N.E.2d 498
{¶37} In this assignment of error, appellant argues that the evidence in this case
was deficient because the state did not produce any physical evidence of sexual abuse,
on either C.E.B. or B.S.; failed to produce a qualified expert on child abuse, to testify
that C.E.B.'s and B.S.' experiences and behaviors were consistent with the experiences
and behaviors of sexually abused children; and neither C.E.B. nor B.S. could testify with
specificity as to when the alleged abuse occurred. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 12
{¶38} “Sexual conduct” is defined as “vaginal intercourse between a male and a
female; anal intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex;
and, without privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body or
any instrument, apparatus, or other object into the vaginal or anal cavity of another.
Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete vaginal or anal intercourse.” R.C.
2907.01(A).
{¶39} When the prosecutor asked C.E.B. testified that appellant had licked her in
the area she identified as her vagina.
{¶40} Corroboration of victim testimony in rape cases is not required. See State
v. Sklenar (1991), 71 Ohio App.3d 444, 447, 594 N.E.2d 88; State v. Banks (1991), 71
Ohio App.3d 214, 220, 593 N.E.2d 346; State v. Lewis (1990), 70 Ohio App.3d 624,
638, 591 N.E.2d 854; State v. Gingell (1982), 7 Ohio App.3d 364, 365, 7 OBR 464, 455
N.E.2d 1066.” State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St .3d 210, 217, 2006-Ohio-6404 at ¶ 53, 858
N.E.2d 1144, 1158. See also, State v. Basham, Muskingum App. No. CT2007-0010,
2007-Ohio-6995.
{¶41} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we
conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
appellant had sexual conduct with C.E.B. and further that he committed the crime of
rape. We hold, therefore, that the state met its burden of production regarding each
element of the crime of rape and, accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support
appellant's conviction for rape.
{¶42} Appellant was further convicted of two counts of gross sexual imposition. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 13
{¶43} Gross Sexual Imposition prohibits “sexual contact” when the offender
knows the other person is less than thirteen years of age. “Sexual Contact” is defined as
“any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the thigh,
genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of
sexually arousing or gratifying either person”. R.C. 2907.01. Accordingly, touching the
“erogenous zone” is what is prohibited.
{¶44} In the case at bar, B.S. testified at appellant’s jury trial. B.S. was born on July
8, 1999. B.S. testified that appellant touched her "privates" and "chest" one night
during the summer of 2008. B.S. alleged that appellant asked her not to tell.
{¶45} In the case at bar, the jury heard testimony from Laura Romans. Ms.
Romans performs personal safety presentations for children in Fairfield County
Schools. On January 28, 2010, Romans gave presentations to C.E.B.'s and B.S.'
elementary school.
{¶46} Angela Harrison the principal of C.E.B.'s and B.S.' elementary
school also testified. Ms. Harrison testified that on January 29, 2010, C.E.B. and
B.S. alleged to Harrison that they had been sexually abused.
{¶47} If the State relies on circumstantial evidence to prove an essential element
of an offense, it is not necessary for “‘such evidence to be irreconcilable with any
reasonable theory of innocence in order to support a conviction.’ “ State v. Jenks
(1991), 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 272, 574 N.E. 2d 492 at paragraph one of the syllabus.
“‘Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative
value [.]’” Jenks, 61 Ohio St .3d at paragraph one of the syllabus. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 14
{¶48} Furthermore, “‘[s]ince circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are
indistinguishable so far as the jury's fact-finding function is concerned, all that is
required of the jury is that i[t] weigh all of the evidence, direct and circumstantial, against
the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” ‘ Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d at 272,
574 N.E. 2d 492. While inferences cannot be based on inferences, a number of
conclusions can result from the same set of facts. State v. Lott (1990), 1 Ohio St.3d
160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293, citing Hurt v. Charles J. Rogers Transp. Co. (1955), 164
Ohio St. 329, 331, 130 N.E.2d 820. Moreover, a series of facts and circumstances can
be employed by a jury as the basis for its ultimate conclusions in a case. Lott, 51 Ohio
St.3d at 168, 555 N.E.2d 293, citing Hurt, 164 Ohio St. at 331, 130 N.E.2d 820.
{¶49} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we
conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
appellant committed the two Gross Sexual Imposition offenses. We hold, therefore, that
the state met its burden of production regarding each element of each of the crimes of
gross sexual imposition and, accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support
appellant's conviction for each count of gross sexual imposition.
{¶50} Although appellant cross-examined the victims and the other state
witnesses regarding inconsistencies in, and the vagueness of, their testimony and
further argued that no forensic or expert evidence supported the allegations, the jury
was free to accept or reject any and all of the evidence offered by the appellant and
assess the witness' credibility. Although the evidence may have been circumstantial, we
note that circumstantial evidence has the same probative value as direct evidence.
State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 15
{¶51} Finally, as we noted in our disposition of appellant’s First Assignment of
Error, impreciseness and inexactitude of the temporal evidence at trial is not “per se
impermissible or necessarily fatal to a prosecution.” State v. Robinette (Feb. 27, 1987),
5th Dist. No. CA-652. The question in such cases is whether the inexactitude of
temporal information truly prejudices the accused's ability fairly to defend him. Sellards,
supra; State v. Gingell (1982), 7 Ohio App.3d 364, 368, 455 N.E.2d 1066, 1071; State v.
Kinney (1987), 35 Ohio App.3d 84, 519 N.E.2d 1386. Appellant has not argued or
alleged that the inexactitude prejudiced his ability to defend himself at trial.
{¶52} We conclude the jury, in resolving the conflicts in the evidence, did not
create a manifest injustice to require a new trial. Viewing this evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, we further conclude that a rational trier of fact could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant had committed the crimes of Gross
Sexual Imposition.
{¶53} Accordingly, appellant's convictions for gross sexual imposition are not
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Licking County, Case No. 2010-CA-104 16
{¶54} For the forgoing reasons, appellant’s Second Assignment of Error is
overruled.
{¶55} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas, Licking County, Ohio is
affirmed.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Wise, J., and
Edwards, J., concur
_________________________________ HON. W. SCOTT GWIN
_________________________________ HON. JOHN W. WISE
_________________________________ HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS WSG:clw 0707 [Cite as State v. Elkins, 2011-Ohio-3611.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : : : -vs- : JUDGMENT ENTRY : TIMOTHY ELKINS : : : Defendant-Appellant : CASE NO. 2010-CA-104
For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of
the Court of Common Pleas, Licking County, Ohio is affirmed. Costs to appellant.
_________________________________ HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS