IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED NOVEMBER 1998 SESSION January 29, 1999
Cecil W. Crowson Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) ) C.C.A. No. 01C01-9711-CC-00551 Appellee, ) ) Williamson County V. ) ) Honorable Henry Denmark Bell, Judge ) DONALD W. STEPHENS, ) (DUI, 5th Offense) ) Appellant. )
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
John H. Henderson John Knox Walkup District Public Defender Attorney General & Reporter
Eugene J. Honea Georgia Blythe Felner Assistant Public Defender Counsel for the State Twenty-first Judicial District Cordell Hull Building, Second Floor 407-C Main Street 425 Fifth Avenue North Franklin, TN 37065-0068 Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Joseph D. Baugh District Attorney General
Lee Dryer Assistant District Attorney General P.O. Box 937 Franklin, TN 37065-0937
OPINION FILED: __________________________________
AFFIRMED
L. T. LAFFERTY, Senior Judge OPINION
The appellant, Donald W. Stephens, appeals his conviction for driving under the
influence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401. The sole issue for our review is whether
the evidence at trial was sufficient for the jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We
find that it was and AFFIRM the judgment of the trial court.
Police Officers Brian Myatt and Chris Ivey noticed the appellant’s truck parked in the
edge of a parking lot next to Highway 96 in Fairview, Tennessee. The appellant was in the
driver’s seat, slumped over the steering wheel, and appeared to be unconscious. The
engine of the truck was running, and the lights were on. After repeated attempts, the
officers successfully roused the appellant to check his welfare. The appellant opened the
door of his truck and stumbled from the vehicle. He was awkward and disorientated, and
he smelled of alcohol. When questioned, he admitted to having consumed seven beers;
however, Officer Ivey testified that he appeared to have had “much more.” The officers
administered two field sobriety tests, neither of which the appellant was able to perform
properly. The appellant refused to submit to a third test and admitted that he was drunk.
Based on the above circumstances, the officers arrested the appellant on suspicion of
driving under the influence of alcohol in violation of Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401.
At the time of his arrest, the appellant admitted that he had driven his truck from
Dickson, Tennessee.1 He said he became tired and pulled over to rest. At trial, however,
the defense denied that the appellant had driven the truck. Rather, the appellant’s
girlfriend, Shirley Ann Wright, testified that she had driven the appellant to the parking lot.
She said that the appellant had called her from a bar and asked her to pick him up
because he was too drunk to drive. Ms. Wright testified that she started driving him home
1 It should be noted, however, that the appellant also made other statements from which it is apparent that he was confused and unaware of what was happening. For example, although the officers did not stop the appellant or activate their emergency lights, the appellant asked the officers why they had stopped him and stated that he had pulled over as soon as he saw the blue lights.
-2- but, because he became belligerent, she stopped in the parking lot where the officers
found the truck and called her daughter to come and get her.
On cross-examination, the state asked Ms. Wright to sketch the specific location
within the parking lot where she left the appellant and his truck. Ms. Wright also stated that
the appellant had slid across the seat of his truck and was asleep behind the steering
wheel when she left.
The appellant argues that this evidence was insufficient for the jury to have found
the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. More specifically, he argues that
the proof did not conform to the indictment. That is, he does not argue that the proof was
insufficient as to the statutory elements of driving under the influence but, rather, that the
proof was insufficient to prove the indictment, which varied from the statutory language.
The appellant was convicted under Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401, which provides
that “[i]t is unlawful for any person to drive or be in physical control of any . . . motor driven
vehicle on any . . . premises which is generally frequented by the public at large, while .
. . under the influence of any intoxicant.” (emphasis added). In contrast, the indictment
charged that the appellant “unlawfully did drive and physically control a motor vehicle . .
. while on . . . premises which is frequented by the public at large, at a time when the said
Defendant was . . . under the influence of an intoxicant, . . . in violation of Tennessee
Code Annotated 55-10-401.” (emphasis added).
Because the indictment used conjunctive language, the appellant asserts that the
state was required to prove both physical control and that the appellant drove. He then
argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that he drove the truck. We do not agree on either point. We conclude that the
variance in the indictment was neither material nor prejudicial; and, even if it were, the
evidence was sufficient to prove the indictment as written.
-3- We “approach attacks upon indictments . . . from the broad and enlightened
standpoint of common sense and right reason rather than from the narrow standpoint of
petty preciosity, pettifogging, technicality or hair splitting fault finding.” State v. Hill, 954
S.W.2d 725, 728 (Tenn. 1997). “A variance is not fatal unless it is both material and
prejudicial. A variance is not material unless it either deprives the accused of the
protection against double jeopardy or misleads the accused at trial.” State v. Jones, 953
S.W.2d 695, 700 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (citing State v. Moss, 662 S.W.2d 590, 592
(Tenn. 1984)).
[A] variance . . . [does] not prejudice the defendant’s rights if the indictment sufficiently informed the defendant of the charges against him so that he could properly prepare his defense and . . . the variance was not such that it would present a danger that the defendant could be prosecuted a second time for the same offense.
State v. Harper, 735 S.W.2d 360, 368 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987) (citing Moss, 662 S.W.2d
at 592).
In the present case, we find that the conjunctive wording of the indictment was
neither material nor prejudicial. Even without reference to the applicable statute, the
indictment was more than sufficient to inform the appellant of the charges against him. By
additionally citing the statute that the appellant was accused of violating, the indictment left
no reasonable question as to the charges that the appellant needed to defend. And, there
is clearly no danger of double jeopardy.
Even giving effect to the conjunctive language of the indictment, however, we find
that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. When
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED NOVEMBER 1998 SESSION January 29, 1999
Cecil W. Crowson Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) ) C.C.A. No. 01C01-9711-CC-00551 Appellee, ) ) Williamson County V. ) ) Honorable Henry Denmark Bell, Judge ) DONALD W. STEPHENS, ) (DUI, 5th Offense) ) Appellant. )
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
John H. Henderson John Knox Walkup District Public Defender Attorney General & Reporter
Eugene J. Honea Georgia Blythe Felner Assistant Public Defender Counsel for the State Twenty-first Judicial District Cordell Hull Building, Second Floor 407-C Main Street 425 Fifth Avenue North Franklin, TN 37065-0068 Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Joseph D. Baugh District Attorney General
Lee Dryer Assistant District Attorney General P.O. Box 937 Franklin, TN 37065-0937
OPINION FILED: __________________________________
AFFIRMED
L. T. LAFFERTY, Senior Judge OPINION
The appellant, Donald W. Stephens, appeals his conviction for driving under the
influence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401. The sole issue for our review is whether
the evidence at trial was sufficient for the jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We
find that it was and AFFIRM the judgment of the trial court.
Police Officers Brian Myatt and Chris Ivey noticed the appellant’s truck parked in the
edge of a parking lot next to Highway 96 in Fairview, Tennessee. The appellant was in the
driver’s seat, slumped over the steering wheel, and appeared to be unconscious. The
engine of the truck was running, and the lights were on. After repeated attempts, the
officers successfully roused the appellant to check his welfare. The appellant opened the
door of his truck and stumbled from the vehicle. He was awkward and disorientated, and
he smelled of alcohol. When questioned, he admitted to having consumed seven beers;
however, Officer Ivey testified that he appeared to have had “much more.” The officers
administered two field sobriety tests, neither of which the appellant was able to perform
properly. The appellant refused to submit to a third test and admitted that he was drunk.
Based on the above circumstances, the officers arrested the appellant on suspicion of
driving under the influence of alcohol in violation of Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401.
At the time of his arrest, the appellant admitted that he had driven his truck from
Dickson, Tennessee.1 He said he became tired and pulled over to rest. At trial, however,
the defense denied that the appellant had driven the truck. Rather, the appellant’s
girlfriend, Shirley Ann Wright, testified that she had driven the appellant to the parking lot.
She said that the appellant had called her from a bar and asked her to pick him up
because he was too drunk to drive. Ms. Wright testified that she started driving him home
1 It should be noted, however, that the appellant also made other statements from which it is apparent that he was confused and unaware of what was happening. For example, although the officers did not stop the appellant or activate their emergency lights, the appellant asked the officers why they had stopped him and stated that he had pulled over as soon as he saw the blue lights.
-2- but, because he became belligerent, she stopped in the parking lot where the officers
found the truck and called her daughter to come and get her.
On cross-examination, the state asked Ms. Wright to sketch the specific location
within the parking lot where she left the appellant and his truck. Ms. Wright also stated that
the appellant had slid across the seat of his truck and was asleep behind the steering
wheel when she left.
The appellant argues that this evidence was insufficient for the jury to have found
the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. More specifically, he argues that
the proof did not conform to the indictment. That is, he does not argue that the proof was
insufficient as to the statutory elements of driving under the influence but, rather, that the
proof was insufficient to prove the indictment, which varied from the statutory language.
The appellant was convicted under Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-401, which provides
that “[i]t is unlawful for any person to drive or be in physical control of any . . . motor driven
vehicle on any . . . premises which is generally frequented by the public at large, while .
. . under the influence of any intoxicant.” (emphasis added). In contrast, the indictment
charged that the appellant “unlawfully did drive and physically control a motor vehicle . .
. while on . . . premises which is frequented by the public at large, at a time when the said
Defendant was . . . under the influence of an intoxicant, . . . in violation of Tennessee
Code Annotated 55-10-401.” (emphasis added).
Because the indictment used conjunctive language, the appellant asserts that the
state was required to prove both physical control and that the appellant drove. He then
argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that he drove the truck. We do not agree on either point. We conclude that the
variance in the indictment was neither material nor prejudicial; and, even if it were, the
evidence was sufficient to prove the indictment as written.
-3- We “approach attacks upon indictments . . . from the broad and enlightened
standpoint of common sense and right reason rather than from the narrow standpoint of
petty preciosity, pettifogging, technicality or hair splitting fault finding.” State v. Hill, 954
S.W.2d 725, 728 (Tenn. 1997). “A variance is not fatal unless it is both material and
prejudicial. A variance is not material unless it either deprives the accused of the
protection against double jeopardy or misleads the accused at trial.” State v. Jones, 953
S.W.2d 695, 700 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (citing State v. Moss, 662 S.W.2d 590, 592
(Tenn. 1984)).
[A] variance . . . [does] not prejudice the defendant’s rights if the indictment sufficiently informed the defendant of the charges against him so that he could properly prepare his defense and . . . the variance was not such that it would present a danger that the defendant could be prosecuted a second time for the same offense.
State v. Harper, 735 S.W.2d 360, 368 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987) (citing Moss, 662 S.W.2d
at 592).
In the present case, we find that the conjunctive wording of the indictment was
neither material nor prejudicial. Even without reference to the applicable statute, the
indictment was more than sufficient to inform the appellant of the charges against him. By
additionally citing the statute that the appellant was accused of violating, the indictment left
no reasonable question as to the charges that the appellant needed to defend. And, there
is clearly no danger of double jeopardy.
Even giving effect to the conjunctive language of the indictment, however, we find
that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. When
an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must determine whether,
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67 (Tenn.
1985); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). The appellee is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of
the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. See State v.
Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Moreover, a guilty verdict removes the
-4- presumption of innocence enjoyed by defendants at trial and replaces it with a presumption
of guilt. See State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). The appellant bears the
burden of illustrating to this Court why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict.
See State v. Freeman, 943 S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
The appellant does not contest that he was under the influence of alcohol or that
he was in control of the vehicle. He was found behind the wheel with the engine running,
and the defense’s own witness testified that the appellant was too drunk to drive. The only
point of contention is whether the appellant actually drove his truck on the evening of his
arrest.
Officer Ivey testified that when he encountered the appellant, the truck was located
“up next to the road in the parking lot.” Ms. Wright later testified that she left the
appellant’s truck in a different area of the parking lot. If, as they were entitled to do, the
jury credited the testimony of both witnesses, the inescapable conclusion is that the truck
was moved. Given that the appellant was found in the driver’s seat with the engine
running, the only reasonable explanation for the movement of the truck is that the appellant
drove it. Thus, we find the circumstantial evidence, by itself, compelling. See State v.
Crawford, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (Tenn 1971) (Before one may be convicted of a criminal
offense based upon circumstantial evidence alone, the facts and circumstances "must be
so strong and cogent as to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the
defendant, and that beyond a reasonable doubt.").
But, the jury need not have relied on circumstantial evidence. The appellant
admitted to the officers that he had driven the truck from Dickson, Tennessee. The
officers’ testimony indicated that the appellant was not coherent; his admission may,
therefore, have been entitled to less weight, but we do not reweigh the evidence. The
testimony was sufficient to go to the jury. It was then for the jury to determine, first,
whether they believed the officers’ account of the appellant’s admission and, second, if so,
whether that admission reflected a true fact.
-5- For the reasons above, we find the totality of this evidence more than sufficient for
a rational jury to have found each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt,
including that the appellant drove his truck.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
______________________________________ L. T. LAFFERTY, SENIOR JUDGE
CONCUR:
______________________________ JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE
(Not Participating) PAUL G. SUMMERS, JUDGE
-6-