IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE ) ) ) v. ) I.D. No. 2109010261 ) KHALIL DIXON, ) ) Defendant. )
Submitted: November 10, 2025 Decided: November 17, 2025
Memorandum Opinion
On Dixon’s Motion to Suppress the January 29, 2020, March 30, 2020, and May 13, 2020, Instagram Search Warrants – GRANTED in part, DENIED in part
On Dixon’s Motion to Suppress the AT&T March 24, 2021, Search Warrant – GRANTED in part, DENIED in part
On Dixon’s Motion for Leave to File Suppression Out of Time – GRANTED
On Dixon’s Motion to Suppress the March 19, 2021, Instagram Search Warrant – DENIED
On Dixon’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Expert William Shute – DENIED
Jamie McCloskey, Esquire, and Erica Flaschner, Esquire, Deputy Attorneys General, Department of Justice, attorneys for the State James J. Haley, Jr., Esquire, Ferrara & Haley, Wilmington, Delaware, attorney for Defendant
BRENNAN, J. Khalil Dixon (hereinafter “Dixon”) was indicted on September 27, 2021, and
charged with Murder First Degree, Conspiracy First Degree, Criminal Solicitation
First Degree, Money Laundering, and Conspiracy Second Degree for the February
25, 2020, murder of Shiheem Durham. 1 Dixon and his co-defendant Jason Calhum 0F
(hereinafter “Calhum”) were tried together on May 17, 2022. 2 On June 8, 2022, a 1F
jury found Dixon and Calhum guilty of all charges. 3 On August 24, 2022, Calhum 2F
moved for a new trial based upon juror misconduct. 4 Dixon joined this Motion on 3F
September 14, 2022. 5 Following extensive review, on February 5, 2025, the Court F
granted the joint motion and ordered a new trial. Trial is set to begin on December
1, 2025. 6 5F
On August 20, 2025, Dixon filed four (4) motions: a Motion to Suppress the
Instagram Search Warrants dated January 29, 2020, March 30, 2020, and May 13,
2020, 7 a Motion to Suppress a March 24, 2021, Search Warrant to AT&T in the 6F
Matter of: (302) 608-4874 (hereinafter “the AT&T warrant”), 8 a Motion to Sever his 7F
1 State v. Dixon, Superior Court Criminal ID No. 2109010261, Docket Index (hereinafter “D.I.”) 1. 2 D.I. 39. 3 D.I. 39, 41. 4 State v. Calhum, Superior Court Criminal ID No. 2004002081, D.I. 123, Def. Mot. for New Trial. 5 D.I. 63. 6 D.I. 103, 120. Following the grant of the new trial, the original trial judge retired and the undersigned Superior Court judge was assigned to preside over this matter. 7 D.I. 127. 8 D.I. 128. 1 trial from Calhum’s, 9 and a Motion to Dismiss for Speedy Trial Violation. 10 On 8F 9F
October 10, 2025, Dixon filed a Motion in Limine to exclude Federal Bureau of
Identification (hereinafter “FBI”) Special Agent (Ret.) William Shute’s (hereinafter
“Shute”) testimony, 11 and a Motion in Limine to exclude Instagram messages and 10F
text messages as not properly authenticated under D.R.E. 901. 12 11F
On October 22, 2025, a hearing was held to address Dixon’s then-pending
motions. 13 Following that hearing, both the Motions to Dismiss and to Sever were 12F
denied in a bench ruling. The Motion in Limine regarding the Instagram messages
was denied without prejudice, as premature, given that the State has a continuing
obligation to lay a foundation for any such evidence at trial. 14 13F
At that hearing, counsel advised the Court of Dixon’s intention to file another
suppression motion for a 2021 Instagram warrant, out of time. Dixon was instructed
to move to file out of time in a written motion, cite the support for out of time
consideration, and attach the proposed suppression motion to his request. 15 In 14F
accordance with this direction, Dixon filed his Motion for Leave to File Motion to
9 D.I. 129. 10 D.I. 130. 11 D.I. 146. 12 D.I. 147. 13 D.I. 150. 14 Id. 15 Id. 2 Suppress on October 28, 2025. 16 The State responded in opposition. 17 Without 15F 16F
ruling on the motion for leave, the Court requested the State respond to the desired
Motion to Suppress. 18 17F The State’s response in opposition was received on
November 10, 2025. 19 On November 10, 2025, an evidentiary hearing was held on 18F
the admissibility of Shute’s testimony. 20 19F
All matters are now ripe for decision. This is the Court’s decision on all of
Dixon’s outstanding motions.
I. Motions to Suppress
The first of Dixon’s suppression motions challenges three search warrants that
returned information from what is purported to be Dixon’s Instagram account. The
first warrant was signed January 29, 2020 (hereinafter “the January warrant”), the
second on March 30, 2020 (hereinafter “the March warrant”), and the third on May
13, 2020 (hereinafter “the May warrant”). Dixon challenges the January warrant as
an unconstitutional general warrant. The March and May warrants were based upon
information received following the result of the January warrant, therefore all parties
agree that both the March and May warrants’ sufficiency depends upon the challenge
to the January warrant. Should the information in the January warrant be declared
16 D.I. 154. 17 D.I. 155. 18 D.I. 156. 19 D.I. 158. 20 D.I. 159. 3 general, the March and May warrants will likewise be suppressed; should the
January warrant withstand constitutional muster, the March and May warrants stand.
Dixon next challenges a March 24, 2021, search warrant to AT&T (hereinafter
“AT&T warrant”) which sought information seeking cell tower data for the cellular
number (302) 608-4874 during the timeframes: February 25, 2021, at 12:00 a.m.,
through February 26, 2020, 12:00 a.m. and from March 2, 2020, at 12:00 a.m.,
through 22:59 p.m. on the AT&T network. Dixon challenges this warrant as
violative of his constitutional rights and seemingly argues the warrant is general, or
alternatively, overbroad.
In his late filed motion, Dixon seeks leave to file an additional suppression
motion challenging a March 19, 2021, warrant. This warrant sought information
regarding the Instagram account “levelup_lil” which is purportedly attributed to
Dixon. Dixon seeks to challenge this warrant as unconstitutionally general and
overbroad. Other than arguing that since his first trial, the Supreme Court of
Delaware decided Terreros v. State, 21 Dixon offers no justifiable reason for this new 2 F
motion to be considered beyond the motions deadline, as counsel admits that it
wasn’t until Dixon himself requested suppression of this warrant that a motion was
prepared. The State opposes the motion, pointing out that the reason for Dixon’s
noncompliance with the motions deadline is insufficient, and that the warrant has
21 Terreros v. State, 312 A.3d 651 (Del. 2024). 4 been in the possession of defense for almost four years. Despite the very real
additional burden on the Court and opposing counsel caused by this last-minute
filing, the interests of justice are best furnished by review of this warrant. Therefore,
the proffered Motion to Suppress will be considered. Each challenged warrant will
be discussed in turn. 22 21F
A. Standard of Review
When challenging the validity of a search warrant, the defense bears the
burden to establish the search or seizure was unlawful or not supported by probable
cause. 23 Delaware courts look to the “totality of the circumstances” within the 22F
warrant itself to determine whether probable cause exists. 24 When a search warrant 23F
is challenged, review is limited to the four corners of the affidavit to determine if
sufficient facts appear on its face to establish probable cause. 25 Probable cause 24F
22 Dixon does not expressly make a claim under either the Delaware constitution or the United States Constitution in his motion but simply requests suppression citing Supreme Court of Delaware decisional case law. State constitutional claims will not be addressed when a party does not specifically articulate such a claim or otherwise fails to “indicate why the outcome would be different under the Delaware Constitution as opposed to the Fourth Amendment.” Thomas v. State, 305 A.3d 683, 697 (Del. 2023) quoting Womack v. State, 296 A.3d 882, 899 n. 37 (Del. 2023). Therefore, his claims will only be addressed under the Fourth Amendment. 23 State v. Heck, 2024 WL 4521809, at *4 (Del. Super. Oct. 17, 2024). 24 Sisson v. State, 903 A.2d 288, 296 (citing Fink v. State, 817 A.2d 781, 786 (Del. 2003) (internal citations omitted)). 25 Sisson, 903 A.2d at 296 (citing Fink v. State, 817 A.2d at 787) (internal citations omitted)). 5 exists when, considering the totality of the circumstances, “there is a fair probability
that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” 26 25F
The four corners of a warrant affidavit “must set forth facts adequate for a
judicial officer to form a reasonable belief that an offense has been committed and
the property to be seized will be found in [this] particular place.” 27 The four corners 26F
determination may only be supported “by the facts set forth within the warrant
affidavit or application.” 28 Great deference is to be given by the reviewing court to 27F
the decision of the authorizing judicial officer. 29 28F
1. The January, March & May, 2020, Instagram Warrants. On January 29, 2020, in relation to a series of shootings in the Capital Park
neighborhood in Dover, Delaware State Police sought one warrant seeking
information on multiple suspect Instagrams accounts. This group warrant sought
“any and all records, recordings, or files related to Instagram users junglebabymir,
dotified and levelup_lil,” as well as for information on Facebook users Deshawn
Carrol, Dot Burris and Rome Fromdajungle Wilkbank for the specified timeframe:
December 10, 2019, through January 10, 2020. Instead of separately seeking a
warrant particularized for each account, Dixon’s account was grouped in with the
26 Sisson, 903 A.2d at 296 (citing Stones v. State, 676 A.2d 907 (Del.1996) (internal citations omitted)). 27 Terreros v. State, 312 A.3d at 662. 28 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 662. 29 Cooper v. State, 228 A.3d 339, 404 (Del. 2020). 6 others. While there is no constitutional requirement that a separate warrant be sought
for each individual request, following review of the challenged January 2020,
warrant, it begs the question: had this practice been undertaken, would the
information collectively known about Dixon at the time been more carefully
articulated to establish probable cause?
Dixon challenges this warrant as both lacking probable cause and the required
nexus between the crime and Dixon’s Instagram messages. Dixon seeks suppression
arguing the warrant is an unconstitutional general warrant given the laundry list of
items it seeks. The warrant sought:
1. Records concerning the identity of the account holder(s) of the above listed accounts 2. Records concerning phone numbers associated with the registered account holder(s) of the above listed account(s) 3. Records concerning email address(es) associated with the registered account holder(s) of the above listed account(s). 4. Records concerning the IP address at account sign-up, logs showing IP addresses with date and time stamps for the above listed account(s). 5. Records concerning the content of private messages in the user’s inbox, draft, and sent messages, for the above listed account(s). 30 29F
While Dixon acknowledges the warrant contained probable cause to conclude that
the string of shootings in Capital Park occurred, he argues the warrant fails to
30 D.I. 127, Warrant Application, p.1. The Court quoted this warrant exactly as written and did not “sic” all punctuation errors. 7 establish probable cause that evidence of these crimes would be found within the
“levelup_lil” Instagram account, namely in his direct messages. 31 30F
a. The January 29 Warrant Is Not Unconstitutionally General.
As part of his challenge, Dixon argues that the January 2020 Instagram
warrant is a general warrant. In Terreros v. State, the Supreme Court of Delaware
found a cell phone search warrant unconstitutional for being a general warrant, as
the information sought exceeded the scope of probable cause, the warrant lacked
particularity, and had no temporal limit. 32 The Terreros Court determined the 31F
warrant was general because the request essentially encompassed all of the phone’s
available data by requesting information from so many aspects of the phone, only
one of which was sufficiently supported by probable cause. 33 As evidence of the 3 F
effective “exploratory rummaging,” the Court noted the warrant’s lack of temporal
limitations and the use of the disfavored “any and all” language in the application’s
request. 34 Founded upon its previous ruling in Wheeler v. State, 35 the Court held 33F 34F
that “law enforcement must provide a description of the items to be searched and
31 D.I. 136, State’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Supp. Instagram Search Warrants at 6. 32 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 651. 33 Id. at 667. 34 Id. 35 Wheeler v. State, 135 A.3d 282, 292 (Del. 2016). 8 seized that is as specific as possible at the current investigative juncture” to ensure a
warrant withstands Fourth Amendment Constitutional muster. 36 35F
Reviewing the January 2020 warrant, it did sufficiently describe the categories
of information sought and it contained temporal limitations, requesting only
information from December 10, 2019, through January 10, 2020. The five specific
areas and categories of information sought from the Instagram account to be
searched are articulated and do not amount to a top-to-bottom exploratory
rummaging that was problematic in Terreros and Wheeler. The January 2020
warrant requested authorization to seize:
(1) records concerning the identity of the account holder, (2) records concerning phone numbers associated with the account, (3) email addresses associated with the account, (4) records concerning IP addresses, and (5) records concerning the content of private messages. 37 36F
All categories were defined and had a logical nexus to the crimes to be investigated,
as established in its Affidavit of Probable Cause. These requests were tailored to
articulate only the areas of relevant information. Therefore, this warrant is not
unconstitutionally general on its face. The problem with the warrant, however, is
that while these categories are sufficiently particularized with appropriate temporal
36 Id. at 665, Terreros, 312 A.3d at 665. 37 D.I. 136, State’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Instagram Search Warrants, Ex. A at 18. 9 limitations, not all the categories of requested information were supported by
articulated probable cause.
An overbroad warrant is one with sufficient particularity, however, lacks
probable cause to support the specific requests contained therein. 38 An overbroad 37F
warrant can be redacted “to strike out those portions of the warrant that are invalid
for lack of probable cause, maintaining the remainder of the warrant that satisfies
the Fourth Amendment.” 39 Where a police officer has the ability to set forth a precise 38F
description of the places to be searched, but instead requests what amounts to be a
search of all potential information, a warrant is a general warrant. 40 39F Where an
officer delineates and specifies the areas of the search, but it is not founded by
sufficient probable cause, the warrant is overbroad. 41 The January 20 warrant is 40F
overbroad with respect to requested Items 4 and 5.
b. Requests 4 and 5 Are Not Supported by Probable Cause.
The focus therefore turns to the “place” to be searched, Dixon’s “levelup_lil”
Instagram account. 42 The inquiry is whether the Affidavit demonstrates sufficient 41F
probable cause to evidence Dixon’s connections to the Capital Park shootings and
38 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 668, citing Thomas v. State, 305 A.3d 683 (Del. 2023). 39 Thomas,305 A.3d at 701, quoting Taylor v. State, 360 A.2d 602, 617 (Del. 2021). 40 Thomas, 305 A.3d at 703. 41 Id. 42 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 662. 10 that evidence of such would be found within the items requested. 43 Although the 42F
January 29 warrant contains sufficient facts to establish a reasonable belief that 1)
Dixon was an Instagram account user and 2) had involvement in those shootings, it
does not contain sufficient facts to establish probable cause that evidence related to
these shootings would be found within Dixon’s Instagram messages.
The only information provided in the warrant regarding Dixon’s Instagram
account and its relation to the Capital Park shootings consisted of two separate
Instagram posts on December 19, 2019, and December 28, 2019. 44 Because the43F
January 29 warrant appears to have been an attempt by Delaware State Police to
consolidate warrants for multiple Instagram accounts into one, Dixon was not
mentioned in this warrant until the Affiant’s paragraph 24. The only reference to
Dixon’s Instagram use in the entire warrant were found in Paragraphs 32 and 34.
Paragraph 32 stated that the account “levelup_lil” posted a video on December
19, 2019, containing several firearms. A second video was posted by this account
on December 28, 2019, which, according to the Affiant, showed Dixon taunting
unknown shooters for missing him, in reference to a shooting that occurred at 242
Governor Boulevard, Dixon’s address, the previous night. Paragraph 18 of the
43 Id. 44 D.I. 136, Ex. A ¶¶ 32, 34. 11 Affidavit referenced facts surrounding that shooting. The totality of the Affidavit
laid out sufficient probable cause to connect the shootings.
But the Affidavit does not establish probable cause to believe that evidence of
these shootings would be found in Dixon’s Instagram messaging. While paragraph
34 of the Affidavit referenced Dixon’s Instagram messaging, it failed to provide
sufficient information to establish the required nexus. This paragraph reads:
On 1/28/20, your affiant contacted Detective Warren of the Dover Police Department. Detective Warren is investigating an unrelated homicide which occurred on 1/24/20. [Victim] was located deceased within the city of Dover, DE [sic] due to being shot. Detective Warren advised he had gone through the content of [the victim’s] phone and located Instagram messages from user “levelup_lil”.[sic] 45 44F
This is the entirety of any reference to Instagram messaging for the “levelup_lil”
account. No further detail was provided into the substance of the messages, nor was
a timeframe provided for when these messages were exchanged. This information
is insufficient to establish a nexus, by a probable cause standard, to obtain “[r]ecords
concerning the content of private messages in the user’s inbox, draft, and sent
messages, for the above listed account(s)” as requested in Item 5. Therefore, any
results provided in response to this request are suppressed and the motion is
GRANTED, in part, with respect to this section of the warrant.
45 D.I. 127, Warrant Application, ¶ 34. 12 This warrant additionally fails to provide any information whatsoever
regarding the request in Item 4 for “[r]ecords concerning the IP address at account
sign-up, logs showing IP addresses with date and time stamps for the above listed
account(s).” The Affidavit failed to show how this information would be relevant,
necessary, or much less provide evidence of the investigated crimes. Therefore, the
motion to suppress is GRANTED, in part, with respect to this section of the
warrant. As a result, the Motion to Suppress the March and May warrants is
GRANTED, as the probable cause in those warrants was grounded upon the
information obtained from the Instagram private messaging received from the
January warrant.
The motion is DENIED, however with respect to Items 1-3, as these Items
logically request information regarding the Instagram account for which probable
cause exists. The nexus was established based upon the nature of the requests
themselves. The information provided in the warrant established the nexus for the
sought identification information of the potential shooting suspects, one of which
was Dixon.
2. The March 2021 AT&T Warrant
Dixon next challenges the issuance of a search warrant directed at the AT&T
telephone number (302) 608-4874, a number presumed to be Dixon’s. This warrant
requested:
13 …Call Detail Records (CDRs) 46 … for the time period February 25, 45F
2020 from 0001 hours to February 26, 2020, 0001 hours (EST/UTC-5) and March 2, 2020 from 0001 hours to 2359 (EST/UTC-5) on the AT&T network by way of AT&T USA. 1. All subscriber information, including name, address, contact numbers, activation/deactivation dates, account number, social security number and account features 2. All device identifies, to include ESN, MEID, IMEI, and IMSI 3. Cell Site locations (tower lists, tower addresses, latitude, longitude) and sectors for all outgoing and incoming voice, SMS, MMS and data transactions 4. All available RTT (Real Time Tool), PCMD (Per Call Measurement Data), NELOS (Network Event Location System), TDOA or Timing Advance Information (True Call), Mediation records, E911 records, and any other historical GPS, CSLI (Cell Site Location Information), or records for any other methods of historical precision location data, to include 1X, EVDO, LTE and data 5. IP Session and IP Source-Destination reports 6. All Text message content to include pictures OR provide the Cloud account which stores this content 7. Devise identifiers, such as IMEI, for all devices (watches, HUM, tablets, etc) that are connected/paired to this number/subscriber account 47 46F
Paragraph 40 of the warrant’s Affidavit states:
Your Affiant seeks to obtain the cell tower data and related information in order to confirm the locations of Khalil Dixon’s cellular device in the timeframe before, during and after the homicide of Shiheem Dirham. Specifically, Your Affiants seek to determine if Robinson’s cell phone was in the area of the crime scene and/or in the Capital Park
46 Hereinafter, Call Detail Records will be referred to as “CDRs.” 47 D.I. 128, Warrant Application, p. 4. Again, the Court recited this language verbatim and is not correcting grammatical errors. 14 neighborhood following the homicide on February 25, 2020. Moreover, Your Affiants also seek to determine Dixon’s whereabout on March 2, 202 to determine if he was at the Dover Mall. Your Affiants are requesting the cell tower data for the following timeframes: February 25, 2020 from 0001 hours to February 26, 2020 0001 hours (EST/UTC-5) and March 2, 2020 from 0001 hours to 2359 hours (EST/UTC-5). 4847F
Dixon first argues this request amounts to an unconstitutional general warrant and
therefore, any evidence obtained must be suppressed. Dixon’s argument is based
upon the “mismatch between the limited probable cause that may be averred in a
search warrant affidavit, and far broader search parameters approved in the
warrant.” 49 Dixon argues the warrant sought much more than the cell tower location, 48F
and that the text message data requested is not supported by probable cause. Dixon
additionally argues the warrant lacks probable cause to establish a connection
between Dixon’s cell location information and the alleged crime, as well as failing
to place temporal limitations on Items 1-7. Dixon points out that the Affidavit’s
paragraph 40 seemingly seeks records of another, “Robinson,” as opposed to Dixon
himself.
In retort, the State argues that the warrant is not general, due to the temporal
limitations provided and the contents sought do not amount to an “exploratory
rummaging” of Dixon’s account information. The State argues the reasoning in
48 Id., ¶ 40. 49 D.I. 128, ¶ 9. 15 Terreros, Buckham, and Wheeler do not implicate the same privacy here, as the
information sought is cell tower data, rather than that of a privately owned cellular
device. Additionally, the State argues the Affidavit sufficiently established probable
cause and a nexus between the phone and the crime scene for the CDR, as well as
for the additional items requested. Alternatively, the State acknowledges the
insufficiencies in the additionally requested items and argued, at most, the Court
should find this warrant overbroad and simply suppress the requested additional
materials, none of which were provided by AT&T. Finally, the State argues that the
mention of “Robinson” as opposed to “Dixon” in paragraph 40 is akin to a
scrivener’s error and does not negate the validity of the warrant, as the remainder of
the affidavit makes the intentions clear.
First and foremost, it is incumbent upon the Court to acknowledge and express
distaste with the sloppiness that has been shown in the drafting of not only this
warrant, but the other warrants reviewed in this case. The mentioning of “Robinson”
in paragraph 40 is seemingly the tip of the iceberg of the poor quality of these
warrants in an important investigation. Whether these warrants were a result of
rushing, complacency, or general sloppiness, more is expected in the presentation
and drafting of these warrants. While the State is correct that in two recent cases the
Superior Court has found that errors in warrants did not result in the suppression of
16 evidence, 50 those were case specific findings and should not be routinely relied upon 49F
to excuse sloppy warrants. Attention to detail is required when drafting and
presenting warrants.
In Buckham v. State, the Supreme Court declared a search warrant of
Buckham’s cell phone unconstitutionally general for lack of particularity.
Specifically, the Court’s decision cited the warrant’s failure to limit the search to a
particularized time frame and found it authorized a search of essentially all data on
the device. 51 The Court determined that the warrant application failed to establish 50F
the requisite probable cause as the warrant was “too vague and too general to connect
[the defendant’s] cell phone to the shooting.” 52 The open-ended language used in the 1F
Buckham warrant, in conjunction with the lack of any limiting time frame, amounted
to an impermissible general warrant, violative of the Fourth Amendment. 53 52F
Similarly in Terreros, the Supreme Court found the cell phone search warrant
in question improperly authorized a search of “nearly every major category of data
contained within the phone without regard to date.” 54 The Terreros Court reaffirmed 53F
that a warrant must contain explicit language to ensure its practical effect will only
50 State v. Martin, 2023 WL 4077677, *7 (Del. Super. June 16, 2023) and State v. Brown, 2024 WL 913199, at *3 (De. Super. Mar. 1, 2024). 51 Buckham, 185 A.3d at 19. 52 Id, at 17. 53 Id., see also Thomas v. State, 305 A.3d at 701. 54 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 670. 17 allow law enforcement to search areas in which there is a sufficient nexus,
established by probable cause, to the investigation. 55 An affidavit of probable cause 54F
must establish a nexus and provide “facts sufficient to conclude that any evidence of
the alleged crime would be found” in the places to be searched. 56 A general warrant 55F
essentially allows law enforcement an indiscriminate search of the entire electronical
data. 57 Even where identifiable categories are set forth, if the collective result is a 56F
search of essentially the entire contents, or a “top to bottom rummaging” of all of
the electronically stored information, the warrant is general and must be suppressed
in its entirety. 58 57F
The State’s argument that Terreros and Buckham are inapplicable because
those cases dealt with the search of a personal cellular phone, as opposed to
information held by a third-party company, is somewhat misplaced. Yes, different
privacy implications are at play when searching a personal cellular device as
opposed to cell tower location information. However, privacy concerns remain with
cellular tower information. 59 And while the decisions in Terreros and Buckham 58F
speak to warrants for personal electronic devices, they provide a detailed analysis
for review of all warrants, as all warrants have the potential to be challenged as
55 Id. at 666, 667, see also Thomas v. State, 305 A.3d 683, 697 (Del. 2023). 56 Id. at 667. 57 Id. 58 Id. 59 See Buckham, 134 A.3d at 1 (Del. 2018). 18 general or overbroad. The type of privacy interest protected, i.e. personal device or
records held by a third party, is just one part of the analysis. While the individualized
holdings are fact dependent, the principles that are provided in those cases can be
applicable to search warrant drafting and review for all scenarios. 60 59F
With that understanding, the AT&T warrant was reviewed to determine
whether it is an unconstitutional general warrant. It is not. The warrant contained
the temporal limitation that was lacking in Buckham. There is no question this
warrant was poorly drafted; had more thought and review been given to this warrant,
this discussion may not have been needed. However, a fair reading of the warrant
makes it clear that the temporal limitation in the CDR request applies to the
additional Items 1-7. Thus, drawing the reasonable inference permitted, the warrant
provides a temporal limitation for all information requested. 61 This inference is 60F
supported by the fact that AT&T did not provide any information beyond those dates.
This warrant differs from the general warrants discussed in the cited cases, as
it did not permit an indiscriminate search or “exploratory rummaging” through the
details of Dixon’s cellular account. While this warrant haphazardly set forth a
temporal limitation, it described with particularity the places to be searched and did
60 Notably, the State cites Thomas in support of its alternative argument seeking an overbroad determination, which also reviewed a warrant requesting an information from a cellular phone. 61 Sisson, 903 A.2d at 296 (internal citations omitted). 19 not request information that amounted to a top-to-bottom search of Dixon’s
information. Therefore, the AT&T warrant is not an unconstitutional general
warrant.
However, the warrant is overbroad. 6261F Dixon correctly claims that “the
approved warrant authorized collection of much more, including, for example, ‘all
text message content to include pictures or provide the Cloud account which stores
this content’- a far broader sweep for records than the cell tower data search for
which probable cause had been averred in the Affidavit.” 63 62F While the warrant
delineated specified areas of the search, not all requests were supported by probable
cause. 64 63F
The warrant established a nexus between the requested CDRs, the time frame,
and evidence of the alleged crime. Much of the Affidavit details discussion between
alleged conspirators regarding the murder of Durham from cellular devices. The
device number was attributed to Dixon and electronic communications were
included that established the device was used. The Affidavit contained evidence
regarding phone use, Dixon’s location regarding the set up and final payment for the
murder, and the relationship between the evidence and the Durham’s murder. This
62 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 668 (internal citations omitted). 63 D.I 128, Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Instagram Search Warrants, ¶ 10. 64 Thomas, 305 A.3d at 703. 20 distinguishes it from infirmities in the general warrants previously discussed, where
such a nexus could not be established.
In reviewing the totality of the information presented in the entirety of the
warrant, requested Items 1-4 are founded in probable cause. The purpose of this
warrant was to request cell tower information. That was confirmed in paragraph 40,
albeit for Dixon and not Robinson. The need for subscriber and contact information
was set forth and a nexus is established, thus Item 1 passes constitutional muster.
The same logic follows for Item 2, which requested “[a]ll device identifiers.” The
Affidavit established a nexus and probable cause for cell tower location, and
naturally device identifiers stem from that request.
The descriptions themselves in Items 3 & 4 established sufficient identifying
information that allows this Court to conclude that these requests would lead to the
discovery of cell tower location information for Dixon’s purported number. Despite
the Affidavit itself not having defined these technological terms, support is found in
Items 3 & 4 by reading the totality of the information provided in the Affidavit
(paragraph 2 of the “Affiant and Witness” section), 65 along with paragraphs 20, 26, 64F
27 and 40 of the Affidavit, in conjunction with the request for “[a]ll cell site tower
location information for cell phone (302) 608-4874” written atop each page of the
Affidavit. As such, with respect to these items, the motion to suppress is DENIED.
65 D.I. 128, Warrant ¶¶1-3. 21 However, this warrant lacks probable cause to establish a nexus that evidence
of the murder would be found in requested items 5 through 7. Item 5 requests “IP
Session and IP Source-Destination reports” however the warrant is completely
devoid of information to explain this request or why this information would hold
evidence of the murder of Durham and Dixon’s involvement. If this information is
needed to provide “cell site tower location information,” it should have been
articulated in the warrant. It was not. Therefore, this request is stricken as
impermissibly overbroad and to the extent evidence was received from AT&T in
response of this request, it is suppressed.
Further, there is nothing in the warrant that established probable cause for
either Item 6 or 7. Item 6 requested, “[a]ll text message content to include pictures
OR provide the Cloud account which stores this content.” Item 7 requested,
“[d]evice identifies, such as IMEI, for all devices (watches, HUM, tablets, etc) that
are connected/paired to this number/subscriber account.” Once again, there is
nothing remotely mentioned in this warrant that could establish probable cause for
these requests. No mention of a watch or tablet is found in the Affidavit. To the
extent the Affidavit referenced electronic communications between Dixon and
others, those were made in reference to a social media account. The Affidavit did
not contain any language that connected this requested information to the cell tower
location data. Therefore, Items 6 & 7 are impermissibly overbroad, unsupported by
22 probable cause and any information received as a result of these requests are
suppressed.
The State’s argument that no privacy intrusion occurred because no items
were produced in response to the overbroad language is incorrect. The fact that
nothing was produced in response to this subpoena is of no consequence. It is the
search itself, as opposed to the result, that is the focus of the Court’s review. 66 A 65F
constitutional violation cannot be cured by the fact that no evidence was returned.
It is the search that is the intrusion. Not the results. 67 66F
It is notable that all the warrants at issue in this case were all sought and
reviewed in 2020 and 2021, prior to the instructive rulings provided in Terreros and
Thomas. Issues with the attention to the drafting of these warrants aside, the
concepts of general versus overbroad warrants have recently been articulated by the
Supreme Court in these cases, which provided helpful guidance to reviewing courts.
Therefore, with respect to Dixon’s motion to suppress the March 24, 2021, warrant
seeking information related to (302) 608-4874, the motion is GRANTED in part
and DENIED in part.
66 Terreros, 312 A.3d at 670. 67 Id. 23 3. The March 19, 2021, Instagram Warrant Dixon challenges the issuance of the March 19, 2021, Instagram warrant as
an unconstitutional general warrant. Once again, the State argues that Terreros,
Taylor and Thomas – all cited by Dixon, are inapplicable for the reasons previously
discussed. The State additionally argues that Coffield v. State, 68 distinguishes these 67F
warrants from those of Terreros, Taylor and Thomas.
The State is correct that Coffield upheld an Instagram search warrant in part
by distinguishing Terreros, Taylor and Thomas on the basis that different privacy
implications exist when searching a personal device rather than information received
from a third-party provider. However, Coffield endeavored the same review
regarding particularity and temporal limitations. Again, the privacy interest is a
factor in the constitutional analysis. It is not determinative of whether such an
analysis needs to occur.
Nevertheless, the March 19, 2021, Instagram warrant used here is essentially
the same as the one presented for review in Coffield. 69 The language used in the 68F
“Greetings” page of the Coffield warrant is the exact language used in the March 19,
2021, warrant challenged here. The only difference is that this warrant naturally
68 Coffield v. State, 333 A.3d 491(TABLE) (Del. 2025), 2025 WL 85345. 69 Id. See also Coffield v. State, No. 288, 2023, D.I. 60, State Reply App. B42. 24 speaks to Dixon and the time frame relevant in this case. Dixon’s warrant places
the temporal limitation of January 29, 2020, to March 17, 2020.
Dixon acknowledges the warrant is based upon probable cause and states his
challenge extends only to the argument that it is an impermissible general warrant
due to the language used. From the Court’s review of the accompanying Affidavit,
the warrant is based upon probable cause and a sufficient nexus exists to justify each
search request. Given this, and following the logic delineated in Coffield, the
warrant is constitutionally sufficient. The late-filed motion to suppress is therefore
DENIED.
II. Motion in Limine to Exclude Shute Testimony
Finally, Dixon moves in limine to exclude the testimony of the State’s
proffered expert William Shute, retired Special Agent, who founded the FBI’s
Cellular Analysis Survey Team (hereinafter “C.A.S.T.”) Unit. An evidentiary
hearing was held on November 10, 2025, at which testimony was taken by Shute.
For the reasons set forth below, that motion is DENIED.
After receiving the Call Detail Records received from the AT&T warrant, the
State requested former FBI Special Agent William Shute (hereinafter “Shute”)
analyze the CDRs to determine the approximate location of Dixon’s cell phone on
the requested dates by locating the cell towers to which it connected. In Dixon’s
first trial, the State presented Shute’s testimony to argue Dixon was in Dover on the
25 date of the murder and on March 2, 2020, to make the final payment for the murder. 70 69F
The State’s theory is that Dixon arranged the murder for hire scheme and coordinated
with Deonte Robinson (hereinafter “Robinson”) and Calhum to kill Durham. Dixon
paid in two installments, both in person, in Dover.
The State presented cell tower record evidence through Shute from the date
of the murder that placed Dixon, Calhum, and Robinson all within the cell tower
sectors that covered a shopping center on South Bay Road in Dover, near the scene
of the crime. 71 Call detail records from March 2, 2020, show Dixon and a witness, 70F
Tyree Burton (hereinafter “Burton”) called each other several times up until 12:49
p.m. At the same time, Burton’s Probation & Parole GPS records placed him at the
Dover Mall while Dixon’s cell tower records placed him in the corresponding tower
sector that covers the Dover Mall. 72 After the murder, Robinson collected a partial 71F
cash payment from Dixon at a nearby store. 73 Dixon paid Robinson the remaining 72F
cash balance when they met at the Dover Mall several days later. 74 73F Shute’s
testimony placed Dixon’s phone at each location nearby given the cell tower
coordinates.
70 D.I. 137 at 2. 71 Id. at 3. 72 Id. 73 Id. at 4. 74 Id. 26 The State seeks to reintroduce this testimony in Dixon’s new trial. Shute’s
testimony is now challenged by Dixon, despite it being admitted without objection
in the first trial. Dixon argues that since his conviction, the New Jersey Superior
Court, Appellate Division, decided State v. Demby. 75 Demby found information 74F
obtained from AT&T towers to determine location information to lack reliability
because AT&T does not provide Real Time Tracking information. 76 Dixon urges 75F
this Court to follow the same analysis and exclude Shute’s testimony in his new trial.
The State argues that Demby was founded on incorrect reasoning and is not binding
on this Court. The State further argues that under Delaware jurisprudence and the
Delaware Rules of Evidence, the proffered testimony of Shute satisfies all
requirements and should be re-admitted.
In Delaware the admissibility of expert testimony is determined using the
Daubert 77 standard. Under this standard, the Court asks whether: 76F
(i) the witness is “qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education; (ii) the evidence is relevant and reliable; (iii) the expert's opinion is based upon information reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field; (iv) the expert testimony will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; and (v) the expert testimony will not create unfair prejudice or confuse or mislead the jury. 78 77F
75 State v. Demby, 2024 WL 3039795 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. June 18, 2024). 76 Id. at *5-6. 77 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 (1993). 78 State v. Pierce, 222 A.3d 582, 588 (Del. Super. Mar. 6, 2019) (citing Eskin v. Carden, 842 A.2d 1222, 1231 (Del. 2004) (citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. at 113). 27 As the gatekeeper, the trial judge's role “is to make certain that an expert, whether
basing testimony upon professional studies or personal experience, employs in the
courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an
expert in the relevant field.” 79 78F
Dixon contends that “Agent Schute’s report relies upon assumptions that have
no basis in fact and is unsupported by the necessary empirical data, given the lack
of True Call data, the absence of drive testing, and the failure to determine the actual
coverage footprints of the relevant AT&T cell towers.” 80 Consequently, Dixon 79F
claims that the proffered expert testimony will not assist the trier of fact and carries
a high risk of prejudice which may mislead the jury. 81 80F
Dixon solely relies on New Jersey’s Demby decision for his proposition that
because AT&T towers do not have Real Time Tracking (“RTT”) technology, Agent
Schute’s testimony is essentially his opinion and cannot be presented to the jury.
Dixon’s reliance on Demby, however, is misplaced. New Jersey and Delaware have
different standards for admission of expert testimony. New Jersey follows a
judicially created “net opinion” standard, which prohibits a witness testifying as an
expert if the testimony is not factually supported. This is different from Delaware’s
79 Pierce, 222 A.3d at 588. 80 D.I. 146, Def. Mot. in Lim. to Exclude CAST Expert William Shute ¶ 2. 81 Id. at ¶¶ 8-9. 28 standard for admission of this evidence, which is governed by Delaware Rule of
Evidence (“D.R.E”) 702. D.R.E. 702 states:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case. 8281F
A hearing was held following argument on Dixon’s motion at which Shute
testified to his training, experience and reasoning for his opinions in this case.
Notably, Shute has provided expert testimony in numerous cases in both Delaware
and Pennsylvania courts, including testimony during Dixon’s first trial. While there
is no written opinion in Delaware regarding Shute’s expert designation, the Superior
Court of Pennsylvania has previously ruled that Shute was an expert in the field of
historical cellular site analytics. 83 In Commonwealth. v. Page, the court held Shute 82F
was qualified to provide testimony in this field, as “Shute received specialized
training in the field of cellular technology from the FBI and from outside
companies,” which “included, but is not limited to, GSN technology, CDMA
82 D.R.E. 702. 83 Page, 2014 WL 10965747 at *22. 29 technology, IDEN technology and radio frequency theory.” 84 Page concluded that 83F
“Shute has extensive experience (1) working with commercial cellular telephone
carriers; (2) analyzing historical cell site data; and (3) with the operation of handset
technology within cell phone towers and the larger cellular network.” 85 The court 84F
ultimately held that “[g]iven Special Agent Shute's experience, training, specialized
knowledge and professional qualifications, [the Court] had no reservations in
recognizing Special Agent Shute as an expert in the area of historical cell site
analysis.” 86 85F
The same conclusions can be made following the hearing before this Court.
Shute testified to his extensive training and experience, that he essentially created
the C.A.S.T. Unit within the FBI and has extensive knowledge regarding the
technology surrounding his review of cellular data and information provided by
cellular providers dating back decades. Shute testified to the R.T.T. technology,
when it became available, how it can assist when it is provided, and that whether this
R.T.T. technology is available does not alter the reliability of his conclusions.
In reviewing the standards under D.R.E. 702, Shute’s testimony regarding
Dixon’s cell phone location will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence
presented to determine whether Dixon was in Dover at the relevant times. The
84 Id. 85 Id. 86 Id. 30 proffered testimony is based upon sufficient facts and data, is the product of reliable
principles and methods, and is not based upon Shute’s opinion alone. Shute has
reliably applied the principles and methods of cellular analysis to the facts of this
case. His conclusions are based upon information and methods relied upon by
experts in the field of cellular analysis.
With all due respect to the Demby Court, the New Jersey standard of
admission for expert testimony differs from the Delaware standard. After hearing
thorough testimony regarding the scientific basis for the opinions in which Shute
holds, a reliable basis for Shute’s testimony has been established. The absence of
R.T.T. information provided by AT&T does not change Shute’s qualifications or the
reliability of his opinion. Shute has been analyzing data and providing expert
opinions to this Court and others before the emergence of this R.T.T. technology.
This proffered testimony proves to be no less reliable. A technological advancement
offered by some cellular providers should not serve as an impediment to the
admission of previously reliable testimony.
Therefore, the Motion in Limine to exclude Shute’s testimony is DENIED.
III. Conclusion
Therefore, the Motion to Suppress the January 29, March 30 and May13, 2020
Instagram Warrants is GRANTED, in part and DENIED, in part. The Motion to
Suppress the AT&T Warrant is GRANTED, in part and DENIED, in part. The
31 Motion for Leave to File Out of Time is GRANTED, but the corresponding Motion
to Suppress is DENIED. Finally, the Motion in Limine is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
_________________________ Danielle J. Brennan, Judge