1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 28,466
5 DANNY McKINNEY,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF QUAY COUNTY 8 Ricky D. Purcell, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C. 13 Robert E. Tangora 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 CASTILLO, Judge.
18 Defendant appeals his felony convictions for possession of a firearm by a felon
19 and possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine, and his misdemeanor 1 convictions for possession of drug paraphernalia and possession of marijuana. [RP
2 61] The notice of proposed summary disposition proposed to affirm. Defendant filed
3 a timely memorandum in opposition pursuant to a granted motion for extension of
4 time. In support of his arguments for issues (1)-(3) and (5)-(7), Defendant refers to
5 State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M.
6 655, 712 P.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1985). [MIO 9-10, 15-17] We remain unpersuaded by
7 Defendant’s arguments and therefore affirm.
8 Issues (1) and (2): Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred
9 in admitting photographs of the controlled substances confiscated during the search
10 of Defendant’s residence and in permitting identification of the seized controlled
11 substances through these photographs. [DS 7; MIO 7-10]
12 The photographs at issue are of the methamphetamine about which the lab
13 technician testified telephonically [DS 3; MIO 2-3, 8] and which were referred to by
14 Officer Shaw in identifying the items seized from Defendant’s residence. [DS 6; MIO
15 6] Defendant challenges both the foundation for admission of the photographs [RP
16 24; DS 3, 5; MIO 8], as well as the chain of custody of the actual controlled
17 substances. [RP 24; DS 3, 5; MIO 8-9]
18 Regarding the foundation for admission of the photographs [DS 3; MIO 8],
19 given the lab technician’s status as the person who both tested and photographed the
2 1 controlled substances sent to him from the Tucumcari Police Department [DS 5; MIO
2 8], we hold that the lab technician was familiar with methamphetamine and qualified
3 to identify the photograph as a fair and accurate representation of the
4 methamphetamine that was confiscated from Defendant. See State ex rel. State
5 Highway Dep’t v. Kistler-Collister Co., 88 N.M. 221, 225, 539 P.2d 611, 615 (1975)
6 (holding that the “authentication of verification of photographs prerequisite to their
7 admission into evidence may be made by the photographer or by any witness whose
8 familiarity with the subject matter represented thereby qualifies him to testify as to the
9 correctness of the representation of the objects or scenes which they portray”).
10 Regarding the chain of custody of the controlled substances [MIO 4, 9], the
11 facts provide that Defendant’s probation officer, James Olivas [MIO 3], took
12 possession of the substances during the search, that probation officer Olivas gave the
13 substances to the evidence custodian, that the evidence custodian mailed the
14 substances to the state crime lab, and that the lab technician tested and photographed
15 the substances at the crime lab. [DS 5; MIO 9] Given this, we are not persuaded that
16 there was any break in the chain of custody to indicate that the substances tested were
17 not the same as the substances confiscated by probation officer Olivas. See generally
18 State v. Chavez, 84 N.M. 760, 761-62, 508 P.2d 30, 31-32 (Ct. App. 1973) (holding
19 that a knowledgeable witness can testify that the evidence presented in court is the
3 1 same as that connected with the case without tracing each link in the chain of
2 custody); see also State v. Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d
3 896 (stating that “[q]uestions concerning a possible gap in the chain of custody affects
4 the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility”).
5 Issue (3): Defendant continues to argue that the search of the premises was
6 unconstitutional because the address on the search warrant was not the address
7 searched. [DS 3, 7; MIO 10; RP 99-100]
8 The search warrant affidavit describes the residence to be searched as “1302
9 East Harmon Street”; provides that “[t]here are several trailer[-]type houses is [sic]
10 located on 1302 East Harmon Street”; and indicates that the “trailer[-]type house
11 located to the East is approx. 26 feet long [and] has several wooden panels covering
12 the sides of the trailer.” [RP 100] The testimony of Officer Shaw [MIO 6] and
13 probation officer Olivas [MIO 3-4, 10] provides that officers searched the residence
14 described. To the extent that there were inconsistencies [MIO 10-11], we are not
15 persuaded that they invalidated the warrant. See generally State v. Grossman, 113
16 N.M. 316, 318, 825 P.2d 249, 251 (Ct. App. 1991) (recognizing that “the power to
17 enter and search property has been upheld in New Mexico where omissions or
18 erroneous descriptions have been included in search warrants”).
19 Issue (4): Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred in
4 1 excluding a defense witness who would have testified that he, rather than Defendant,
2 owned the gun found in the searched residence. [DS 8; MIO 11] The facts provide
3 that Defendant sought to call the witness as a rebuttal witness to probation officer
4 Olivas’s testimony. [MIO 11-12] The facts further provide that Defendant had not
5 previously disclosed the witness and that the State objected because the witness had
6 not been previously disclosed, because the witness had been present in the courtroom
7 throughout the trial, and because the witness’ testimony was not rebuttal. [MIO 12]
8 Rule 5-502(A)(3) NMRA provides that, no fewer than ten days before trial, the
9 defendant shall disclose or make available to the State the names and addresses of the
10 witnesses the defendant intends to call at the trial, together with any statement made
11 by the witness. In the event of non-compliance, Rule 5-505(B) NMRA sets forth that
12 the district court may prohibit a party from calling a non-disclosed witness.
13 Consistent with these rules, in the present case we hold that it was not an abuse of
14 discretion for the district court to exclude the testimony of the undisclosed witness,
15 given that his testimony was material to the issue of whether Defendant was a felon
16 in possession of a firearm. See generally State v. Luna, 1996-NMCA-071, ¶ 7, 122
17 N.M. 143, 921 P.2d 950 (recognizing that the remedy for violating a discovery order
18 is discretionary with the trial court and the court’s decision to exclude testimony from
19 witnesses whose prior statements have not been properly disclosed will not be
5 1 overturned absent an abuse of discretion).
2 Unlike the circumstances in State v. McDaniel, 2004-NMCA-022, ¶¶ 9-10, 135
3 N.M.
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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 28,466
5 DANNY McKINNEY,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF QUAY COUNTY 8 Ricky D. Purcell, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C. 13 Robert E. Tangora 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 CASTILLO, Judge.
18 Defendant appeals his felony convictions for possession of a firearm by a felon
19 and possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine, and his misdemeanor 1 convictions for possession of drug paraphernalia and possession of marijuana. [RP
2 61] The notice of proposed summary disposition proposed to affirm. Defendant filed
3 a timely memorandum in opposition pursuant to a granted motion for extension of
4 time. In support of his arguments for issues (1)-(3) and (5)-(7), Defendant refers to
5 State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M.
6 655, 712 P.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1985). [MIO 9-10, 15-17] We remain unpersuaded by
7 Defendant’s arguments and therefore affirm.
8 Issues (1) and (2): Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred
9 in admitting photographs of the controlled substances confiscated during the search
10 of Defendant’s residence and in permitting identification of the seized controlled
11 substances through these photographs. [DS 7; MIO 7-10]
12 The photographs at issue are of the methamphetamine about which the lab
13 technician testified telephonically [DS 3; MIO 2-3, 8] and which were referred to by
14 Officer Shaw in identifying the items seized from Defendant’s residence. [DS 6; MIO
15 6] Defendant challenges both the foundation for admission of the photographs [RP
16 24; DS 3, 5; MIO 8], as well as the chain of custody of the actual controlled
17 substances. [RP 24; DS 3, 5; MIO 8-9]
18 Regarding the foundation for admission of the photographs [DS 3; MIO 8],
19 given the lab technician’s status as the person who both tested and photographed the
2 1 controlled substances sent to him from the Tucumcari Police Department [DS 5; MIO
2 8], we hold that the lab technician was familiar with methamphetamine and qualified
3 to identify the photograph as a fair and accurate representation of the
4 methamphetamine that was confiscated from Defendant. See State ex rel. State
5 Highway Dep’t v. Kistler-Collister Co., 88 N.M. 221, 225, 539 P.2d 611, 615 (1975)
6 (holding that the “authentication of verification of photographs prerequisite to their
7 admission into evidence may be made by the photographer or by any witness whose
8 familiarity with the subject matter represented thereby qualifies him to testify as to the
9 correctness of the representation of the objects or scenes which they portray”).
10 Regarding the chain of custody of the controlled substances [MIO 4, 9], the
11 facts provide that Defendant’s probation officer, James Olivas [MIO 3], took
12 possession of the substances during the search, that probation officer Olivas gave the
13 substances to the evidence custodian, that the evidence custodian mailed the
14 substances to the state crime lab, and that the lab technician tested and photographed
15 the substances at the crime lab. [DS 5; MIO 9] Given this, we are not persuaded that
16 there was any break in the chain of custody to indicate that the substances tested were
17 not the same as the substances confiscated by probation officer Olivas. See generally
18 State v. Chavez, 84 N.M. 760, 761-62, 508 P.2d 30, 31-32 (Ct. App. 1973) (holding
19 that a knowledgeable witness can testify that the evidence presented in court is the
3 1 same as that connected with the case without tracing each link in the chain of
2 custody); see also State v. Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d
3 896 (stating that “[q]uestions concerning a possible gap in the chain of custody affects
4 the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility”).
5 Issue (3): Defendant continues to argue that the search of the premises was
6 unconstitutional because the address on the search warrant was not the address
7 searched. [DS 3, 7; MIO 10; RP 99-100]
8 The search warrant affidavit describes the residence to be searched as “1302
9 East Harmon Street”; provides that “[t]here are several trailer[-]type houses is [sic]
10 located on 1302 East Harmon Street”; and indicates that the “trailer[-]type house
11 located to the East is approx. 26 feet long [and] has several wooden panels covering
12 the sides of the trailer.” [RP 100] The testimony of Officer Shaw [MIO 6] and
13 probation officer Olivas [MIO 3-4, 10] provides that officers searched the residence
14 described. To the extent that there were inconsistencies [MIO 10-11], we are not
15 persuaded that they invalidated the warrant. See generally State v. Grossman, 113
16 N.M. 316, 318, 825 P.2d 249, 251 (Ct. App. 1991) (recognizing that “the power to
17 enter and search property has been upheld in New Mexico where omissions or
18 erroneous descriptions have been included in search warrants”).
19 Issue (4): Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred in
4 1 excluding a defense witness who would have testified that he, rather than Defendant,
2 owned the gun found in the searched residence. [DS 8; MIO 11] The facts provide
3 that Defendant sought to call the witness as a rebuttal witness to probation officer
4 Olivas’s testimony. [MIO 11-12] The facts further provide that Defendant had not
5 previously disclosed the witness and that the State objected because the witness had
6 not been previously disclosed, because the witness had been present in the courtroom
7 throughout the trial, and because the witness’ testimony was not rebuttal. [MIO 12]
8 Rule 5-502(A)(3) NMRA provides that, no fewer than ten days before trial, the
9 defendant shall disclose or make available to the State the names and addresses of the
10 witnesses the defendant intends to call at the trial, together with any statement made
11 by the witness. In the event of non-compliance, Rule 5-505(B) NMRA sets forth that
12 the district court may prohibit a party from calling a non-disclosed witness.
13 Consistent with these rules, in the present case we hold that it was not an abuse of
14 discretion for the district court to exclude the testimony of the undisclosed witness,
15 given that his testimony was material to the issue of whether Defendant was a felon
16 in possession of a firearm. See generally State v. Luna, 1996-NMCA-071, ¶ 7, 122
17 N.M. 143, 921 P.2d 950 (recognizing that the remedy for violating a discovery order
18 is discretionary with the trial court and the court’s decision to exclude testimony from
19 witnesses whose prior statements have not been properly disclosed will not be
5 1 overturned absent an abuse of discretion).
2 Unlike the circumstances in State v. McDaniel, 2004-NMCA-022, ¶¶ 9-10, 135
3 N.M. 84, 84 P.3d 701 [MIO 12-13],where the State’s late disclosure of the witness
4 was because the witness had not been found until the day before trial, in the present
5 case the district court could have reasonably viewed the late disclosure as motivated
6 by a desire to obtain a tactical advantage that would minimize the State’s ability to
7 rebut the witness’s testimony. In addition, as argued by the State below [MIO 12],
8 Defendant’s failure to identify the witness also precluded the State from invoking
9 Rule 11-615 NMRA (providing that “[a]t the request of a party the court shall order
10 witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses”),
11 thereby providing Defendant with an unfair tactical advantage. We lastly note that
12 while Defendant asserts that he did not know that the State was going to assert that the
13 gun belonged to him until the time of trial [MIO 12], we believe that the district court
14 reasonably could have determined that such assertion was disingenuous given that
15 Defendant was charged with possession of a firearm by a felon. [RP 1]
16 Based on the foregoing discussion, we hold that the district court did not abuse
17 its discretion in excluding the witness’s testimony. See generally State v. Sills, 1998-
18 NMSC-009, ¶ 43, 125 N.M. 66, 957 P.2d 51 (recognizing that although preclusion of
19 a defense witness’s testimony as a sanction for violation of a discovery rule is
6 1 appropriate only in limited circumstances, such circumstances are present when the
2 defense has withheld information to gain a tactical advantage); McCarty v. State, 107
3 N.M. 651, 655, 763 P.2d 360, 364 (1988) (suggesting that preclusion of important
4 defense testimony may be justified as sanction of choice when violation of procedural
5 rule is willful, the state is prejudiced, and preclusion is necessary to protect the
6 integrity of the adversary system or the efficient administration of justice).
7 Issue (5): Defendant continues to argue that there was insufficient evidence to
8 support his convictions for possession of a firearm by a felon, see NMSA 1978, § 30-
9 7-16(A) (2001); possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine, see NMSA
10 1978, § 30-31-23(D) (2005); possession of drug paraphernalia, see NMSA 1978, § 30-
11 31-25.1(A) (2001); and possession of marijuana, see NMSA 1978, § 30-31-23(B)(1)
12 (2005). Defendant argues specifically that the evidence was insufficient because the
13 evidence of “possession” was circumstantial. [DS 8; MIO 14]
14 Officers received information from a confidential informant that Defendant was
15 in possession of a firearm and methamphetamine. [DS 2; MIO 3-4] Officers secured
16 and executed a search warrant of Defendant’s residence and found Defendant inside
17 on a couch and, following a search, found the confiscated items at issue. [DS 2-4, 6]
18 Based on the evidence that Defendant lived in the residence and that he was inside at
19 the time of the search, we hold that the jury could reasonably infer that Defendant
7 1 possessed the substances. See State v. Pennington, 115 N.M. 372, 383, 851 P.2d 494,
2 505 (Ct. App. 1993) (holding that circumstantial evidence may support a guilty
3 verdict); State v. Montoya, 85 N.M. 126, 127, 509 P.2d 893, 894 (Ct. App. 1973)
4 (holding that to prove either actual or constructive possession, the state had to show
5 that the defendant had both knowledge and control of the illegal drugs in the
6 bathroom). Apart from evidence of constructive possession, Defendant’s probation
7 officer testified that Defendant admitted that the methamphetamine and firearm were
8 his. [DS 6; MIO 4] See State v. Lopez, 2007-NMCA-049, ¶ 18, 142 N.M. 613, 168
9 P.3d 743 (holding that the defendant’s confession constituted direct evidence
10 sufficient to establish intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm).
11 Based on the foregoing, we hold that sufficient evidence supports Defendant’s
12 convictions. See State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988)
13 (providing that we review the evidence to determine “whether substantial evidence of
14 either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a
15 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction” (emphasis
16 added)).
17 Issues (6) and (7): Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred
18 in not declaring a mistrial when the prosecutor elicited privileged information from
19 the probation officer regarding Defendant’s admission to possessing the confiscated
8 1 items. [DS 8; MIO 16-17]
2 The facts provide that probation officer Olivas testified at trial that Defendant
3 admitted to him, following the search, that the methamphetamine and firearm were
4 his. [DS 6; MIO 16] Defendant did not object to the testimony at trial or to the
5 prosecutor’s reference to such testimony during closing argument [DS 6], and for this
6 reason we hold that he waived any argument on appeal. See State v. Varela, 1999-
7 NMSC-045, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280 (holding that in order to preserve an
8 issue for appeal, the defendant must make a timely objection that specifically apprises
9 the trial court of the nature of the claimed error and invokes an intelligent ruling
10 thereon). Apart from the lack of preservation, we disagree that any statements made
11 by Defendant to his probation officer in the context of a search were privileged. [MIO
12 16-17] See State v. Ware, 118 N.M. 703, 704-05, 884 P.2d 1182, 1183-84 (Ct. App.
13 1994) (relying on the defendant’s statement to her probation officer to support her
14 conviction for possession of cocaine).
15 Issue (8): Defendant continues to argue that trial counsel was ineffective. [DS
16 9; MIO 17-20] In response to our notice, Defendant does not present any additional
17 facts or arguments in support of his position. See State v. Mondragon, 107 N.M. 421,
18 423, 759 P.2d 1003, 1005 (Ct. App. 1988) (providing that a party responding to a
19 summary calendar notice must come forward and specifically point out errors of law
9 1 and fact). For reasons set forth in our notice, we affirm.
2 Conclusion. For reasons set forth above and in our notice, we affirm.
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 ________________________________ 5 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge
6 WE CONCUR:
7 _________________________________ 8 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
9 _________________________________ 10 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge