09/29/2020
DA 18-0500 Case Number: DA 18-0500
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2020 MT 246N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee, F1 E v. SEP 2 9 2020 DAVID DEAN KOMEOTIS, Bowen Greenwood Clerk of Supreme Court State of Montana Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District, In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADC-17-055 Honorable Gregory G. Pinski, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Michael Marchesini, Assistant Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Michael P. Dougherty, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Joshua A. Racki, Cascade County Attorney, Matthew Robertson, Deputy County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: July 22, 2020
Decided: September 29,2020
Filed:
Clerk Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court's quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Cascade County charged defendant David Korneotis with seven counts of incest
under § 45-5-507, MCA, based on allegations by two of his children, D.K. and M.K. At
trial, Korneotis's counsel put on an alibi defense and suggested that his ex-wife, Vanita,
had a "vendetta" against hirn and was responsible for the allegations. Vanita testified that,
in December of 2016, she found her nine-year-old son, D.K., looking at pornography on a
tablet with a friend. Vanita grounded D.K. and took away his tablet. Vanita testified that
she asked him "if anybody had ever touched him because that was my first instinct because
I [had] never encountered something like this." D.K. responded that his father, Korneotis,
had "touched him." Vanita reported this revelation to D.K.'s counselor, Nikki
Lewis-Clark. Lewis-Clark reported it to police, who then interviewed D.K.
D.K., who was nearly eleven at the tirne of the trial, testified that his father had
"stuck his private part" in his mouth and "would touch [D.K.'s] private part." D.K.testified
that the abuse occurred while he was on his knees on the floor of a room in the basement
of his grandparent's house, with the door closed. He described the room as messy, with
clothes in a closet and on the floor, and with the window covered by a blanket bearing a
2 depiction of a wolfs face. D.K. testified that the abuse had happened more than once,
though he could not remernber the number of occasions. D.K. testified that his rnother
routinely called his father a bad guy, a drunk, and a liar.
¶4 M.K., D.K.'s 19-year-old sister, testified that Komeotis had abused her as a child.
She testified that between the ages of six and eleven or twelve, Korneotis frequently abused
her by showing her pornography and then touching her vagina and breasts and had on one
occasion atternpted to put his penis in her anus.
¶5 M.K. confirmed that she had visited her father in jail on two occasions—subsequent
to D.K.'s allegations of abuse, but prior to making her own—in which she told Komeotis
that she did not believe D.K.'s allegations or that Korneotis would abuse his children. M.K.
testified that she had said these things to support her father, whom she still loved "[w]ith
all [her] heart."
¶6 The State then called Detective Price, the lead investigator on the case, who had
observed D.K.'s interview and interviewed M.K. He testified about the investigation,
including the interviews of D.K. and M.K. After discussing the interviews, the following
exchange occurred:
State: And you've said you've previously dealt with false reports on sexual assaults—ofthat sort of nature; is that correct?
Price: Yes.
State: And did you—did either of[D.K.'s] or [M.K.'s] interviews strike you as having been false reports?
Price: No.
3 ¶7 On redirect, the prosecution addressed the issue of M.K.'s inconsistent prior
statements to her father, which defense counsel had raised on cross examination. The
prosecutor asked "does the fact that [M.K.] told her father when she visited him in jail that
he has never done anything like this to us, does that make you think [M.K.] was lying?"
Detective Price responded: "No."
¶8 Officer Marshal, another law enforcement officer involved in the investigation, then
testified as to his initial interview with D.K. On direct examination, the prosecutor asked,
"did [D.K.] provide you any information which made you think he was rnaking up his
story?" Officer Marshal responded:
The way I observed [D.K.], and his staternents, his eye contact, his body language, to me he showed genuine signs of telling the truth. Again, not pausing, not having to think, not looking at anybody. TV wasn't on. Again,I look at all those signs, obviously being emotional as well, but looking at me and keeping direct eye contact with me. When somebody sometimes doesn't tell the truth, they have pauses. It's not as smooth. They lack eye contact. Especially with a child, I found that to be very genuine then and believe them.
¶9 The State also called Nikki Lewis-Clark, the family's counselor and a licensed
clinical therapist. She discussed M.K. and D.K.'s mental health issues and PTSD
symptoms that she described as stemming from sexual abuse. The prosecution's
questioning continued:
State: Okay. During the course of your work with your clientele in the sex offense realm, have you ever had any of them who have made false allegations?
Lewis-Clark: No, I have not.
State: Okay. And how do you know that? Are there tests that you give them, or examinations you give them, like, a Million Multiaxial, you know, MMPI
4 17—or whatever those acronyms are—do you give thern exams to help diagnose whether they have or haven't?
Lewis-Clark: No.
State: Okay. Why not?
Lewis-Clark: There's really no specific test that I know of that—that could deterrnine that. And it would be so rare for false allegations to be presented, SO-
State: So it's really hard to tell people you have to disclose everything, and we can then test you, and make sure you have disclosed everything?
Lewis-Clark: Yeah.
State: Basically iinpossible?
Lewis-Clark: I would say so.
¶10 Lewis-Clark later went on to recount D.K.'s initial allegations to her and testified
that he had not displayed signs of coaching or false reporting. The prosecution also asked
about M.K.'s earlier comrnunication with Komeotis in jail. Lewis-Clark described M.K.
as "not brave enough to tell him,'Dad,I wish that you would be held accountable for this.'
She can't tell hiin that. She is going to answer to hiin what he wants to hear because she's
fearful of him because he's an authority figure . . . ."
¶11 During closing stateinents, the prosecution noted that, absent physical evidence, the
case was largely a deterinination of"who do you believe?" The prosecution also recounted
Lewis-Clark's description ofthe children's PTSD symptoms and their potential connection
to sexual abuse by Komeotis. The prosecution described the incident where D.K. was
caught watching pornography:
5 Let's see—was [D.K.] sexually acting out? If you are looking at porn at age nine, do you think you're sexually acting out? I suspect that's sexually acting out. That's part of his inability to concentrate, his nightmares, his flashbacks, trying to understand why he thinks about those things. Why looking at that rnight have sornehow been helpful to him. I want to see what dad was doing. I want to know why. Why would dad do that to me? Why would dad take me down to his room and put his penis in my mouth? Why?
¶12 The prosecution went on to address M.K.'s inability to recall details of the alleged
abuse, and the alibi defense that Komeotis was incarcerated during the time of the alleged
abuse:
[M.K.] doesn't recollect those facts because she's been sexually abused. She has trauma. She has reasons not to remember things like this. She's trying not to remember all those details. She doesn't want to. But she has to. She has to everyday walking down the street, sees something,flashback. Go back home. Cower in my bed. Doesn't want to come out. You've heard that testimony as well. They don't want you to believe that[M.K.], with all those problerns, with the cutting of her wrists, is believable. They have to make you believe that she isn't telling the truth because if she is telling you the truth, her story makes perfect sense. He wasn't incarcerated. He wasn't in a relationship with [defense witness]. He had access to her. You have to prove she's a liar. You have to believe that[M.K.] is a liar solely because that's the only way he gets away with raping his daughter for half a decade or more. He wants you to believe that all this time of incarceration could never have happened. Never had access to [D.K.]. Never had access to him.
¶13 The prosecution described the struggles D.K. and M.K. were experiencing in their
lives and attributed them to Korneotis. In closing rernarks, the prosecution concluded:
"These children have suffered enough, ladies and gentlemen. It's tirne for them to see the
justice they deserve."
¶14 Defense counsel did not object to any of these statements or lines of questioning.
Komeotis was found guilty of seven counts of incest. Prior to sentencing,
Dr. Robert N. Page conducted a psychosexual evaluation of Komeotis. Dr. Page's report
6 noted that Komeotis was considering appeal and would therefore not discuss particular
elernents of his involvement. It also stated that Korneotis denied guilt and clairned that his
"vindictive" ex-wife was behind the allegations.
¶15 In his report, Dr. Page described Komeotis as someone with a "poor prognosis for
staying out of trouble[J" and as a Tier 2, rnoderate-risk offender. Dr. Page's report
concluded, however, that Komeotis was "compliant throughout the evaluation process, and
would be amenable to cornmunity based sex offender treatment," with the caveat that
Komeotis could have difficulty being accepted by a community treatment provider based
on his failure to admit to the crime. The psychosexual evaluation was discussed at length
during the June 2018 sentencing hearing, where Korneotis declined to give a stateinent.
¶16 Koineotis was subject to a mandatory 100-year sentence for each count, under
§ 45-5-507(5)(a)(i), MCA (2015). However, Koineotis requested that the District Court
apply the exception found in § 46-18-222(6), MCA (2015), and impose concurrent
sentences of40 years—with 15 suspended—on all seven counts, allowing for eventual sex
offender treatment in the community after incarceration. Komeotis's defense counsel
expressed concern that, in relying on Dr. Page's conclusion that Korneotis might not be
accepted in community treatment, Koineotis might be punished for exercising his
constitutional right to go to trial and inaintain his innocence.
¶17 The sentencing court acknowledged: "of course [Koineotis] has the opportunity to
exercise his constitutional right to a trial. I inean, that's absolute. And he also has the right
to—against self-incriinination at any stage of the proceeding. That right is also absolute."
The court went on to conclude, however, that Montana law allowed a court to:
7 sentence a defendant based on his attitudes and character and a lack of remorse, which is very different than sentencing someone based upon the exercise of their constitutional rights. Regardless, the issue that I interpret Dr. Page's report is saying is that in order to cornplete or be accepted into Phase 2 of a sex offender treatment program, a defendant has to acknowledge that he is, in fact, a sex offender. And so that's really—that's really the issue. And so I think what Dr. Page is getting across is that it's unlikely that he would be able to complete sex offender treatment as long as he maintains tha[t] denial. And that's his choice. I mean,he's not being punished for it. That's just the—sort ofwhat's required in terms of sex offender treatrnent.
11118 In the sentence pronouncernent, the District Court considered the need to protect the
public and provide justice for the victims who had experienced serious and lifelong
damage. The sentencing judge noted how Korneotis had "forced his children to recount
horrific acts at the jury trial," and that the imposed sentence would hold Korneotis
"accountable, something he has never done himself." The court asserted that, while
Korneotis could not be punished for exercising his constitutional right to rnaintain his
innocence, he could be sentenced based on a "lack of remorse." The court looked to
Dr. Page's report, which it found to suggest not only that "Korneotis is not likely to adrnit
responsibility[,]" but that he "rationalizes and minirnizes his behavior, fails to recognize
the harm that he [caused] his victims, and blames his victims and others for his behavior."
¶19 The sentencing court found the community treatment option "inappropriate," after
deterrnining that there was "no evidence or indication that Mr. Komeotis is treatable in the
community." The court found Dr. Page's report "inconclusive at best," because, though
it indicated Korneotis was amenable to comrnunity treatment, it also noted he was unlikely
to be accepted if he "rernains in denial." The sentencing pronouncement underscored
Komeotis's "lack of remorse, his minimization and rationalization" and his "moderate risk
8 to reoffend," finding incarceration to be the "only treatment option that's available." The
District Court did not apply the statutory exception and instead imposed 100 years for each
of seven counts of incest; counts One and Two to run consecutively while the remaining
counts ran concurrently.
¶20 On appeal, Korneotis raises two issues. First, he challenges his conviction on the
basis of prosecutorial rnisconduct, arguing that the State irnproperly vouched for the
credibility of its witnesses, attempted to shift the burden of proof to the defense, and urged
the jury to convict based upon their syrnpathy for D.K. and M.K. Second, he maintains
that the sentencing court irnproperly punished him based on his refusal to admit guilt, in
violation of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights.
¶21 This Court generally does not review unpreserved issues of prosecutorial
misconduct based on prosecutorial statements that were not objected to at trial. State v.
Aker, 2013 MT 253, ¶ 21, 371 Mont. 491, 310 P.3d 506. The Court will, however, apply
plain error review where a violation offundamental constitutional rights is implicated in a
way that raises issues of manifest rniscarriage of justice, cornprornised integrity of the
judicial process, or unsettled questions of fundarnental fairness. Aker, ¶ 21 (citation
omitted). The error should "firmly convince" the Court of the existence of a "serious
mistake" that deinands consideration. State v. Griffin, 2016 MT 231, ¶ 6, 385 Mont. 1, 386
P.3d 559 (citation oinitted). Furthermore, plain error review is discretionary and exercised
"sparingly, on a case-by-case basis, according to narrow circuinstances, and by considering
the totality of the circumstances." State v. Haithcox, 2019 MT 201, ¶ 23, 397 Mont. 103,
447 P.3d 452 (quotation oinitted).
9 ¶22 Komeotis alleges three ways in which prosecutorial misconduct violated his right to
a fair trial. First, he argues that the prosecution improperly elicited testimony from
Detective Price, Officer Marshal, and Lewis-Clark vouching for the credibility ofD.K. and
M.K. In particular, Korneotis points to testimony following the prosecutor's questions to:
(1)Detective Price as to whether D.K. and M.K.'s interviews seemed to be "false reports"
and whether M.K.'s previous, inconsistent, exonerating statements made him "think [she]
was lying" in her subsequent allegations;(2) Officer Marshal, regarding whether D.K. had
given "any information which made you think he was making up his story" and whether
identifying lies was "part of your law enforcement training"; and (3) Lewis-Clark, asking
whether she had ever come across false allegations when working with victims of sexual
abuse and to provide insight into M.K.'s previous inconsistent exonerating statements.
¶23 Komeotis maintains that through these lines of questioning, the prosecution
improperly impinged upon the exclusive realm of the jury by indirectly vouching for a
witness's credibility through testhnony by another witness. The State does not dispute
Komeotis's claim that the prosecution's questioning ofDetective Price and Officer Marshal
was improper. Neither does it directly address testimony elicited from Lewis-Clark,
explaining M.K.'s previous exonerating statements, though it does defend the questions as
to her prior experience with false allegations by abuse victims generally. We need not
address whether the prosecution's questioning of Lewis-Clark was improper, however,
because we do not find prejudice resulting from the prosecution's inquiries sufficient to
warrant plain error reversal.
10 ¶24 Komeotis relies on State v. Hayden, in which we reversed on plain error review
where a prosecutor not only elicited testirnony regarding the credibility of another witness,
but then went on to offer his own opinion in closing argument that the State's witnesses
were "believable." State v. Hayden, 2008 MT 274, ¶¶ 31-33, 345 Mont. 252, 190 P.3d
1091. Hayden is distinguishable. While the Hayden Court made clear that both instances
of witness vouching were irnproper, we find it significant that, here, the prosecutor did not
go on to compound the error, as the Hayden prosecutor had, by directly vouching for State
witnesses—as well as the efficacy of a search of the defendant's residence—in closing.
¶25 Furthermore,the degree ofprejudice to Komeotis in this case is less than that present
in Hayden. No victim or other eyewitness testified against the defendant in Hayden.
Hayden, ¶¶ 9-12. Here, D.K. and M.K. both testified at trial in detail as to their ongoing
abuse, creating a much more robust evidentiary basis to support conviction beyond a
reasonable doubt. For example, D.K. was able to recall details ofthe abuse, including that
it had occurred while he was on his knees on the floor, in a messy roorn—with the door
closed, clothes in a closet and on the floor, and the window covered by a blanket bearing a
wolfs face—in the basement of his grandparent's house. The detailed and compelling
nature of the testimony supports the conclusion that any improper questions to the State's
other witnesses were harmless.
¶26 While sorne of the prosecution's questioning of law enforcement was improper, in
this case, it does not reach to a level firmly convincing us of a serious inistake evincing
inanifest rniscarriage of justice, unresolved questions of fundamental fairness, or
compromised integrity of the judicial process. See Griffin, ¶ 6; Aker, ¶ 21. On these
11 particular facts, we do not see the prosecutor's questions as rising to the extraordinary level
justifying the exercise of discretionary plain error review.
¶27 Komeotis next contends that the prosecution improperly shifted the burden of proof
to the defendant during closing argument. In particular, Korneotis points to several
statements recounted above in the context of addressing M.K.'s inability to recall some
details of her abuse, including: "[t]hey have to make you believe that she isn't telling the
truth" and "[y]ou have to prove she's a liar."
¶28 In context, we find that a jury was unlikely to interpret the prosecutor's statements
as an appeal to ignore their instructions regarding the State's burden of proof. Instead, a
reasonable jury would have interpreted the prosecution's statement as responding to
Komeotis's alibi defense and questions regarding M.K.'s credibility. These statements do
not rise to the level justifying plain error review.
¶29 Finally, Koineotis argues that the prosecution improperly urged the jury to convict
Koineotis based on syinpathy for M.K. and D.K. Koineotis points to the prosecution's
statements, including those made in closing that "[t]hese children have suffered enough,
ladies and gentlemen. It's time for thein to see the justice they deserve." In State v.
Ritesman, a prosecutor told the jury in closing:"My job as the State, and your job as jurors,
is to make sure that [the victim] is safe, to make sure that she is heard, and that we give the
control back to her. You can do that with the verdict of guilty." State v. Ritesman,
2018 MT 55, ¶ 9, 390 Mont. 399, 414 P.3d 261. The Ritesman court found that the
comments were improper but did not rise to the level of misconduct requiring reversal.
Ritesman, ¶ 28.
12 ¶30 Korneotis also points to the prosecutor's attempt to speak from D.K.'s perspective
in closing:"Why would dad do that to me? Why would dad take rne down to his room and
put his penis in my mouth? Why?" In context, the prosecutor was clearly attempting to
draw an inference between the evidence that young D.K. had been caught watching
pornography and his alleged abuse, rather than impermissibly inviting the jury to step into
the shoes of a victim. Here, the prosecutor's staternents do not reach the level of
impropriety in Ritesman, and this Court is not inclined to invoke plain error review.
¶31 Komeotis's claims that the prosecution improperly vouched for witnesses,
atternpted to shift the burden of proof, and encouraged the jury to engage in
sympathy-based decision making fall short of the level of prejudicial prosecutorial
inisconduct needed to justify finding plain error.
¶32 Komeotis's second inajor claim is that the sentencing court iinproperly punished
hiin for exercising his Fifth and Sixth Ainendinent rights to a trial and against
self-incriinination. Koineotis argues that the sentencing court declined to apply the
statutory exception allowing for eventual community-based sex offender treatment based
at least in part on his denial of guilt through trial and sentencing. In particular, Koineotis
points to the sentencing court's treatment of Dr. Page's report, which concluded that
Komeotis was "amenable" to community based sex offender treatinent but might struggle
to be accepted into such prograrns if he continued to deny his guilt.
¶33 This Court has inade clear that a greater sentence inay not be iinposed based on a
defendant's exercise of their constitutional right against self-incriinination and that, while
"lack of remorse" is generally a legitiinate factor to consider,"a sentencing court rnay not
13 draw a negative inference of lack of rernorse from the defendant's silence" or punish
defendants for rnaintaining their innocence. State v. Shreves, 2002 MT 333, lifit 20-22, 313
Mont. 252,60 P.3d 991. The sentencing court's determination that there was no evidence
that Komeotis was treatable in the cornrnunity was erroneous in light of Dr. Page's
conclusion that Komeotis was amenable to such treatment. Lack ofremorse may, however,
be demonstrated by other evidence, such as "the rnanner of the commission of the offense
as demonstrated by the evidence at trial or from other cornpetent evidence properly
admitted at the sentencing hearing." Shreves, ¶ 21. The compelling evidence regarding
the years of abuse that occurred here provides ample evidence of lack of remorse.
¶34 At the time of the alleged offenses, the Montana Legislature had imposed a
mandatory 100-year sentence for such crimes and the District Court's discretion was
limited. See § 45-5-507(5)(a)(i), MCA (2015). The District Court did consider the
exception to the rnandatory 100-year sentence provided by § 46-18-222(6), MCA (2015).
However, the District Court did not find that the alternative would afford "a better
opportunity for rehabilitation of the offender and for the ultimate protection of the victirn
and society . . . ." Section 46-18-222(6), MCA (2015). Allowing for the exception is a
discretionary decision for the district court. We cannot say under the facts ofthis case that
the irnposition of the mandatory sentence was illegal.
¶35 We have deterinined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. This appeal presents
no issues of first iinpression and does not establish new precedent or modify existing
precedent.
14 ¶36 Affirmed.
.41° Chief Justice
We Concur:
Justices