#27909-a-LSW 2017 S.D. 24
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA ****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
STEVEN R. DUNCAN, Defendant and Appellant.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT LINCOLN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
THE HONORABLE JON SOGN Judge
MARTY J. JACKLEY Attorney General
GRANT FLYNN Assistant Attorney General Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff and appellee.
RACHEL R. RASMUSSEN of Peterson, Stuart, Rumpca & Rasmussen, Prof. LLC Beresford, South Dakota Attorneys for defendant and appellant.
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS APRIL 24, 2017 OPINION FILED 05/10/17 #27909
WILBUR, Justice
[¶1.] Defendant appeals the circuit court’s conclusion that the State did not
violate the 180-day rule. We affirm.
Background
[¶2.] Law enforcement officers arrested Steven Ray Duncan in Lincoln
County, South Dakota, and placed him in the Minnehaha County Jail on September
4, 2015, after he crashed his vehicle into the vehicle ahead of him at a stop sign. He
was charged with vehicular battery, driving under the influence (DUI), driving
under revocation, open container in a motor vehicle, and following too closely. On
September 8, 2015, while Duncan remained in custody, the Lincoln County State’s
Attorney filed a formal complaint against him in circuit court alleging that he
committed the above-listed offenses, which included one felony and five
misdemeanors. The circuit court, in Duncan’s absence, reviewed the complaint and
accompanying traffic citations. The court issued a determination that probable
cause supported his arrest and detention. The court also set his bond for release at
$5,000 cash. Duncan did not post bond.
[¶3.] On September 12, 2015, a Lincoln County grand jury indicted Duncan
on one count of vehicular battery, alternate counts of DUI, and one count of driving
under revocation. The State filed a part II information to enhance the DUI charge
from a class 1 misdemeanor to a class 4 felony, alleging that he had five prior DUI
convictions. Duncan remained in custody.
[¶4.] On October 5, 2015, Duncan first appeared before the circuit court for
his arraignment on the indictment. The court advised him of his constitutional
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rights, amended his bond, entered a scheduling order, and set an initial trial date
for December 9, 2015. The State requested and received three continuances.
Duncan never waived his right under SDCL 23A-44-5.1 to be brought to trial within
180 days. On March 3, 2016, the court entered an order for the trial to start March
15, 2016.
[¶5.] Prior to the start of trial on March 15, Duncan moved to dismiss the
charges against him for the State’s failure to bring him to trial within 180 days. He
argued that although he did not appear before the circuit court on September 8,
2015, he constructively appeared when the circuit court conducted a paper review of
his case and set bond for his release. Counsel claimed that Duncan operated under
the belief that 180 days began on September 8, 2015. The circuit court took the
matter under advisement, indicating however that “at this time” it would deny his
motion to dismiss.
[¶6.] At the conclusion of the trial, Duncan again moved the circuit court to
dismiss the charges based on the State’s violation of the 180-day rule. He conceded
that he did not appear before a judicial officer on the complaint against him. But he
argued that based on certain rules governing a defendant’s right to be brought
before a committing magistrate and a right to a preliminary hearing, his
constructive appearance constituted his first appearance before a judicial officer for
purposes of the 180-day rule. In particular, he emphasized that he had a right to be
brought before a committing magistrate within 48 hours of his arrest under SDCL
23A-4-1 (Rule 5(a)). He then referred the court to SDCL 23A-4-3 (Rule 5(c)), which
provides that the committing magistrate shall inform the defendant (charged with a
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felony) of certain rights, including the right to a preliminary hearing. Based on the
language of these statutes, counsel for Duncan argued that the State cannot “have
it both ways.” The State cannot claim that his first appearance was October 5 for
purposes of the 180-day rule while at the same time argue that his initial
appearance was September 8 for purposes of calculating the date of his right to a
preliminary hearing.
[¶7.] The circuit court again denied Duncan’s motion to dismiss. The court
said that the 180-day rule and his right to a preliminary hearing were separate and
independent issues. The court concluded that under the plain language of SDCL
23A-44-5.1, 180 days did not begin to run until the date Duncan first appeared
before a judicial officer. It was undisputed that he first appeared before a judicial
officer on October 5, 2015. So the court held that the State did not violate the 180-
day rule. On the issue of Duncan’s right to be brought before a committing
magistrate and right to a preliminary hearing, the court also denied his motion to
dismiss.
[¶8.] The jury found Duncan not guilty of vehicular battery and guilty of
DUI and following too closely. In a subsequent trial on the part II information, the
jury found that he was the same person convicted of DUI on five prior occasions.
The court sentenced Duncan to ten years in the penitentiary for the sixth-offense
DUI.
[¶9.] Duncan appeals, asserting that the circuit court erred when it denied
his motion to dismiss for the State’s violation of the 180-day rule in SDCL 23A-44-
5.1.
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Standard of Review
[¶10.] Although we review a court’s findings of fact for clear error, we review
de novo whether the State violated the 180-day rule. State v. Seaboy, 2007 S.D. 24,
¶ 6, 729 N.W.2d 370, 372.
Analysis
[¶11.] Duncan asks this Court to reexamine its decisions in State v.
Sorensen, 1999 S.D. 84, 597 N.W.2d 682, and State v. Hetzel, 1999 S.D. 86, 598
N.W.2d 867. In those cases, we held that a defendant’s first appearance for
purposes of the 180-day rule occurs when a defendant first appears before a judicial
officer. Hetzel, 1999 S.D. 86, ¶¶ 10-11, 598 N.W.2d at 869; Sorensen, 1999 S.D. 84,
¶¶ 14-15, 597 N.W.2d at 684. Both decisions were split, and the dissenting opinions
argued that a defendant’s first appearance occurs when a defendant constructively
appears before a judicial officer. Duncan asks this Court to adopt the view that a
constructive appearance constitutes a first appearance under SDCL 23A-44-5.1 so
that clarity can exist as to when the 180-day period commences. Duncan also
argues that such interpretation will eliminate the opportunity for the State “to
delay filing a formal charging document to extend the 180-day rule.”
[¶12.] The language of SDCL
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#27909-a-LSW 2017 S.D. 24
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA ****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
STEVEN R. DUNCAN, Defendant and Appellant.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT LINCOLN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
THE HONORABLE JON SOGN Judge
MARTY J. JACKLEY Attorney General
GRANT FLYNN Assistant Attorney General Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff and appellee.
RACHEL R. RASMUSSEN of Peterson, Stuart, Rumpca & Rasmussen, Prof. LLC Beresford, South Dakota Attorneys for defendant and appellant.
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS APRIL 24, 2017 OPINION FILED 05/10/17 #27909
WILBUR, Justice
[¶1.] Defendant appeals the circuit court’s conclusion that the State did not
violate the 180-day rule. We affirm.
Background
[¶2.] Law enforcement officers arrested Steven Ray Duncan in Lincoln
County, South Dakota, and placed him in the Minnehaha County Jail on September
4, 2015, after he crashed his vehicle into the vehicle ahead of him at a stop sign. He
was charged with vehicular battery, driving under the influence (DUI), driving
under revocation, open container in a motor vehicle, and following too closely. On
September 8, 2015, while Duncan remained in custody, the Lincoln County State’s
Attorney filed a formal complaint against him in circuit court alleging that he
committed the above-listed offenses, which included one felony and five
misdemeanors. The circuit court, in Duncan’s absence, reviewed the complaint and
accompanying traffic citations. The court issued a determination that probable
cause supported his arrest and detention. The court also set his bond for release at
$5,000 cash. Duncan did not post bond.
[¶3.] On September 12, 2015, a Lincoln County grand jury indicted Duncan
on one count of vehicular battery, alternate counts of DUI, and one count of driving
under revocation. The State filed a part II information to enhance the DUI charge
from a class 1 misdemeanor to a class 4 felony, alleging that he had five prior DUI
convictions. Duncan remained in custody.
[¶4.] On October 5, 2015, Duncan first appeared before the circuit court for
his arraignment on the indictment. The court advised him of his constitutional
-1- #27909
rights, amended his bond, entered a scheduling order, and set an initial trial date
for December 9, 2015. The State requested and received three continuances.
Duncan never waived his right under SDCL 23A-44-5.1 to be brought to trial within
180 days. On March 3, 2016, the court entered an order for the trial to start March
15, 2016.
[¶5.] Prior to the start of trial on March 15, Duncan moved to dismiss the
charges against him for the State’s failure to bring him to trial within 180 days. He
argued that although he did not appear before the circuit court on September 8,
2015, he constructively appeared when the circuit court conducted a paper review of
his case and set bond for his release. Counsel claimed that Duncan operated under
the belief that 180 days began on September 8, 2015. The circuit court took the
matter under advisement, indicating however that “at this time” it would deny his
motion to dismiss.
[¶6.] At the conclusion of the trial, Duncan again moved the circuit court to
dismiss the charges based on the State’s violation of the 180-day rule. He conceded
that he did not appear before a judicial officer on the complaint against him. But he
argued that based on certain rules governing a defendant’s right to be brought
before a committing magistrate and a right to a preliminary hearing, his
constructive appearance constituted his first appearance before a judicial officer for
purposes of the 180-day rule. In particular, he emphasized that he had a right to be
brought before a committing magistrate within 48 hours of his arrest under SDCL
23A-4-1 (Rule 5(a)). He then referred the court to SDCL 23A-4-3 (Rule 5(c)), which
provides that the committing magistrate shall inform the defendant (charged with a
-2- #27909
felony) of certain rights, including the right to a preliminary hearing. Based on the
language of these statutes, counsel for Duncan argued that the State cannot “have
it both ways.” The State cannot claim that his first appearance was October 5 for
purposes of the 180-day rule while at the same time argue that his initial
appearance was September 8 for purposes of calculating the date of his right to a
preliminary hearing.
[¶7.] The circuit court again denied Duncan’s motion to dismiss. The court
said that the 180-day rule and his right to a preliminary hearing were separate and
independent issues. The court concluded that under the plain language of SDCL
23A-44-5.1, 180 days did not begin to run until the date Duncan first appeared
before a judicial officer. It was undisputed that he first appeared before a judicial
officer on October 5, 2015. So the court held that the State did not violate the 180-
day rule. On the issue of Duncan’s right to be brought before a committing
magistrate and right to a preliminary hearing, the court also denied his motion to
dismiss.
[¶8.] The jury found Duncan not guilty of vehicular battery and guilty of
DUI and following too closely. In a subsequent trial on the part II information, the
jury found that he was the same person convicted of DUI on five prior occasions.
The court sentenced Duncan to ten years in the penitentiary for the sixth-offense
DUI.
[¶9.] Duncan appeals, asserting that the circuit court erred when it denied
his motion to dismiss for the State’s violation of the 180-day rule in SDCL 23A-44-
5.1.
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Standard of Review
[¶10.] Although we review a court’s findings of fact for clear error, we review
de novo whether the State violated the 180-day rule. State v. Seaboy, 2007 S.D. 24,
¶ 6, 729 N.W.2d 370, 372.
Analysis
[¶11.] Duncan asks this Court to reexamine its decisions in State v.
Sorensen, 1999 S.D. 84, 597 N.W.2d 682, and State v. Hetzel, 1999 S.D. 86, 598
N.W.2d 867. In those cases, we held that a defendant’s first appearance for
purposes of the 180-day rule occurs when a defendant first appears before a judicial
officer. Hetzel, 1999 S.D. 86, ¶¶ 10-11, 598 N.W.2d at 869; Sorensen, 1999 S.D. 84,
¶¶ 14-15, 597 N.W.2d at 684. Both decisions were split, and the dissenting opinions
argued that a defendant’s first appearance occurs when a defendant constructively
appears before a judicial officer. Duncan asks this Court to adopt the view that a
constructive appearance constitutes a first appearance under SDCL 23A-44-5.1 so
that clarity can exist as to when the 180-day period commences. Duncan also
argues that such interpretation will eliminate the opportunity for the State “to
delay filing a formal charging document to extend the 180-day rule.”
[¶12.] The language of SDCL 23A-44-5.1 is clear and unambiguous, and
Sorensen and Hetzel provide sufficient clarity as to what constitutes a first
appearance under SDCL 23A-44-5.1. A defendant must appear before a judicial
officer before the 180-day period commences. Neither Sorensen nor Hetzel adopted
any exceptions to that interpretation. Here, Duncan did not appear before a judicial
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officer until October 5, 2015. The circuit court did not err when it held that the 180-
day period commenced on October 5, 2015.
[¶13.] Duncan, however, alternatively claims that the circumstances of this
case are distinguishable from Sorensen and Hetzel. He emphasizes that he was in
custody for 32 days before being brought before a judicial officer, unlike Sorensen
and Hetzel who were released on bond. Duncan also directs this Court to the fact
that the State filed a formal charging document against him on September 8, in
contrast to no formal charging documents being filed in Sorensen and Hetzel.
[¶14.] In Sorensen, both defendants were arrested without warrants. A lay
magistrate judge set bond in the defendants’ absences and signed orders releasing
both on bond. 1999 S.D. 84, ¶¶ 2-3, 597 N.W.2d at 683. The State did not file a
criminal complaint against either defendant. Over one month later, a grand jury
indicted both defendants, and they personally appeared before a judicial officer on
the indictments. We recognized that the 180-day rule “creates a right to disposition
of a criminal case within 180 days unless good cause may be shown for delay.” Id. ¶
12. We also noted that “[t]he 180-day rule is a procedural rule of court and not a
constitutional requirement.” Id. There are two requirements “for the 180-day
period to commence: 1) the defendant appears on a charging document; and 2)
before a judicial officer.” Id. ¶ 14. Because the rule is unambiguous and provides
that the 180-day period commences when a defendant makes a first appearance on
a charging document before a judicial officer, we held that the 180-day rule
commenced when the defendants appeared before the judicial officer on the
indictments. Id. ¶ 15.
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[¶15.] Similarly, in Hetzel, the defendant was arrested and detained on bond.
1999 S.D. 86, ¶ 2, 598 N.W.2d at 867. The next day, Hetzel was released on bond
but did not appear before a judicial officer. The State never filed a formal
complaint. Instead, a grand jury indicted Hetzel, and Hetzel appeared before a
judicial officer on the indictment. Id. ¶ 4. We referred to Sorensen and held that
the 180-day period commenced when Hetzel appeared before a judicial officer on the
indictment and not when the State should have filed a complaint. Id. ¶ 11.
[¶16.] Here, neither the fact the State filed a formal charging document
against Duncan nor that Duncan remained in custody for 32 days prior to appearing
before a judicial officer requires a different interpretation of SDCL 23A-44-5.1. As
we said in Sorensen, “[t]he 180-day rule is a procedural rule of court and not a
constitutional requirement.” 1999 S.D. 84, ¶ 12, 597 N.W.2d at 684. It has two
requirements before the time period commences: “1) the defendant appears on a
charging document; and 2) before a judicial officer.” Id. ¶ 14.
[¶17.] Yes, the State’s complaint filed on September 8, 2015, qualifies as a
charging document. But Duncan did not appear before a judicial officer on that
charging document. He appeared before a judicial officer on the indictment on
October 5, 2015. Therefore, the circuit court did not err when it denied Duncan’s
[¶18.] Affirmed.
[¶19.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and ZINTER, SEVERSON, and KERN,
Justices, concur.
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