06/30/2020
Case Number: DA 18-0357
DA 18-0357
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 2020 MT 172N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
DAVID GARY BURTON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District, In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. CDC 2012-16 Honorable Kathy Seeley, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Colin M. Stephens, Smith & Stephens, P.C., Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Mardell Ployhar, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Leo J. Gallagher, Lewis and Clark County Attorney, Melissa Broch, Deputy County Attorney, Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 15, 2020
Decided: June 30, 2020
Filed: sr---6ma•—•f __________________________________________ Clerk Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Appellant David Gary Burton (Burton) appeals from the Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Law, and Order issued by the First Judicial District Court, Lewis and
Clark County, denying Burton’s Motion to Suppress. We affirm.
¶3 In December 2011, Lewis and Clark County deputies and Helena police officers
were actively investigating a series of property offenses and other crimes occurring in
Helena and the Helena Valley. Officers viewed videotapes and photographs captured at
businesses in Helena and the Helena Valley starting December 17, 2011, with the goal of
finding vehicles and/or persons shown at the businesses that may be involved in the
crimes.
¶4 During the weekend prior to Monday, December 19, 2011, an investigation was
conducted regarding the burglary of a residence in the Helena Valley, from which a
credit card was stolen and subsequently used at Green Meadow Market. Photographic
evidence supplied by Green Meadow Market shows the stolen credit card was used to
buy gas for a dark pickup truck and a Ford Bronco. An officer who viewed the
photographs of the vehicles recalled having seen a similar truck a week prior when
2 responding to a call at a residence somewhere in the Helena Valley, which led him to
search the area for the vehicle. The officer located the truck at Burton’s residence. On
the morning of December 19, 2011, another officer, Deputy Chris Weiss (Weiss), went to
Burton’s house to observe a black Ford truck parked on the side of the residence. Weiss
believed the truck “was a perfect match” to the truck depicted in the Green Meadow
Market photograph, with “the same rims, same aluminum saddle, toolbox, [and] black
extended cab.” The residence was close to both Green Meadow Market and the house
where the credit card was stolen. After determining that Burton was the registered owner
of the truck, Weiss made contact with Burton’s wife, Mindi Harvey (Harvey), at the
residence sometime between 10:00 and 10:30 a.m. Harvey told Weiss that Burton was
out running errands, so Weiss gave Harvey his business card and asked that Burton call
Weiss upon returning.
¶5 Weiss then continued his investigation of the offenses by viewing videotape taken
at Green Meadow Market; learning Burton was on probation and was supervised by
probation officer Thomas Chvilicek (Chvilicek); and viewing Burton’s driver’s license
photograph. Weiss directed two other deputies, Andrew Blythe (Blythe) and
Eric Gilbertson (Gilbertson), to go keep an eye on Burton’s truck and residence.
¶6 As Blythe and Gilbertson sat watching Burton’s residence and the truck, they
observed a white male arriving in a white sedan. The male exited the vehicle and walked
toward the house. As Blythe and Gilbertson sat, watched, and listened, they heard
dispatch notify Weiss that Burton was on the telephone in response to Weiss’s request
3 that Burton call. Weiss did not take the call, as he was on the phone or radio with
someone else. Shortly thereafter, the same male came back to the white sedan in the
driveway of the residence, got in the vehicle, and left. As Weiss was pulling up to the
residence behind Blythe and Gilbertson, Blythe reported to Weiss by radio, “That white
vehicle that just passed us is going to be him.” Weiss responded, “Go stop him.”
¶7 Burton was stopped by use of top lights on Blythe and Gilbertson’s vehicle, as
well as Weiss’s vehicle, which followed closely behind. Blythe approached the driver’s
side of the white sedan, asked for identification, received identification, and confirmed
the driver was Burton. When Blythe told Burton that the police wanted to talk to him,
Burton immediately stated that he had “called Chris Weiss back.” Weiss then stepped
forward and told Burton to return to his residence. During the stop, Gilbertson assumed
the “cover” role by approaching Burton’s vehicle from the rear passenger side where he
observed license plates in plain view, lying on the rear passenger floorboard. Upon
running the plate number and then the plate tab number affixed to the plates, Gilbertson
learned that the plates were associated with a 1988 tan and blue Ford Bronco previously
owned by Burton.
¶8 Burton drove the sedan back to the residence as Blythe, Gilbertson, and Weiss
followed. At the residence, Burton and the deputies waited until Chvilicek, Burton’s
probation officer, arrived. Chvilicek had supervised Burton on probation since
February or March 2011, and he knew Burton from prior contacts at the probation office.
Burton was sentenced in January 2008 in Jefferson County for the offense of burglary
4 and had signed conditions of probation related to his sentence. Those conditions included
search authority and a prohibition regarding possession or consumption of drugs and
alcohol. On November 23, 2011, Burton provided the probation office with a monthly
report listing his vehicles as a blue 1988 Ford Bronco, a black 1990 Ford 250 truck, and a
white 2001 Nissan Altima. Chvilicek had personally seen Burton driving a white Nissan
to the probation office, and the white sedan in which Burton was stopped on
December 19, 2011, was a white 2001 Nissan.
¶9 After Chvilicek arrived at Burton’s residence, Burton was read his Miranda rights,
and invoked his right not to answer questions without an attorney present. Upon
observing Burton, Chvilicek believed Burton was under the influence of drugs. Chvilicek
ordered searches of the white sedan, the truck, and the residence. Large sums of cash and
the old Bronco license plates were found in the white Nissan. Chvilicek ordered
impoundment of Burton’s black Ford truck and had the officers arrest Burton for
probation violations. Once at the jail, a urinalysis revealed the presence of
methamphetamines and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Burton’s system. Chvilicek
returned to Burton’s residence later that same day and again the next morning to conduct
more thorough searches. Those searches revealed more evidence of Burton’s
involvement in various crimes.
¶10 In 2012, Burton was charged by information in Lewis and Clark County with
Robbery and property offenses. An amended information filed by the State added
charges for Aggravated Kidnapping, Sexual Intercourse Without Consent, Burglary, and
5 Theft. The State later filed a second amended information removing the Robbery count
and modifying the Burglary counts because Burton was charged in a separate federal case
with offenses relating to those crimes. The second amended information charged Burton
with Deceptive Practices (Count 1); Burglary (Counts 2, 4, and 6); misdemeanor Theft
(Counts 3 and 5); Aggravated Kidnapping (Count 7); Sexual Intercourse Without
Consent (Count 8); and felony Theft (Counts 9 and 10, charged in the alternative). Upon
Burton’s request, the District Court severed Counts 6, 7, and 8 for purposes of trial.
¶11 In Burton’s federal case, he moved to suppress evidence obtained by law
enforcement as the result of what he claimed to be an unlawful investigative traffic stop.
Based on the evidence presented, the federal district court held that the officers involved
did not possess the level of reasonable suspicion necessary under the Fourth Amendment
of the United States Constitution to justify an investigative stop of Burton’s vehicle.
¶12 In District Court, following the federal district court’s suppression ruling, Burton
likewise moved to suppress evidence seized from the car he was driving when
apprehended, and evidence seized from his house. Burton argued that the federal
suppression order should be the basis for suppression of the same evidence in his state
court trial. Burton did not identify any specific item or items of evidence that should be
suppressed. Following an evidentiary hearing on Burton’s motion to suppress, the
District Court disagreed, holding that “Montana law and the facts of this case make
wholesale suppression of evidence improper. Different items of evidence, discovered at
6 different times and in different ways, must be discussed in light of Fourth Amendment
law to determine admissibility.”
¶13 Burton appeals, arguing that the District Court erred in denying his motion to
suppress evidence seized as a result of the investigative stop. Burton also raises two
issues for the first time on appeal: (1) that his probation officer lacked authority to seize
his truck; and (2) that the District Court erred by failing to inform potential jurors of the
statutory requirement that jurors be “a resident for at least 30 days of the state and of
the . . . county[.]” Section 3-15-301(2), MCA. Burton argues that the newly raised issues
are structural, thereby warranting plain error review. We first address Burton’s
arguments regarding the motion to suppress.
¶14 This Court reviews the denial of a motion to suppress to determine whether the
district court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether the court correctly
interpreted and applied the law to those facts. State v. Dupree, 2015 MT 103, ¶ 8,
378 Mont. 499, 346 P.3d 1114. A court’s determination that particularized suspicion
exists is a question of fact reviewed for clear error. Dupree, ¶ 8. A finding of fact is
clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the court
misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if our review of the record leaves us with a
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Dupree, ¶ 8.
¶15 Both the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II,
Section 11 of the Montana Constitution protect citizens from unreasonable searches and
seizures by requiring police officers and other government officials to obtain a validly
7 issued warrant prior to conducting a search or seizure of an individual. Absent the
meeting of an exception to the warrant requirement, searches and seizures
conducted without a valid warrant are considered per se unreasonable. Dupree, ¶ 19.
One such exception to the warrant requirement is the investigative stop. Under
§ 46-5-401(1), MCA, law enforcement officers are required to have a “particularized
suspicion” that the person in question “has committed, is committing, or is about to
commit an offense” prior to effecting an investigative stop. To have particularized
suspicion for an investigative stop, the officer must be possessed of: (1) objective data
and articulable facts from which he or she can make certain reasonable inferences; and
(2) a resulting suspicion that the person to be stopped has committed, is committing, or is
about to commit an offense. State v. Wagner, 2013 MT 159, ¶ 10, 370 Mont. 381,
303 P.3d 285. Where a defendant has filed a motion challenging the legality of a stop,
the State must show that there was objective data from which the officer could make
inferences and deductions of some sort of criminal activity. Wagner, ¶ 10. Whether the
officer had particularized suspicion is evaluated under the totality of the circumstances
confronting the officer at the time of the stop, and requires consideration of the quantity
or content of the information available to the officer and the quality or degree of
reliability of that information. Wagner, ¶ 10.
¶16 In the present case, a review of the totality of the circumstances presented to the
District Court shows that the officers who stopped Burton possessed the requisite
particularized suspicion necessary to effectuate a valid investigative stop of Burton in the
8 white sedan. In contrast to the evidence presented in federal court on Burton’s federal
motion to suppress, the evidentiary hearing on Burton’s state motion to suppress revealed
vastly different, supplementary information. The first finding of the District Court
provides:
Comparison of the record created in this Court with the transcript of the federal proceedings establishes that the evidence before the federal court was vastly different, not because the witnesses testified differently, but because different questions were asked, different witnesses were called, different items of evidence were admitted, and different attorneys presented to the Court.
Upon our review of the record, we agree with the District Court that the evidence
presented on Burton’s motion to suppress reveals that the investigative stop was lawful
and in accordance with Montana law.
¶17 On December 19, 2011, officers stopped Burton in his vehicle in an attempt to
identify him. The stop was undisputedly of a nature “to obtain or verify an account of the
person’s presence or conduct or to determine whether to arrest the person[.]”
Section 46-5-401(1), MCA. All the officers testified at the evidentiary hearing regarding
their knowledge, observations, and inferences prior to the stop of Burton on
December 19, 2011. As Blythe and Gilbertson were watching Burton’s residence and the
truck, they knew the suspect truck was registered to Burton and that Weiss wanted to talk
to Burton. They knew from surveillance photographs that the person who used the stolen
credit card at Green Meadow Market was a white male. They did not have a physical
description of Burton or other knowledge of his appearance, but they saw that the driver
of the white sedan was a white male. When Blythe stated on his radio to Weiss, 9 “That white vehicle that just passed us is going to be him,” Blythe was expressing that
the person in the white vehicle was the person who had arrived to, and was now leaving,
Burton’s residence. Weiss believed it to be a confirmation that it was Burton and ordered
the stop of the vehicle. According to Weiss’s testimony, had he not believed Blythe was
confirming that Burton was driving, he would not have ordered the stop at that time.
According to Gilbertson, had Weiss not ordered the stop, it would not have happened.
Nonetheless, the officers would have followed the car and ultimately stopped Burton
once they verified his identity. The misunderstanding of Blythe referring to “him” as the
person Blythe and Gilbertson watched arrive at the residence in the white Nissan and
potentially enter the residence before returning to the vehicle, while Weiss referred to
“him” as Burton, does not negate the entirety of circumstances that established
particularized suspicion.
¶18 Viewed objectively, the observations of all officers and the evidence compiled
show that the stop of the driver of the white Nissan was based on the
particularized suspicion that he was involved in the offenses being investigated.
Section 46-5-401(1), MCA. Specifically, the white male arrived at the residence of
probationer Burton, where Burton’s truck was parked, and where Burton was expected to
return after running errands. Burton’s truck had been identified as a probable match to
the one at Green Meadow Market, where a stolen credit card was used to purchase gas for
the truck. The person arriving at Burton’s residence was a white male, consistent with
the photographic and videotape evidence taken at Green Meadow Market. A call was
10 made by Burton to Weiss during the short time period that the white male was at Burton’s
residence, where Weiss had left his card and requested that Burton call upon his return.
These facts provided the objective basis for stopping the white Nissan driven by the white
male, who did, in fact, turn out to be Burton.
¶19 Following the stop of Burton on December 19, 2011, officers promptly confirmed
his identity and informed him of the reason for the stop, pursuant to § 46-5-401(1), MCA.
At that point, Burton indicated his willingness to talk to the officers, stating that he had
returned Weiss’s phone call. Burton voluntarily drove, by himself, the short distance
back to his residence with officers following. Given the evidence presented in the record,
the investigative stop was made in accordance with Montana law, and the District Court
was correct to deny Burton’s motion to suppress.
¶20 Montana law also provides that evidence need not be suppressed if the evidence at
issue would inevitably be discovered. See State v. Pearson, 2011 MT 55, ¶ 24,
359 Mont. 427, 251 P.3d 152 (providing that the doctrine of inevitable discovery is
applied when investigatory procedures were already in progress and the lawful
investigation eventually would have revealed the evidence obtained). “This Court has
made clear that it must appear ‘as certainly as night follows day’ that the evidence would
have been discovered without reference to the violation of the defendant’s rights.”
Pearson, ¶ 24. In the present case, the evidence found in the white Nissan would have
inevitably been found in the course of the investigation. It is undisputed that Burton’s
status as a probationer gave his probation officer broad authority to search, investigate,
11 and consider Burton’s activities and belongings. The officers testified that, had the stop
not occurred when it did, they would have continued to follow Burton until he stopped of
his own accord and then approached. While it may have taken more time to contact
Burton and the car, all evidence established that the investigation would have continued
and both Burton and the car would have been located. The white Nissan was registered
in Harvey’s name, and it was listed on probation documents provided by Burton to
Chvilicek. The evidence supports our conclusion that Burton would have been stopped,
and his vehicle searched, through the course of the investigation.
¶21 Finally, we briefly address the two arguments raised by Burton for the first time
on appeal. Burton argues two structural errors in the District Court proceedings: (1) that
his probation officer lacked authority to seize his truck; and (2) that the District Court
erred by failing to inform potential jurors of the statutory requirement that jurors be
“a resident for at least 30 days of the state and of the . . . county[.]”
Section 3-15-301(2), MCA. Burton urges this Court to apply plain error review to these
issues regardless of Burton’s failure to object in the proceedings below. We decline.
This Court has consistently held that it generally will not consider issues raised for the
first time on appeal. State v. Taylor, 2010 MT 94, ¶ 12, 356 Mont. 167, 231 P.3d 79.
¶22 As to the first argument, Burton has failed to establish that failure to review his
claim about the seizure of his truck under the plain error doctrine would result in a
fundamental miscarriage of justice. He concedes that officers lawfully searched his truck
and home pursuant to his probation conditions. See State v. Beaudry, 282 Mont. 225,
12 228, 937 P.2d 459, 460-61 (1997) (A “probation officer may search a probationer’s
residence without a warrant so long as the officer has reasonable cause for the search.”).
The truck was in plain view of the officers and was implicated in a crime. The plain view
doctrine permits the seizure of evidence “without a warrant—so long as the evidence can
be plainly seen by the officer, the incriminating nature of the evidence is immediately
apparent, and the officer has a lawful right of access to the evidence.”
State v. Lewis, 2007 MT 295, ¶ 24, 340 Mont. 10, 171 P.3d 731. The officers had the
authority to access and search the truck, and the incriminating nature was immediately
apparent because gas was purchased for the truck using a stolen credit card, and the tires
on the truck appeared to match tire tracks left at the scene of a suspected burglary and
kidnapping. Because the State had authority to search the truck and seize evidence in
plain view, Burton failed to demonstrate that he would suffer a manifest miscarriage of
justice if this Court declined to review his claim.
¶23 As to Burton’s newly raised argument regarding the District Court’s failure to
discuss with potential jurors the statutory residence requirement, we likewise decline to
conduct plain error review. Burton did not raise any objection to the District Court’s
omission of the residency requirement at trial; nor did Burton ask jurors questions about
their residency during voir dire. Burton waived his challenge to the competency of the
jury panel by failing to object in District Court. Comm’r of Political Practices for Mont.
v. Wittich, 2017 MT 210, ¶ 61, 388 Mont. 347, 400 P.3d 735 (“We have long held that
13 the ‘general rule is that, by failing to challenge or object, a party waives an irregularity in
the impaneling of a jury.’”).
¶24 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of
our Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. This appeal
presents no constitutional issues, no issues of first impression, and does not establish new
precedent or modify existing precedent.
¶25 Affirmed.
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
We concur:
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON /S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR