McClain, J.
The evidence tended to show that on Saturday, the 11th day of October, 1902, at about half past ten o’clock in the forenoon, the prosecuting witness, 13 years of age, started from the town of Melrose for her home, which was about two and one half miles from town south and east. She proceeded south along a highway about one hundred and ten rods, and then turned east along another highway, and had gone about thirty-five rods, when she was assaulted by a man who, when she first saw him, was sitting under a tree. There is no question as to the brutal nature [445] of the assault, the sole controversy before the jury being as to the identity of the defendant with the person who committed the crime.
1. Declarations of prosecutrix. I. Immediately after prosecutrix escaped from her assailant she went to the nearest house, and made complaint, and gave a description of the man who had assaulted her. The next day (Sunday) prosecuting witness was at the house of one Robinson in the town of Melrose, in the afternoon, when the sheriff, who, as she knew, had, with others, been engaged in the search for the person who had committed the assault, came to Robinson’s with the defendant, and she was allowed to testify that she then recognized the defendant as the man who committed the assault, and declared to others that she so recognized him. Counsel for defendant complain of the action of the court in overruling defendant’s objection to the testimony of the witnesses who were present as to what the prosecuting witness said on that occasion. In this ruling we think there was manifest error. The words or conduct of the defendant when confronted by the prosecutrix and accused by her might be shown by the State for the purpose of establishing an admission by him of his guilt. State v. Dennis, 119 Iowa, 688, 692. But we know of no authority for admitting proof of the declaration of the prosecuting witness not constituting a part of the res gestee with reference to the identity of the defendant with the person committing the crime. Certainly it is not competent to thus build up a case against defendant by proving declarations of the prosecuting witness with reference to his identify. Hopt v. Utah, 110 U. S. Rep. 574 (4 Sup. Ct. 202, 28 L. Ed. 262); Reddick v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 463 (34 S. W. Rep. 274, 60 Am. St. Rep. 56). Of course, the fact of complaint by prosecutrix may be shown, and no doubt as a witness she may testify that she recognized the defendant as the person who committed the crime, but what she said is not in itself competent, evidence on the question of identity.
[446] 2. CORROBORATION. II. At the close of the evidence for the State defendant demurred to the evidence offered on the ground that there was a total absence of testimony, other than that of the prosecutrix, tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the-offense, and this demurrer was overruled. In this, we think, there was error. It is provided, in Code, section 5488, that: “ The defendant in a prosecution for * * * assault with intent to commit rape * * * cannot be convicted upon the testimony of the person injured unless she be corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense.” It is well settled that tire corroborating evidence must be other than the evidence of the prosecutrix, and must tend to single out the defendant, and identify him as the person who committed the crime. State v. Carnagy, 106 Iowa, 483; State v. McGinn, 109 Iowa, 641; State v. Fountain, 110 Iowa, 15.
Aside from the testimony and declarations of the prosecuting witness, the only evidence relied upon by the State to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime was the testimony of witnesses who said that at the time the prosecutrix passed south along the highway, just prior to the assault, they saw the defendant passing along the highway right ahead of her; and other testimony to the effect that about half past eleven o’clock on the forenoon of the day on which the assault was committed defendant was seen in the town of Melrose, coming from the south. No witness save the prosecutrix testifies to having seen defendant in the immediate neighborhood where the assault was committed, nor, indeed, to having seen anything of him between the time he was going south and the time about an hour later, when he was in Melrose, coming from the south. It is proper to say, also, that the prosecuting witness testified that she did not see the defendant or any other person going south along the highway in' front of her before the as'sault, and that the witnesses who testified that they saw defendant on [447] the highway, either going south or returning north, were very indefinite as to their recollections in the matter. But, conceding that there was some evidence that defendant was seen preceding the prosecutrix, and subsequently entering the town from the south, we think that this was not sufficient to constitute the corroboration required by statute. The crimes of rape and assault with intent to commit rape, as has often been said, are easily charged and difficult to disprove. The just indignation felt by all right-thinking persons when a bestial assault has been made upon a girl predisposes jurors to accept as sufficient any evidence which, to their minds, tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime. It was with the very purpose of protecting those who might be accused of such crimes from conviction without satisfactory evidence of guilt that the statutory provision was enacted, and it is our duty to apply the statute without hesitation, and give to it its reasonable interpretation, regardless of the effect which may result from its application in any particular case.
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McClain, J.
The evidence tended to show that on Saturday, the 11th day of October, 1902, at about half past ten o’clock in the forenoon, the prosecuting witness, 13 years of age, started from the town of Melrose for her home, which was about two and one half miles from town south and east. She proceeded south along a highway about one hundred and ten rods, and then turned east along another highway, and had gone about thirty-five rods, when she was assaulted by a man who, when she first saw him, was sitting under a tree. There is no question as to the brutal nature [445] of the assault, the sole controversy before the jury being as to the identity of the defendant with the person who committed the crime.
1. Declarations of prosecutrix. I. Immediately after prosecutrix escaped from her assailant she went to the nearest house, and made complaint, and gave a description of the man who had assaulted her. The next day (Sunday) prosecuting witness was at the house of one Robinson in the town of Melrose, in the afternoon, when the sheriff, who, as she knew, had, with others, been engaged in the search for the person who had committed the assault, came to Robinson’s with the defendant, and she was allowed to testify that she then recognized the defendant as the man who committed the assault, and declared to others that she so recognized him. Counsel for defendant complain of the action of the court in overruling defendant’s objection to the testimony of the witnesses who were present as to what the prosecuting witness said on that occasion. In this ruling we think there was manifest error. The words or conduct of the defendant when confronted by the prosecutrix and accused by her might be shown by the State for the purpose of establishing an admission by him of his guilt. State v. Dennis, 119 Iowa, 688, 692. But we know of no authority for admitting proof of the declaration of the prosecuting witness not constituting a part of the res gestee with reference to the identity of the defendant with the person committing the crime. Certainly it is not competent to thus build up a case against defendant by proving declarations of the prosecuting witness with reference to his identify. Hopt v. Utah, 110 U. S. Rep. 574 (4 Sup. Ct. 202, 28 L. Ed. 262); Reddick v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 463 (34 S. W. Rep. 274, 60 Am. St. Rep. 56). Of course, the fact of complaint by prosecutrix may be shown, and no doubt as a witness she may testify that she recognized the defendant as the person who committed the crime, but what she said is not in itself competent, evidence on the question of identity.
[446] 2. CORROBORATION. II. At the close of the evidence for the State defendant demurred to the evidence offered on the ground that there was a total absence of testimony, other than that of the prosecutrix, tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the-offense, and this demurrer was overruled. In this, we think, there was error. It is provided, in Code, section 5488, that: “ The defendant in a prosecution for * * * assault with intent to commit rape * * * cannot be convicted upon the testimony of the person injured unless she be corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense.” It is well settled that tire corroborating evidence must be other than the evidence of the prosecutrix, and must tend to single out the defendant, and identify him as the person who committed the crime. State v. Carnagy, 106 Iowa, 483; State v. McGinn, 109 Iowa, 641; State v. Fountain, 110 Iowa, 15.
Aside from the testimony and declarations of the prosecuting witness, the only evidence relied upon by the State to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime was the testimony of witnesses who said that at the time the prosecutrix passed south along the highway, just prior to the assault, they saw the defendant passing along the highway right ahead of her; and other testimony to the effect that about half past eleven o’clock on the forenoon of the day on which the assault was committed defendant was seen in the town of Melrose, coming from the south. No witness save the prosecutrix testifies to having seen defendant in the immediate neighborhood where the assault was committed, nor, indeed, to having seen anything of him between the time he was going south and the time about an hour later, when he was in Melrose, coming from the south. It is proper to say, also, that the prosecuting witness testified that she did not see the defendant or any other person going south along the highway in' front of her before the as'sault, and that the witnesses who testified that they saw defendant on [447] the highway, either going south or returning north, were very indefinite as to their recollections in the matter. But, conceding that there was some evidence that defendant was seen preceding the prosecutrix, and subsequently entering the town from the south, we think that this was not sufficient to constitute the corroboration required by statute. The crimes of rape and assault with intent to commit rape, as has often been said, are easily charged and difficult to disprove. The just indignation felt by all right-thinking persons when a bestial assault has been made upon a girl predisposes jurors to accept as sufficient any evidence which, to their minds, tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime. It was with the very purpose of protecting those who might be accused of such crimes from conviction without satisfactory evidence of guilt that the statutory provision was enacted, and it is our duty to apply the statute without hesitation, and give to it its reasonable interpretation, regardless of the effect which may result from its application in any particular case.
Counsel for the State have urged upon us a consideration of the cases of State v. Fountain, 110 Iowa, 15, State v. Peterson, 110 Iowa, 647, and other cases in which language is used with reference to corroboration in such cases which, as they claim, would justify the jury in considering the complaints made by the prosecuting witness, the condition of her underclqthing, and her description of the defendant, as sufficient in this case to constitute the corroboration required by the statute. But counsel have entirely misconceived the meaning of the language used by the court in the cases referred to. The complaints of prosecutrix, soon after the commission of the crime, and the condition of her body and clothing, may constitute corroboration of her testimony that a crime has been committed, but they cannot possibly constitute the corroborating evidence required by the statutory provision above referred to. Certainly the declarations of prosecutrix identifying the defendant as the person who [448] committed the crime can have no greater weight than the testimony of prosecutrix under oath to the same effect; but by the statutory provision the testimony of prosecutrix alone is insufficient to justify a conviction. As we understand the instructions given, they are to the effect that declarations of the prosecutrix, made after the assault, and tending to identify the defendant as the person who committed the crime, would not in themselves- constitute sufficient corroboration; and, if the instructions are to be so interpreted, then the verdict lacks support in evidente tending to corroborate the prosecutrix in connecting the defendant with the crime, and is also contrary to the instructions. But it is sufficient to say on this point that, in the absence of any such corroborating evidence, the court should, on defendant’s .motion, have directed a verdict in his favor.
3. Corroboraton oppurtunity. III. The defendant asked the court to instruct that proof of the presence of defendant in the vicinity where the assault was committed, if it was committed, at about the time of the commission thereof, and his opportunity, by reason of such proximity, to assault the prosecutrix, would not of itself be corroborative evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense; but the court refused to give this instruction, and gave none as to the effect of evidence of mere opportunity. The instruction asked may perhaps have' gone too far, for we can well imagine circumstances under which proof that the defendant was seen in the immediate vicinity of the commission of the crime at a time very near to that at which the crime was committed might tend to identify him as the person who committed it. But under some circumstances it has properly been held in cases of this character that opportunity alone is not of itself such corroborating evidence tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense as the statute requires. State v. Wheeler, 116 Iowa, 212; State v. Chapman, 88 Iowa 254. In view of [449] the nature of the evidence as already detailed, we think some instruction on the subject -would have been proper.
4. instructions: offenses. IV. Complaint is made that the court failed to instruct the jury with reference to assault and battery and assault with intent to inflict a great bodily injury as included crimes. The jury were instructed that, if they fouud defendant pursued prosecutrix, and caught her, and threw her down, they would be justified in finding that he committed an assault. But the indictment charged the act to have been committed “ with force and violence,” and the evidence tended to show violence such as to constitute a battery, and, indeed, such as might have evidenced an intent to commit great bodily injury, and the jury should have been instructed as to these possible included crimes. State v. Wolf, 112 Iowa, 458; State v. Trusty, 122 Iowa, 82; State v. Hutchinson, 95 Iowa, 566; State v. Kyne, 86 Iowa, 616. It will not do to say that, if the jury found the defendant guilty of any crime, they must have found him guilty of assault with intent to commit rape, inasmuch as the prosecutrix was under the age of consent; for they might, under the evidence, have found sufficient basis for a conviction of assault and battery, or assault to inflict great bodily injury, from the testimony of prosecutrix alone, although thei’e was not the corroboration required for a conviction of assault with intent to commit rape.
For the errors pointed out, the conviction must be set aside, and the case remanded for a new trial.— Reversed.