State v. Duff

161 S.W. 683, 253 Mo. 415, 1913 Mo. LEXIS 268

Opinion

PARIS, J.

Prom the conviction of defendant in the circuit court of Vernon county of the crime of burglary, wherewith, as also with larceny, he stood charged, by an information, he has appealed to this court.

The jury found defendant guilty of burglary, but not guilty of larceny charged, and fixed his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of two years.

Since the facts are, in the view which we take of this case, not pertinent and not necessary to be stated in order that a complete understanding of the points in judgment may be had, we will not take space in reciting them further than to say that the burglary complained of consisted in the burglarious breaking and entering by defendant on the night of January 18, 1913, of a barn and cornerib belonging to or in the possession of one Claude T. Beedle, and situate in the county of Vernon.

The record entry as made by the clerk purporting to show the impaneling and swearing of the trial jury, is as follows:

Now on this day, this cause coming on for hearing, comes the plaintiff in person and by attorney, and comes the State of Missouri by J. B. Johnson, the duly elected and qualified prosecuting attorney of Vernon county, Missouri, the jury being by the clerk sworn, and after the selection the following good and lawful men of the body of the county are chosen to try this cause are as follows, to-wit: John Blotti, J. F. Lang, J. M. Palmer, Frank Hereford, A. C. Ogier, Jim Dinnis, Claud Hereford, O. B. Wallace, H. V. Swearingen, L. L. Cummins, G. Lile and H. C. Lyons are chosen as jurors to try this cause.

The sentence, and judgment of the circuit court, as shown by the record proper, certified to us by the clerk, is as follows:

Now, at this day, comes the prosecuting attorney for the State and also comes the defendant herein, in person, in the custody of the sheriff of this county, and in the presence of his attorney and counsel in open court, whereupon said defendant is informed by the court that he stands charged with larceny and pleads not guilty as charged in the information, and being now asked by the court if he had any legal cause to show why judgment should not be pronounced against him according to law, and still failing to show such cause, it is therefore sentenced, ordered and adjudged by the court, that the said defendant, L. M. Duff, having plead not guilty as aforesaid, be confined in the penitentiary of the State of Missouri, for the period of two years from the 19th day of February, 1913, find that the sheriff of this county, shall, without delay, remove and sa'fely convey the said defendant to the said penitentiary, there to be kept, confined and treated in the manner directed by law, and the warden of said penitentiary is required to receive and safely keep him, the said defendant in the penitentiary aforesaid, until the judgment and sentence of the court herein be complied with or until the said defendant shall be otherwise discharged by due course of law.

It is further considered, ordered and adjudged by the court, that the State have and recover of said defendant the costs in this suit expended and that hereof execution issue therefor. .

Immediately, upon the conviction of defendant, that is to say, on or about February 19, 1913', he was incarcerated in the penitentiary,, where he ever since has been and now is.

• The above .statement we deem sufficient, regard being had to the points which we are compelled by the condition of the record before us to hold in judgment here. Should', however, other facts be necessary, they will be adverted to in the opinion.

Burglary: Breaking.

I. Learned counsel for appellant insists that there is not sufficient evidence of the breaking charged in the information to constitute the crime of burglary. While this point is not necessary to a decision of this case, at this time, in the view which we take of it, it is perhaps well for us to say that in our view counsel is in error. The testimony shows that the outer door of the crib in question, and in which defendant was found at about the hour of two o’clock on the night of January 18th, was closed at about the hour of ten o ’clock on the identical night; that' said) door was not again seen by anyone until about the hour of two o’clock that night, at which time it was found to be open and defendant was himself found to be in the crib. We think that this circumstance inevitably points to a breaking on the part of the defendant with such unerring certainty as to preclude any doubt thereof either in law, or in common sense. If this were not so, it would, we think, become almost impossible to prove the crime of burglary. When a witness swears that a. door is closed or locked, or that a window is down or locked at a given hour; that subsequently and shortly thereafter a burglary occurs in the building or structure to which such door or window belongs, and that following the burglary, or following the larcenous or felonious entry, such door is found to be open, or the fastening broken, or such window is found to be open or the fastening thereon broken, the prima-facie conclusion which necessarily follows is that the one who committed the larceny or the felony within, the premises also did the breaking or opening, and that such breaking or opening was done within the purview of our statute defining bur glary, in order that ingress could be obtained. Any other view, it seems to us, would make it necessary for an eyewitness to be present at every burglary before a conviction would be possible. The point involves a well-known and well-settled phase of circumstantial evidence. This point is. not involved in the case now, and we suggest and pass on it only that it may not get in the way hereafter.

Testimony: sfmtiar offenses.

II. Appellant also complains that upon the trial the court permitted the prosecuting attorney to cross-examine defendant as to his having been arrested some seven or eight years prior in Lawrence county upon the charge of burglary and theft. Corn-plaint is also made that C. J. Cherry and "Will T. Brown were permitted to testify that while they lived in Lawrence county in the year 1904 and while acting as deputy sheriffs, they had occasion to arrest defendant and defendant’s daughter, who, we may say in passing, was shot and killed while engaged as an accomplice of defendant in the alleged commission of the burglary here in issue. This arrest seems to have been, as somewhat obscurely and vaguely appears, upon 'the charge of burglary and larceny, arising in some way out of the theft of a load of wheat, whereof defendant, his deceased daughter and his entire family, were accused. While we are unable to see upon what theory this testimony was offered, except for the purpose of prejudicing defendant before the jury, and' while we are unable to take any possible view, upon the facts here, which would make it competent (State v. Hess, 240 Mo. 147), yet in the one case no objection whatever was made to its reception, and in the other no proper objection. [State v. Colvin, 226 Mo. 446; State v. McKenzie, 228 Mo. 385.] It may well be that had a proper objection been interposed, or even a half-way proper objection, the learned trial court would have sustained the same. We will not therefore in this case convict the trial court of error for either permitting 'the wrongful cross-exam ination .of defendant or for permitting Cherry and Brown to testify, as they did; a fortiori, since it must be reversed for other reasons. Questions so clearlyincompetent, so verging upon unfairness and so hurtful withal ought not to be asked by any prosecuting attorney. It is the duty of this officer to see to it that the defendant shall have a fair and impartial trial, and that he shall not be convicted by incompetent evidence. [People v. Carr, 64 Mich. 702; People v. Derbert, 138 Cal. 467.] The attorney for the State owes a duty to the State to see that justice is meted out, and to the defendant, that he be given a fair and impartial trial; he cannot square these duties with the act of presuming upon or taking an advantage of his opponent’s lack .of information touching the technical details of the criminal law. There is much of respectable authority holding that while great allowance will be made by the courts for that zeal which is the natural growth from a hard-fought legal contest, yet if such zeal shall so outrun discretion as to trench upon unfair, oppressive and unjust methods, the court may on this ground alone reverse. [12 Cyc. 571, and cases cited.]

Judgment

III. As we have stated in setting out the facts in this case, the defendant was by the verdict of the jury' .acquitted of the larceny charged and found guilty of burglary in the second degree. The record shows that when sentence was pronounced defendant was sentenced to the penitentiary, not for the burglary of which he had been convicted, but for larceny, to which the record of the sentence and judgment before us says, he pleaded not guilty. The inextricable confusion of this record renders it almost impossible to tell what was done by the court and gives color to the view that careless clerks are costly luxuries. Fully a third of the cases which we are called upon to reverse are reversed on account of bald errors in making up the record, which might have been avoided by the exercise of even a small amount of care.

Clearly there is no judgment here. First, because it appears from the judgment before ns, as the record shows it, that defendant was sentenced to the penitentiary for two years for larceny, a crime of which he was found hot guilty, and, second, that this sentence was given him, not, because he had been tried by a jury and found guilty of burglary, but because he had pleaded not guilty to the crime of grand larceny, for which he was sentenced, but of which he was found not guilty. Under the authority of State v. Kile, 231 Mo. 59, as well as other eases decided by this court, it will become our duty, if no other error appears, to reverse this case and remand it back to the Vernon Circuit Court in order that the defendant may be properly sentenced. This will be so, even if no error meet for reversal and remanding for a new trial shall be found' by us.

IV. It is insisted, however, that the order found in the record, and which purports to show the impaneling and swearing of the trial jury, is not sufficient to show such impaneling and swearing of this jury, or to show that the jury was ever sworn at all to try the case. .A reference to this order, as we have set it out in the statement, will disclose that it nowhere shows that the trial jury was ever impaneled; nor does it show that the jury was sworn to try the case. The manner of impaneling, examining upon their voir dire, of challenging and swearing a jury to try a criminal cause, is well known to the profession in this State. Part of the procedure is statutory, but some of it rests in practice, coming down to us, we take it, from the common law. Our statute as to the impaneling of jurors and the manner of rendering their verdicts in criminal cases provides that the same procedure shall prevail as is prescribed by the procedure in civil cases. [Sec. 5229, R. S. 1909.] We find, however, a paucity of prescription in our statute touching all these things when we turn to the provisions prescribing the details of jury trials in civil cases. Onr statute as to criminal procedure seems largely to take it for granted that the trial jury will he sworn to try the case, for we find it saying: “The jury being impaneled and sioorn, the trial may proceed in the following order.” [Sec. 5231, R. S. 1909.] The oath at common law, which was required to be administered to- a trial jury of twelve, was somewhat formal (24 Cyc. 370; 12 Ency. Pl. & Prac. 523); from this formality we have drifted a long way, and have reached the very salutary view that if it appears clearly and not ambiguously that.the jury was sworn to try the ease, the use of the word “sworn,” of the words “duly sworn,” -or of the words “duly impaneled and sworn,” will be held to impart ex vi termini a regular and legal oath, even though the oath at common law or that prescribed by statute, where such is prescribed, has not been used. But on the other hand it has been uniformly held that where the transcript fails to show that the jury which tried the defendant-had been sworn, the verdict and sentence will be set aside. [Johnson v. State, 47 Ala. 9; Lacey v. State, 58 Ala. 385; Harper v. State, 25 Ark. 83; Chiles v. State, 45 Ark. 143; State v. Calvert, 32 La. Ann. 224; Baird v. State, 38 Tex. 599; McHenry v. State, 14 Tex, App. 209; State v. Mitchell, 199 Mo. 105; State v. McKinney, 221 Mo. 467; State v. Duncan, 237 Mo. 195.] “In criminal cases,” says 24 Cyc. 369, “it is absolutely essential to- the validity of the proceedings that the jury should be sworn and that this fact should affirmatively appear from the record.’’

In the case -of State v. Mitchell, supra, Gantt,, J., delivering the opinion of this court, touching the identical point in question, said:

“The sole error upon which a reversal is sought is that the record upon its face discloses that the jury which tried and convicted defendant was not sworn to' try the cause and a true verdict render according to the law and the evidence. . . . As it is everywhere held that the record proper in a criminal appeal must show that the jury was sworn to try the cause and this record' fails to do so, the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial. ’ ’

In the case of State v. McKinney, supra, Burgess, J., held, touching this point, even stronger language, as note the following:

“Among the first things required by the statute to be .done in the trial of a- criminal case before a jury is that the jury be impaneled and sworn. This same question underwent full consideration, and the authorities were extensively reviewed by Gantt, J., in the recent case of State v. Mitchell, 199 Mo. IOS-, in which case it is held that if the record proper in ai criminal case fails to show that the jury was sworn to try the cause, the judgment will be- reversed and the cause remanded. That case is decisive of the case at bar, and leaves nothing further to be said upon the subject. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.”

It is true that the word “sworn” is used in this order as copied in the record by the clerk, but all lawyers know the facts to which we above advert as to the manner of impaneling a jury in a felony case, and that in selecting and impaneling such jury and prior to an examination of them upon their voir dire, they are sworn to answer questions. The record entry before us avers that they were sworn, but this swearing, by the language used in the record, occurred prior to the selecting of the jury. If we say that the word ‘ ‘ selection” as used by the clerk, is equivalent to impaneling and examining upon their voir dire, then they were not sworn ait all to try the cause. If we say that the clerk means that they were sworn after selection, then they were not impaneled, examined upon their voir dire, or an opportunity given for -challenging them either for ’cause or peremptorily; in other words, they were not impaneled, nor any words from which we might presume a proper selection of them shown by this- record. We simply say that this record does not show, even haltingly that the trial jury was sworn to try the case which resulted in the conviction of this defendant. We concede that it is difficult to tell what this record, taking it by and large, does actually mean; we have never seen one like it and may be pardoned therefore for being entirely at sea as to either the genus or species of it.

It results, therefore, for the error noted, that this case should be reversed and remanded for a new trial in accordance with these views.

Broim, P. J., and Walker, J., concur.