[Cite as State v. Dyer, 2021-Ohio-2329.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 28671 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2018-CR-4256 : JAMEEL DYER : (Criminal Appeal from : Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : :
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OPINION
Rendered on the 9th day of July, 2021.
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by J. JOSHUA RIZZO, Atty. Reg. No. 0099218, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
APRIL F. CAMPBELL, Atty. Reg. No. 0089541, 46½ North Sandusky Street, Delaware, Ohio 43015 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
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WELBAUM, J. -2-
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Jameel Dyer, appeals from his conviction in the
Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas after the trial court found him guilty of one
count of rape following a bench trial. In support of his appeal, Dyer contends that the
trial court did not have jurisdiction to try and convict him of that offense because he did
not waive his right to a jury trial in open court. Dyer also contends that his conviction
was not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the
evidence. For the reasons outlined below, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} On November 8, 2018, a Montgomery County grand jury indicted Dyer for
one count of rape by force or threat of force in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), a felony of
the first degree. Dyer pled not guilty to the charge and thereafter filed a motion to
suppress all statements he provided to investigating detectives. Following a
suppression hearing, the trial court overruled Dyer’s motion to suppress. Dyer’s case
then proceeded to a bench trial.
{¶ 3} At trial, the 61-year-old victim testified that she was a long-time friend of
Dyer’s grandfather, Jerome Carter. The victim testified that on the evening October 30,
2018, she visited Carter’s residence in Dayton, Ohio. When the victim arrived at Carter’s
residence, Carter’s grandson, Dyer, was also present. The victim had never met Dyer
before, so Carter introduced the victim to Dyer that evening. After spending some time
at Carter’s residence, the victim briefly went to the store to play her lottery numbers.
When the victim returned to Carter’s residence, Dyer was sitting on the couch in Carter’s
front room. The victim testified that she sat down next to Dyer on the couch and that -3-
they started talking and listening to music together. Carter was not in the front room at
the time, but at the back of the house.
{¶ 4} The victim testified that her conversation with Dyer was strange because
Dyer was telling her that he was the anti-Christ. Despite this, the victim kept sitting on
the couch and listening to music with Dyer. The victim testified that she eventually got
up from the couch in order to change the CD in the CD player. In doing so, the victim
testified that she bent over to look through some CDs that were lying on the floor. The
victim testified that as she was bent over, Dyer pulled her elastic pants down and “st[u]ck
his fingers up [her] rectum” without her knowledge or consent. Trans. (Nov. 12, 2019),
p. 49. The victim testified that it hurt when Dyer did this and that fluid started to run down
her leg because she had a colonoscopy the week before.
{¶ 5} Continuing, the victim testified that she was shocked by Dyer’s conduct and
that she asked Dyer what he was doing. The victim testified that Dyer moaned
something indiscernible in response. At that point, the victim testified that she pulled up
her pants, pushed Dyer over, jumped over the couch, and went out the front door. The
victim testified that as she was leaving, she saw Carter near the bathroom where he kept
his condoms. The victim also thought she heard Carter say “catch that B.” Id. at 52.
Given these observations, the victim testified that she “felt like [she] was being set up.”
Id. However, the victim indicated that she was unsure whether Carter was actually
involved. The victim also testified that she had only consumed two beers that evening
and had her wits about her.
{¶ 6} After running out of Carter’s house, the victim called 9-1-1. The 9-1-1 call
was played for the trial court and admitted into evidence. During the call, the victim was -4-
difficult to understand because she was upset and out of breath from running. The
victim, however, reported to the 9-1-1 operator that Carter and his grandson had raped
her and that “they went up in [her] bottom part.” State’s Exhibit 4 at 3:49 to 3:52. During
her cross-examination, the victim clarified that although she had told the 9-1-1 operator
that both Carter and Dyer had raped her, it was only one person, Dyer, who had inserted
his fingers into her rectum. The victim also explained that she had felt Carter might have
been involved in the incident simply because it happened at his residence.
{¶ 7} The officer who responded to the victim’s 9-1-1 call testified that the victim
initially reported that she had been visiting Carter and that “him and his grandson had
gone up inside of her.” Trans. (Nov. 14, 2019), p. 119. The officer then testified that
while transporting the victim to the hospital, the victim reported that while she was at
Carter’s residence, Dyer “was saying some kind of weird stuff like, I’m God, I’m the anti-
Christ, I’m here to save you all * * * [a]nd then at some point, while they were in the front
room, the grandson flipped her over, said * * * I’m here to cleanse you, and then stuck
multiple fingers up her anus.” Id. at 121-122. The victim testified that she did not recall
telling the officer that Dyer had flipped her over. However, both the sexual assault nurse
examiner (“SANE nurse”) who examined the victim and the investigating detective
similarly testified that the victim had reported that Dyer flipped her over during the incident.
{¶ 8} The investigating detective testified that she interviewed Dyer after he was
identified by the victim and arrested. Dyer’s interview was video-recorded and the video
was played for the trial court and admitted into evidence. In the video, Dyer claimed that
he and the victim were listening to music and dancing in Carter’s front room when Carter
came into the room and pulled down the victim’s pants. Dyer claimed that the victim was -5-
apprehensive at first, but eventually helped Carter pull down her pants. Dyer stated that
the victim began pushing her bare buttocks out toward him as they were dancing close
together. Dyer stated that he touched the victim’s buttocks, “definitely between her butt
cheeks.” State’s Exhibit 7 at 11:51:33 to 11:51:42. Dyer also stated that his fingers
were “kind of stinky” afterward and that it was possible he had fecal matter on his hand.
Id. at 11:24:06 to 11:26:53. Because of this, Dyer agreed that it was “very possible” that
his hand went up her rectum. Id. at 11:52:00 to 11:52:19.
{¶ 9} Carter testified in Dyer’s defense and claimed that he (Carter) and the victim
were boyfriend and girlfriend at the time of the incident. Carter confirmed that Dyer and
the victim were drinking and socializing in his front room on the evening in question.
Carter also agreed that Dyer was saying odd things like “I’m going to free you of all your
demons.” Trans. (Nov. 14, 2019), p. 169. Carter testified that he left the front room to
use the bathroom for about 15 minutes, and that when he came back, the victim quickly
left two or three minutes later. Carter claimed nothing seemed out of the ordinary when
the victim left his residence. Carter also claimed that he did not know why Dyer was
arrested later that evening until officers apprised him of the allegations. On cross-
examination, Carter denied telling the responding officers that the victim was mad when
she left his residence or that he had seen Dyer put his hand down the victim’s pants.
{¶ 10} After considering the foregoing testimony and evidence, the trial court found
Dyer guilty as charged and sentenced him to three years in prison. The trial court also
designated Dyer as a Tier III sex offender and advised Dyer that he would be required to
register as a sex offender for life.
{¶ 11} Dyer now appeals from his conviction, raising three assignments of error for -6-
review.
First Assignment of Error
{¶ 12} Under his first assignment of error, Dyer contends that the trial court did not
have jurisdiction to try and convict him of rape because he never waived his right to a jury
trial in open court as required by R.C. 2945.05. The record, however, belies Dyer’s
claim. On August 22, 2019, Dyer appeared at court and waived his right to a jury trial
during the following discussion:
Defense Counsel: Yeah, Judge, Jameel’s going to execute a jury waiver.
Court: A jury waiver?
Defense Counsel: Trial [is] starting next week.
Court: Okay. Am I pronouncing your name right, Mr. Dyer,
as [Juh-‘meel]?
Defendant: Yes.
Court: How old are you, Mr. Dyer?
Defendant: 27.
Court: Before you sign that, let me ask you a couple of
questions. Do you read and write and understand
English?
Defendant: Yes, sir.
Court: Any reason for me to think you don’t know what’s
happening here?
Defendant: No. -7-
Court: You’ve been able to talk about waiving your right to a
trial, where 12 people would decide your fate and say,
I don’t need that, I’ll just be tried in the court where only
one person, the judge, will?
Court: Understand that the 12 people – I’m not trying to talk
you out of it, but I just want to inform you, with the 12
jurors, each one of them has to find you guilty before
you can be found guilty. Do you understand that?
Court: Got you a judge, it’s just one, right?
Defendant: Yes, right.
Court: That’s what you want to do?
Court: All right. If that’s what you want to do, there’s probably
a form there, a waiver form. Why don’t you go ahead
and sign that, please. [Defense Counsel], is there
anything that you know about your client that would
make you think that he’s not competent to sign this
form, today?
Defense Counsel: Nothing at all, Your Honor.
Court: You’re not taking any medication that makes it so you
don’t know what’s happening? -8-
Defendant: No, sir.
Court: All right. So we’ll approve the time waiver – or the jury
waiver, and this case will be tried to the court. * * *
Trans. (Aug. 22, 2019), p. 2-3.
{¶ 13} Based on the foregoing, it is clear that Dyer waived his right to a jury trial in
open court. The record also establishes that Dyer and his trial counsel signed a written
jury waiver, which was filed with the trial court on August 27, 2019. Therefore, because
Dyer waived his right to a jury trial in open court, Dyer’s first assignment of error lacks
merit and is overruled.
Second and Third Assignments of Error
{¶ 14} Under his second and third assignments of error, Dyer claims that his
conviction for rape was not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest
weight of the evidence. We disagree.
{¶ 15} “A sufficiency of the evidence argument disputes whether the State has
presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow the case to go to
the jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). “When reviewing a claim as to sufficiency of evidence, the relevant
inquiry is whether any rational factfinder viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to
the state could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683
N.E.2d 1096 (1997). “The verdict will not be disturbed unless the appellate court finds -9-
that reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.”
(Citations omitted.) Id.
{¶ 16} In contrast, “[a] weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability
of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence
is more believable or persuasive.” (Citation omitted.) Wilson at ¶ 12. When evaluating
whether a conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court
must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider
witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier
of fact “ ‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” Thompkins at 387, quoting State
v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
{¶ 17} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer
to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of
particular witnesses. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL
476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997). “However, we may determine which of several competing
inferences suggested by the evidence should be preferred.” State v. Moore, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 26304, 2016-Ohio-5267, ¶ 8, citing Lawson at *4. “The fact that the
evidence is subject to different interpretations does not render the conviction against the
manifest weight of the evidence.” State v. Adams, 2d Dist. Greene Nos. 2013-CA-61
and 2013-CA-62, 2014-Ohio-3432, ¶ 24, citing Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction
should be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only in
exceptional circumstances. Martin at 175.
{¶ 18} As noted above, Dyer was convicted of rape in violation of R.C. -10-
2907.02(A)(2). According to that statute: “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with
another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or
threat of force.” R.C. 2907.02(A)(2). In challenging his conviction, Dyer asserts that the
State failed to present sufficient evidence establishing that he used any force or threat of
force during the incident in question. Dyer is not challenging any of the other elements
of rape.
{¶ 19} The term “force” as used in R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) is defined as “any violence,
compulsion, or constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or
thing.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2901.01(A)(1). “[T]he use of the word ‘any’ in the
definition recognizes there are different degrees of force.” State v. Clark, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 90148, 2008-Ohio-3358, ¶ 17. “ ‘[S]ome amount of force must be proven
beyond that force inherent in the crime itself.’ ” State v. Zimpfer, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 26062, 2014-Ohio-4401, ¶ 46, citing State v. Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 327, 695 N.E.2d
763 (1998). Such force “ ‘ “need not be overt and physically brutal[.]” ’ ” State v.
Hartings, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27471, 2018-Ohio-2035, ¶ 23, quoting State v.
Umphries, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3301, 2012-Ohio-4711, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Fowler,
27 Ohio App.3d 149, 154, 500 N.E.2d 390 (8th Dist.1985). “Indeed, the force used may
be subtle[.]” (Citations omitted.) State v. Collins, 4th Dist. Athens No. 94CA1639, 1995
WL 572907, *5 (Sept. 22, 1995); State v. Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, 58, 526 N.E.2d 304
(1988). For example, multiple courts, including this one, have explained that “ ‘[t]he
manipulation of a sleeping victim’s clothing in order to facilitate sexual conduct constitutes
force.’ ” State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2009-CA-38, 2010-Ohio-2920, ¶ 18,
quoting Clark at ¶ 17; State v. H.H., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-1126, 2011-Ohio-6660, -11-
¶ 12; State v. Burton, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 05CA3, 2007-Ohio-1660, ¶ 38. “ ‘As long as it
can be shown that the rape victim’s will was overcome by fear or duress, the forcible
element of rape can be established.’ ” Hartings at ¶ 23, quoting Umphries at ¶ 16.
{¶ 20} That said, “[i]t is well settled that the testimony of a rape victim, if believed,
is sufficient to support each element of rape.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Carpenter, 2d
Dist. Clark No. 2016-CA-66, 2017-Ohio-8905, ¶ 28. In this case, the victim testified that
she was bent over looking at CDs on the floor when Dyer came up behind her, pulled
down her elastic pants, and stuck his fingers inside her rectum. Dyer does not dispute
that this conduct constitutes “sexual conduct” under R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), as the term
“sexual conduct” includes “the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body * * * into
the * * * anal opening of another.” R.C. 2907.01(A). The victim testified that she “didn’t
know [Dyer] was going to do that” and that she was “in shock” and “caught off guard” by
his conduct. Trans. (Nov. 12, 2019), p. 49 and 51. The victim also specifically testified
that Dyer did not have permission to engage in such conduct.
{¶ 21} Upon review, we find that the victim’s testimony was sufficient to establish
the force element of rape. This is because the victim’s testimony indicates that Dyer
manipulated the victim’s clothing against the victim’s will in order to facilitate the sexual
conduct at issue. Due to the element of surprise, Dyer’s manipulation of the victim’s
clothing took minimal force; yet, that force went beyond the force that was inherent in the
crime itself, i.e., Dyer inserting his fingers into the victim’s rectum. Therefore, Dyer’s act
of pulling down the victim’s pants while the victim was bending over was sufficient to
establish the force element of rape. Dyer’s claim otherwise lacks merit.
{¶ 22} Dyer next contends that his conviction for rape was against the manifest -12-
weight of the evidence because the victim’s testimony was inconsistent. Indeed, the
record establishes that there were multiple inconsistencies between the victim’s testimony
and what the victim reported to the 9-1-1 operator, responding officer, investigating
detective, and the SANE nurse. The inconsistencies primarily concerned whether Carter
was also involved in the sexual assault, whether Dyer flipped the victim over on the couch,
and what statements were made during and after the incident in question. The trial court,
however, did not find that these inconsistencies were sufficient to erode the victim’s
credibility.
{¶ 23} As previously discussed, “we defer to trial court decisions on credibility
issues, as those courts are in the best position to make that determination.” State v.
Myers, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2019-CA-22, 2020-Ohio-4325, ¶ 23, citing Lawson, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, at *4. “Specifically, ‘in bench trials, “the trial
judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice
inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered
testimony.” ’ ” Id., quoting Emswiler v. Bodey, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2012-CA-3, 2012-
Ohio-5533, ¶ 44, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461
N.E.2d 1273 (1984).
{¶ 24} It is also significant that there were no inconsistencies with regard to the
identity of the offender and the sexual conduct that the victim alleged occurred.
Throughout the case, the victim maintained that Dyer pulled down her pants and inserted
his fingers inside her rectum without her knowledge or consent. The video evidence of
Dyer’s interview with the investigating detective also established that Dyer admitted to
touching the victim’s bare buttocks “definitely between her butt cheeks” while the victim’s -13-
pants were down. State’s Exhibit 7. During the interview, Dyer also told the
investigating detective that it was “very possible” his fingers went up the victim’s rectum
since his hands were “kind of stinky” afterward. Id. Taking this evidence together, we
cannot say that the trial court lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of justice in
believing the victim’s trial testimony and finding Dyer guilty of rape.
{¶ 25} For the foregoing reasons, Dyer’s second and third assignments of error
are overruled.
Conclusion
{¶ 26} Having overruled all three assignments of error raised by Dyer, the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
TUCKER, P.J. and EPLEY, J., concur.
Copies sent to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr. J. Joshua Rizzo April F. Campbell Hon. Michael W. Krumholtz