MR. COMMISSIONER JACKSON
prepared the opinion for the court.
The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree on May 19, 1920, and on May 24 he was sentenced to be hanged. From the judgment of conviction, and from an order denying his motion for a new trial, he appeals.
Before the trial was begun, the defendant applied to the trial court for a change of place of trial. The motion was denied, and defendant predicates error. In support of the petition are the affidavits of W. J. Cushing and C. W. Robison, both counsel for the defendant. Briefly, the affidavits state that the arrest of the defendant was made by a posse commitatus, consisting of from fifty to one hundred armed men; that at the time of the arrest, and subsequently, it was freely remarked by various members of the posse and others that defendant should be lynched; that the newspapers of the county and the papers of Butte, Montana, which have a large circulation in Beaverhead county, published statements concerning the defendant and the manner of the commission of the alleged crime and the arrest of the defendant, which statements were generally read by the people of the county of Beaverhead; that, on account of the statements and articles, the people of Beaverhead county were so prejudiced against the defendant that he could not have a fair trial in the county, and belief was expressed that it was impossible to obtain a jury in the county [431] that had not formed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused, such as would disqualify them as jurors.
A hearing was had on the petition, Messrs. Cushing and Robison being the only persons to testify. Mr. Robison’s evidence went solely to the talk he had heard, and that of Mr. Cushing, in addition to the talk, went to the effect that the newspapers of the county “published somewhat of an extended statement of the commission of this crime and the facts leading up to the arrest and confinement of the prisoner.” Both witnesses stated they believed it would be impossible to secure a fair trial or to secure an unprejudiced jury in the county. No counter-affidavits nor proof were offered by the state.
[1, 2] The Constitution guarantees to everyone charged with a crime a fair trial before an impartial jury, and it is settled law in this jurisdiction that an application for change of place of trial is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and, unless an abuse of this power is shown, its ruling will not be disturbed. (State v. Spotted Hawk, 22 Mont. 33, 55 Pac. 1026, and cases there cited.) No extracts from the newspapers were attached to the affidavits, and the record is silent as to what the stories contained. The bald statement that the tale of the crime was printed in newspapers and generally read by the inhabitants of the county, and that therefore the defendant would be deprived of his constitutional right of fair trial by an impartial jury, is a flat conclusion, and was properly disregarded by the trial court. (State v. Spotted Hawk, supra; Territory v. Manton, 8 Mont. 95, 19 Pac. 387.) No fact in the affidavits or testimony appears to move judicial discretion, save the statements that there had been talk of lynching the defendant, and its effect upon the popular mind.
It must be borne in mind that, while the defendant had been arrested by an armed posse, and at a time when feeling was intense, the inviolability of his person was observed, and in accordance with the high concept of respect for justice the law was permitted, without let or hindrance, to take its course. Naturally, whenever a brutal crime has been committed, there [432] are many whose unbridled tongues vent emotion, but it does not follow that a community’s judgment is warped. The record does not disclose the voir dire examination of the jurors, but it suffices to say that, when a jury is obtained on a homicide case after the examination of but fifty-six men, and no unusual condition is apparent, the statement as to prejudice and the impossibility of securing a fair and impartial jury falls. The showing is entirely insufficiefit to permit this court to disturb the ruling of the lower court in denying the motion.
“The trial judge is generally familiar with the local situation ; he knows the prevailing sentiment of the people, in so far as it finds oft-repeated expression; he knows all the facts and circumstances proper to be considered in determining the matter; he may know the persons who make affidavits suggesting undue excitement or prejudice, and can properly estimate the weight to be given such affidavits. A judicial discretion exercised under such circumstances should not be interfered with, unless its abuse is so clearly manifest as to call for a reversal.” (State v. Welty, 65 Wash. 244, 118 Pac. 9; see, also, State v. Caseday, 58 Or. 429, 115 Pac. 287; Johnson v. State, 1 Okl. Cr. 321, 18 Ann. Cas. 300, 97 Pac. 1059; People v. Elliott, 80 Cal. 296, 22 Pac. 207; Jahnke v. State, 68 Neb. 154, 94 N. W. 158, 104 N. W. 154.)
It appears that shortly after noon on April 21, 1920, C. K. Wyman, sheriff of Beaverhead county, in response to a telephoned request from J. B. Egan, of Monida, came to the latter place from Dillon, Montana, to arrest the defendant, accused of the theft of a bridle. Egan, in order to keep the defendant until the sheriff arrived, had engaged him to remove some carcasses from a corral. On his way from the train, the sheriff was met and accompanied to the hotel by the witness Raymond W. Knott. When they entered the place the defendant ivas pointed out to the sheriff, who tapped him on the shoulder and informed him he was under arrest. The defendant said, “All right,” picked up Ms hat, and added, “I [433] have a coat out in the cabin, and I would like to get that.” The sheriff and defendant then went out the front door of the hotel, and turned to the left. Knott left by the same door immediately after they had gone, turning to the right, and walking down the street until he came to the front entrance of the Egan store, a distance of about 200 feet from the hotel, where he met a man named Robbins, and heard the sound of two shots. He ran back on the same street a short distance from the store, and, looking down an alley, saw the defendant, gun in hand, standing about three feet in front of Wyman, whose back was toward witness, and who was then staggering. Knott testified: “It could not have been more than a few seconds from the time I heard the shots until I got into the position I indicated at the gate, where I could see Mr. Wyman and the defendant Davis, because I ran the twenty feet or so that was between me and the alley.” The witness then ran back into the store, told those who were there that the sheriff had been shot, went out the rear door and around an oil house, to the point where he had seen the defendant and Wyman. The defendant had disappeared, and Wyman was lying on the ground. The witness roused him, asked him what had happened, and the wounded man answered: “He shot me,” Knott then left Wyman, went back into the store, reported the sheriff was dead in the alley, picked up a rifle, and went out with others after the defendant. From this point his testimony is: “I saw the defendant after that. In fact, I saw him practically all the time, because we were trailing him until he got to the cabin. I saw the defendant on horseback the next time after I had seen him standing near Wyman with a gun in his hand; at that time he was in the corral. At that time the defendant would be to the left of the door marked ‘F.’ When I saw the defendant he was on his horse, and was trying to make it jump the bars, jump the corral at the point marked ‘Bars’ on the map, State’s Exhibit No. 1. I just saw the defendant for an instant then. He was still on horseback the last time I saw him. The next time I [434] saw the defendant he was running down the railroad track. At that time he was right on the track. There is a railroad Y in there, and he was crossing the Y. The defendant, at the time I saw him on the track, was running in this direction, which, according to the map, would be northwest. He was running on the right-hand side of the track at that time; that would be as you look down the track from Monida, toward Dillon. Mr. Robbins was with me at that time. Mr. Robbins and I struck out to the right of him, trying to circle around the defendant. I had a riñe at this time. I did not use my rifle at that time. Mr. Robbins did not use his at that time either. Mr., Robbins used his rifle in the corral. I was not present the first time that Mr. Robbins shot. I said that Mr. Robbins and I started to follow the defendant. I imagine we went one-eighth of a mile from the railroad track out through the hills with the intention of cutting him off at the bend in the track. That would be about northwest of Monida; it would be more northerly than the track runs. After that time we kept the defendant in sight. We did that by following him. Mr. Robbins and Mr. Miller were in the party at that time. As a rough estimate, I would say that we were separated from the defendant from one-quarter to a half of a mile. I know that Mr. Miller had some glasses with him that day. Mr. Miller had a pair of high-powered binoculars with him at that time that he used. I could • see the defendant myself most of the time. We followed the defendant in this northwesterly direction from Monida for about one mile. At that time we saw the defendant off to the left of the track after we got up on top of the hills. When we saw the defendant to the left of the track, he was traveling in a southwesterly direction. Mr. Robbins and I were still following him. We followed the defendant until we came to the cabin the defendant was in. That is the same cabin in which the posse captured him.”
The defendant was arrested that afternoon by Dan Mooney, the under-sheriff of the county, who had gone to the cabin [435] with a posse, and found it already surrounded by others. The defendant, who was in the cellar, was armed with a 30-30 Winchester carbine. He inquired “if there was a sheriff outside,” and, upon being informed that there was, he said, “All right; let the law take its course.” After the arrest, the defendant was searched, and sixteen 32-caliber automatic shells were taken from his person. When asked where his 32-automatic pistol was, he said he had none; later he said he “ditched it,” and then said, “I threw it away.” Finally, he claimed to have buried it in the cellar of the cabin, between the floor and top of the cellar. The cellar was searched, but the pistol not found there. Witness Knott testified to the finding of a 32-automatic Colt pistol. “Exhibit No. 4, marked for identification for the state, is a 32-automatic Colts. I have seen that before. It is the gun I brought down here from Monida. This gun was found in Monida by Mr. Robbins and myself. I first saw this gun at Monida. I saw it back of the warehouse, the lower barn. It would be northwest of the lower barn. When I first saw the gun it was lying on the ground. Mr. Robbins picked the gun up. I was present at that time. At that time the gun was taken to the store by Mr. Robbins. Mr. Robbins handed the gun to Mr. Egan, and Mr. Egan give it to me to put in the safe. I later removed it from the safe. When I removed it from the safe I brought it down to Dillon. At Dillon I delivered it to the sheriff’s office. I delivered the gun to the same officer I delivered the shells to.” On the day following the tragedy, Knott, H. K. Robbins and J. B. Egan, making a search at the scene of the crime, found two empty 32-caliber automatic shells, which were in evidence at the trial.
[3] In specifications 2 and 3, defendant urges error in the admitting, over objection, the pistol and the shells with which it was loaded when found. In our opinion there is no merit to this contention, as there was ample evidence connecting the defendant with the exhibits. In fact, the incidents are all so closely connected with the homicide as to foreclose [436] doubt; two shots were heard; defendant was seen with a gun in his hand a few seconds later, standing in front of the sheriff, who was staggering about wounded; the injured man said, “He shot me”; two empty 32-caliber automatic shells were found very close to where they had been standing; sixteen loaded shells of the same kind and caliber were discovered on the person of the defendant; defendant’s own admission that he had thrown a 32-caliber automatic pistol away, and the finding and delivery to the officer of the gun and its load.
“To warrant the admission in evidence of an instrument or weapon as the one with which the crime was committed, a prima facie showing of identity and connection with the crime is necessary, and sufficient; clear, certain, and positive proof is not required.” (16 C. J. 618, 619, and cases there cited; People v. Byrne, 160 Cal. 217, 116 Pac. 521, 530.)
Defendant in his case sought by his actions and answers on the stand to bring his sanity in question. When interrogated, his responses were incoherent and meaningless. The two guards who had been employed to watch the defendant, one from the 24th and the other from the 29th of April, up to and including the time of the trial, also were called on his behalf, and after relating his actions and talk while in confinement, which they said were about the same as when on the stand, both declared him to be sane in their opinions. This was the defendant’s entire case, and, as will be seen, there is not a scintilla of proof tending to show mental weakness, save his own demeanor. In rebuttal, together with under-sheriff Mooney, Walter Nesbit and J. B. Egan, the state produced Drs. Scanland, Bolton and MacMillan, with wide experience as experts on mental diseases. They testified from actual physical tests and observation of the defendant that he was sane, and simulating mania. In fact, his simulating was demonstrated to the jury when, as Dr. Scanland, among other symptoms, related that maniacs are given to singing and crying out occasionally, the defendant, who had not done so before, [437] became exceedingly boisterous, and cried out. Mooney, the under-sheriff, testified to the conversation he had with the defendant after his arrest by the witness and the posse, in which defendant talked and acted rationally, detailing the arrest by the sheriff, Wyman, denying he had seen Wyman after they left the hotel, and relating that he was going to ride his horse to Dillon, but changed his mind, and decided to hunt jack-rabbits, and that he had gone to the cabin, where he was captured, to cook a meal.
[4] In assignments 4 and 5, error is alleged, in that, over objection, the witness Nesbit, called in rebuttal, was permitted to answer the question: “Was he sent there [to prison] for a crime 1” and in overruling the objection to the same witness referring to a commitment to fix the date of defendant’s second escape from the state prison. It is argued at some length that the defendant was not charged with a prior conviction, and that it could not in any case be proved by the oral testimony of the witness, and that, under the pretext of refreshing his memory by looking at the commitment, the purpose was to prejudice the jury.
[438] [5] [437] Counsel mistook the situation. The witness Nesbit was the assistant deputy warden of the Montana state prison, who had known the defendant under the name of Albert Tek, as a convict in the prison from June, 1913, until March 21, 1920, and saw and observed him every day during that time, except, during two short intervals, aggregating about two months, during which time Tek was a fugitive, having escaped from prison. His testimony was entirely on the sanity phase of the ease, and he testified the defendant was sane. No objection was made to his qualifications under subdivision 10, section 7887, Revised Codes. He had already testified without objection: “That man’s name is Albert Tek. I first met that man in June, 1913. At that time he entered the prison.” This was sufficient to apprise the jury that the man had been a convict and the question objected to could not operate to the prejudice of the defendant. As was aptly stated by the trial judge, [438] defendant’s sanity being in question, every act of Ms life was subject to scrutiny, and if it fell witMn prison walls it would have to be followed there. “To judge the mental deficiency of a person, the entire conduct of the individual through life may be taken into account.” (St. George v. Biddeford, 76 Me. 593; State v. Colbert, 58 Mont. 584, 194 Pa.c. 145.) Later in his testimony, from Ms independent recollection, the witness said: “At the time I observed the actions of the defendant, at the time he was in the penitentiary, they were just the same as any other person in there. The defendant was at the state prison from June, 1913, until in November, when he escaped. The defendant was finally discharged from the state prison on March 21, 1920. He escaped some time in November, 1913. He was later captured in Washington. After the defendant was captured he was brought back to the Montana state prison. He was returned to the prison in January, 1914. From January, 1914, until March 21, 1920, the defendant was at the state prison at Deer Lodge, Montana, as a prisoner. The defendant made one other escape. In order to give the date of the escape, I would have to look at the commitment” — all of which presented to the jury the knowledge witness had of defendant’s actions, and his opportunity for observation. The date of the second escape was immaterial. It was already in evidence defendant had escaped twice. By no course of reasoning can prejudice be predicated, since the testimony was entirely directed to the defendant’s mental condition and the witness’ time and opportunity for observing his actions. “For many years this court has uniformly adhered to and enforced the rule that a conviction will not be set aside for technical •errors or defects appearing in the record which do not effect the substantial rights of the accused.” (State v. Brooks, 57 Mont. 480, 188 Pac. 942.) There is no merit to assignments 4 and 5.
[6] The sixth assignment was that the court erred in permitting to be given opinion evidence of defendant’s sanity by a layman, J. B. Egan, who, according to the record, had seen, [439] talked with, and employed the defendant on the day of the homicide. Obviously, the witness had not qualified under subdivision 10, section 7887, Revised Codes, in that he did not come within the sphere of intimate acquaintanceship; but while the court erred in admitting his opinion, the error was harmless under all the circumstances of the case. In State v. Penna, 35 Mont. 535, 90 Pac. 787, relied on by defendant, there was much conflicting evidence as to the mental condition of the accused, and the court properly held that, under circumstances as presented at the trial, it was prejudicial error, to admit the testimony of news-writers who had not qualified under the intimate acquaintanceship statute. In State v. Leakey, 44 Mont. 354, 120 Pac. 234, also cited by the defendant, the court correctly held that, in conjunction with other errors, the trial court erred in permitting the witness George Albert to express an opinion that the defendant was sane. In this case, likewise, was there much evidence conflicting in character as to the prisoner’s sanity. But every case must be judged in the light of its individuating characteristics, and upon its own peculiar facts and circumstances. No parallel can be drawn between the cases cited and this case. If all of the evidence in the instant case did not point unerringly to but one conclusion, this court might have to reverse the judgment,. and order a new trial.
The state in its case in chief unquestionably established a state of facts that would support the verdict. The burden then devolved upon the defendant to prove circumstances of mitigation, or that would justify or excuse the act. This the defendant did not do, save by exhibiting to the jury his demeanor on the stand, and by incoherent answers. All of the witnesses in this case who testified as to the mental condition of the accused declared him sane. Therefore, there being no contradictory or conflicting evidence, we hold that, while the opinion evidence of the witness Egan was error, the defendant was not injured, and cannot complain. “It is further claimed the court erred in allowing proof to be made of the fact that [440] a number of fires were set by Warrick and the defendant after the pile of baled hay was kindled, and on the same night. Conceding that proof of after-committed offenses is not admissible in support of a criminal charge, we feel wholly justified in this ease in resolving the error against the defendant, for the reason that upon the whole case we think that the conviction was just, and that there has been no miscarriage of justice.” (People v. Wilkinson, 30 Cal. App. 473, 158 Pac. 3067.)
“Conceding error, and that the objection was properly raised in time, under the whole evidence, which was practically without dispute, and uncontradieted as to any part or particular, no such prejudice could have been worked to defendant’s rights as would amount to a miscarriage of justice.” (People v. Warr, 22 Cal. App. 663, 136 Pac. 304.)
[7] The defendant then contends that, since no one was present at the actual firing of the shots that killed Wyman, the court erred in giving the following instruction: “Upon a trial for murder, the commission of the homicide by the defendant being proved, the burden of proving circumstances of mitigation, or that justify or excuse it, devolves upon him, unless the proof on the part of the prosecution tends to show that the crime committed only amounts to manslaughter, or that the defendant was justifiable or excusable.”
This instruction is the statute of the state (sec. 9282, Rev. Codes), and was construed in Territory v. Manton, supra: “It means that if the jury find the fact of the killing, and that the prisoner did it, then the burden of proving circumstances which mitigate the offense from murder to manslaughter, or justify the killing altogether, will devolve on the accused, unless the very evidence itself which proves the killing, and that it was done by the prisoner, also shows it was manslaughter, or justifiable homicide.” (See, also, State v. Colbert, supra.) The jury in this case was fairly and properly instructed, and no error was made in giving the instruction complained of.
[441] Specifications 8 and 9, alleging error in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial and entering judgment, are disposed of in deciding the merits of the other assignments.
For the reasons herein stated, we recommend that the judgment of conviction and the order denying a new trial be affirmed.
Per Curiam :
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of conviction and. the order denying a new trial are affirmed.
Affirmed.