[Cite as State v. Curtis, 2016-Ohio-1318.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-150174 TRIAL NO. B-1401226 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
FRANK CURTIS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, Sentences Vacated in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 30, 2016
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel Lipman Curran, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffmann, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
M OCK , Judge.
{¶1} After a jury trial, defendant-appellant Frank Curtis was convicted of
murder with a specification, aggravated robbery, carrying a concealed weapon, and
having a weapon while under a disability. He was acquitted of one count of
aggravated murder with specifications and a second count of aggravated robbery
with specifications. The trial court sentenced him to 15 years to life for the murder
count, one year for the accompanying specification, 11 years in prison for the
aggravated-robbery count, 18 months for carrying a concealed weapon, and three
years for having a weapon while under a disability. The trial court ordered Curtis to
serve those sentences consecutively, for a total of 31 and one half years to life in
prison.
{¶2} In five assignments of error, Curtis appeals his convictions and
sentences. He first argues that his convictions were based on insufficient evidence or
were contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. He next argues that his trial
was unfair due to prosecutorial misconduct. Curtis’s third assignment of error
alleges that the trial court improperly ejected certain spectators in the presence of
the jury. He then argues that the trial court should have declared a mistrial when the
jury indicated that it was unable to reach a verdict. Finally, he claims that his
sentences were improper. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that part of
his sentence was improper. We affirm in all other respects.
Afternoon Auto Repair Turns Deadly
{¶3} On the afternoon of March 7, 2014, Markisha Chatman picked up her
cousin Daryl Chatman to drive him to a car dealership so he could purchase a car. Daryl
had $2,300 in cash for that purchase. While driving to the dealership, Markisha’s car
began to shake. Since they were in the area of the place where she usually had her car
2 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
serviced, she drove to the repair shop at the intersection of Hamer and Back streets in
Over-the-Rhine.
{¶4} While there, Markisha listened to music in her car and Daryl started
playing dice with someone Markisha later learned was named “B Bran” or Brandon
Kaiser. After playing a few rounds, Brandon left and Daryl started playing with someone
else. After Brandon left, a man that Markisha knew as “Three” walked up to the group.
Markisha had known “Three” for years from the neighborhood, and because he worked
with her brothers at a local gas station. Markisha later identified “Three” as Curtis.
Curtis shook hands with several people around the garage, but did not directly engage
Daryl. He walked around the corner and disappeared for a few minutes before returning
to the group. This time, Curtis approached Daryl and produced a handgun. He
demanded that Daryl give him the money. When Daryl refused, Curtis fired a single
shot into Daryl’s chest. After Daryl fell, Curtis took the money from the ground and
Daryl’s hand, and fled. Daryl was pronounced dead at the scene.
{¶5} Edonia Anderson, a friend of Markisha, also testified that she witnessed
the events of March 7. She testified that “Three” had a pistol in his hand when he
approached Daryl as he shot dice with “B.” She also said that “Three” and “B” were often
together in the neighborhood. She said that “Three” told Daryl that “[y]ou know what
time it is, give it up.” She said that Daryl responded by saying “[b]ro, you better go on
with that,” before smacking the gun away. Edonia said that “Three” then fired into
Daryl’s chest, grabbed the money, and left. She also said that, although other people
were playing dice at the time, only Daryl was targeted for robbery. Edonia also testified
that her brother had witnessed the shooting. But he did not give a statement to police,
and he had been killed by the time the trial in this case began.
3 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
{¶6} Salina Dean was also interviewed by police. She initially told them that
she had witnessed the shooting. Before being called to testify, however, she informed
prosecutors that she had not witnessed the shooting, but was relying on an account of
the incident she had heard from her cousin, Jarielle Dean. Upon learning that Salina
had not actually witnessed the shooting, the state declined to call her as one of its
witnesses. Counsel for Curtis did call her as a witness for the defense, and attempted to
challenge the details of her account, but she insisted that her version was exactly what
Jarielle had relayed to her. Jarielle was also unable to testify because he had been shot
and killed before the trial.
{¶7} The state also called a witness who testified about Curtis’s cell phone
activity. The witness was able to testify that Curtis’s cell phone was in use in the area of
the shooting at the time of the shooting. Testimony also confirmed calls between
Curtis’s phone and a phone belonging to Brandon Kaiser before and after the shooting.
The state also called a state parole officer to testify that Curtis’s brother was in prison at
the time of the shooting, in order to refute Curtis’s argument that witnesses had
mistaken him for his brother.
{¶8} Curtis was charged with aggravated murder with specifications, in
violation of R.C. 2903.01(B); murder with specifications, in violation of R.C.
2903.02(B); aggravated robbery with specifications, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1);
aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3); carrying a concealed weapon, in
violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2); and having a weapon while under a disability, in
violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). After a jury trial, he was convicted and sentenced.
Asserting five assignments of error, Curtis now appeals.
4 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
Convictions Based on Sufficient Evidence and Not Against the Weight of the Evidence
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Curtis claims that his convictions were
based on insufficient evidence or were against the manifest weight of the evidence. In
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must determine
whether after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond
a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541
(1997). In addressing a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence challenge, this court must
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the convictions must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Id. at 387.
{¶10} Curtis’s convictions for murder, aggravated robbery, carrying a
concealed weapon, and having a weapon while under a disability were based upon
sufficient evidence and were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Markisha
had known Curtis for many years, she clearly identified him as the shooter, and there is
no evidence in the record that would provide a motive for her to lie about his
involvement in her cousin’s death. Edonia identified him as well. While Curtis has
highlighted inconsistencies in the testimony of the state’s witnesses and has pointed to
how their versions differed from what they had told police initially, we cannot conclude
that these inconsistencies and changes rendered the testimony so unreliable or
unworthy of belief that the jury lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice
in finding Curtis guilty of the offenses. See Thompkins at 387. As the trier of fact, the
jury was in the best position to judge the credibility of the witnesses. We overrule the
first assignment of error.
5 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
No Actionable Prosecutorial Misconduct
{¶11} In his second assignment of error, Curtis claims that the prosecutor
engaged in misconduct by relying on testimony that was false, misstating evidence
during closing argument, denigrating defense counsel, and improperly asking the jury to
stack inferences. We find no improper conduct.
{¶12} First, Curtis claims that the state improperly elicited testimony from
Edonia that she was with Salina when the incident occurred, even though Salina had
admitted that she was not there. But the testimony cited was actually elicited during
cross-examination. The statement from Edonia that she and Salina arrived at the scene
together was actually part of the statement that Edonia gave to police, and upon which
Edonia was being cross-examined by defense counsel. It was not part of the testimony
given in response to direct questioning by the state. Therefore, it cannot serve as the
basis for a claim of prosecutorial misconduct.
{¶13} Curtis next claims that the prosecutor misstated evidence during closing
argument when he stated that the phone information was “better than DNA.” He also
claims that the state denigrated defense counsel during closing argument. When
judging a prosecutor’s comments in closing argument, they must be reviewed in the
context of the entire case and the entire argument. State v. Draughn, 76 Ohio App.3d
664, 671, 602 N.E.2d 790 (1st Dist.1992). The hyperbolic reference to the phone
evidence being better that DNA simply does not rise to the level of requiring a reversal of
Curtis’s convictions, in the context of the otherwise appropriate discussion of the
evidence. And isolated references to defense “tactics” are likewise not enough to require
reversal. A criminal conviction will not be lightly overturned on the basis of a
prosecutor’s comments standing alone. United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11, 105 S.Ct.
1038, 84 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985).
6 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
{¶14} Finally, we do not think that the prosecutor improperly asked the jury to
stack inferences. Parties have wide latitude in their closing statements, particularly
“latitude as to what the evidence has shown and what inferences can be drawn from the
evidence.” State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 213.
On this point, Curtis references the portion of the closing argument in which the state
suggested that Brandon and Curtis were working together to commit the robbery. But
the record contains sufficient evidence to support that inference. Brandon played dice
with Daryl and, when doing so, had occasion to see that Daryl had a significant amount
of cash. Brandon and Curtis called each other both before and after the robbery. Curtis
robbed only Daryl, indicating that someone had singled him out. And Brandon and
Curtis were known to hang around together in the neighborhood. This was enough
evidence to permit the state to suggest in closing argument that the two men were
working together. See State v. Stober, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-13-09, 2014-Ohio-1568, ¶
135.
{¶15} We overrule Curtis’s second assignment of error.
Ejecting Sleeping Spectators Not an Abuse of Discretion
{¶16} In his third assignment of error, Curtis claims that he was improperly
prejudiced when the trial court ejected two spectators from the gallery shortly before
delivering the jury instructions. The trial court ejected the spectators because they were
sleeping in the courtroom. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.
{¶17} Under R.C. 2945.03, “the judge of the trial court shall control all
proceedings during a criminal trial.” This court has said that the trial court, “in limited
circumstances, has discretion to order the exclusion of spectators. So the court may
order the exclusion of spectators so long as it does not inappropriately deny the
7 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
defendant’s right to a public trial.” State v. Morris, 157 Ohio App.3d 395, 398, 2004-
Ohio-2870, 811 N.E.2d 577, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.). The “flagrant disregard in the courtroom of
elementary standards of proper conduct should not and cannot be tolerated.” State v.
Sewell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-443, 2008-Ohio-3285, ¶ 39, quoting Illinois v.
Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970).
{¶18} In this case, the spectators were ejected from the courtroom while the
jury was present. While it may be a better practice to excuse the jury temporarily, there
was no indication in the record that the jury knew that the spectators were there in
support of Curtis. While counsel did suggest to the trial court that spectators
sympathetic to Curtis were all sitting on the same side of the courtroom, there was no
indication that the jury knew this. The trial court did not close the courtroom entirely,
nor did it exclude any spectators other than the two that were sleeping. There is no
indication that Curtis suffered prejudice by the way that the trial court handled the
situation. Therefore, we overrule Curtis’s third assignment of error.
Failure to Declare a Mistrial Was Not an Abuse of Discretion
{¶19} In his fourth assignment of error, Curtis claims that the trial court
abused its discretion when it failed to declare a mistrial when the jury reported that it
was unable to reach a verdict. We disagree.
{¶20} The decision to grant a mistrial is left to the discretion of the trial court
and will not be overturned without a showing that the court abused that discretion.
State v. Iacona, 93 Ohio St.3d 173, 182, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). Likewise, the decision to
allow a jury to continue to deliberate is a discretionary decision for the trial court. State
v. Holland, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-930140, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 5935 (Dec. 15,
8 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
1993). Mistrials need only be declared when a fair trial is no longer possible. State v.
Herring, 94 Ohio St.3d 246, 254, 762 N.E.2d 940 (2002).
{¶21} Jury deliberations began in the afternoon of Wednesday, January 28,
2015. In the morning of Thursday, January 29, the jury asked for some supplies for
note-taking and for copies of exhibits that they could mark on. They then deliberated for
the entire day. In the morning of Friday, January 30, the jury asked the trial court for
suggestions on how to reconcile differences generally when reaching a verdict. The note
did not explain what the differences were and did not indicate that they were
deadlocked. The trial court instructed the jury pursuant to State v. Howard, 42 Ohio
St.3d 18, 537 N.E.2d 188 (1989). Counsel for Curtis did not object to the instruction.
The jury later asked for a copy of that instruction, which the trial court provided without
objection. After deliberating through midday, the jurors were dismissed for the
weekend.
{¶22} After a hour of deliberation on Monday, February 2, the jurors indicated
that they were having trouble reaching a verdict. They were again instructed pursuant to
Howard, with additional instructions pursuant to State v. Martens, 90 Ohio App.3d
338, 343, 629 N.E.2d 462 (3d Dist.1993). The jury then deliberated for the remainder of
the day. On the morning of February 3, the jury asked the trial court to explain the
difference between preponderance of evidence and reasonable doubt, asked for a copy of
the Howard/Martens instruction they had received the previous day, the testimony of
Markisha Chatman, and a copy of the juror’s oath. Shortly after 3 p.m. that afternoon,
the jury reported that it had reached verdicts on all counts.
{¶23} The Howard charge is a supplemental instruction for the court to give a
deadlocked jury to encourage the jurors to reach a verdict. Howard at 18. “To avoid the
pitfall of coercing a guilty verdict from an otherwise deadlocked jury, the supplemental
9 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
jury instruction must advance two goals: it ‘must encourage a verdict where one can
conscientiously be reached,’ and it ‘must be balanced, asking all jurors to reconsider
their opinions in light of the fact that others do not agree.’ ” State v. Carson, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-040042, 2005-Ohio-902, ¶ 48, quoting Howard at 25.
{¶24} Curtis argues that the jury was clearly divided and that instructing them
to continue was coercive. We disagree. The jury had deliberated for over a day before it
first indicated that it needed guidance on how to reconcile differences. After receiving
the Howard instruction, they deliberated for half a day, went home for the weekend, and
deliberated on the following Monday morning before indicating to the trial court that
they were having trouble reaching a verdict. As the state noted below, this was actually
the first time that the jurors specifically indicated that they were having trouble reaching
a verdict. After being instructed, they returned to their work through the end of that
day. After receiving a copy of the instruction and other materials the next morning, they
deliberated for six more hours and reached a verdict.
{¶25} On this record, we find that the trial court handled the situation
appropriately and we perceive no potential for coercion created by the trial court's
action. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion by the court on the basis of the Howard
charge, and we find no ground for a mistrial. Accordingly, we overrule Curtis’s fourth
assignment of error.
Murder and Aggravated Robbery Convictions Must Merge
{¶26} In his final assignment of error, Curtis claims that his murder,
aggravated-robbery, and weapons convictions should merge as they are allied offenses of
similar import. As that argument relates to the murder and aggravated-robbery charges,
we are constrained to agree.
10 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
{¶27} Under R.C. 2941.25, a trial court must merge offenses if the conduct of
the defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of a similar
import, and this conduct shows that the offenses were not committed separately or with
a separate animus. State v. Bailey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140129, 2015-Ohio-2997, ¶
74. The determination of whether offenses are allied contemplates "three separate
factors—the conduct, the animus, and the import." State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, paragraph one of the syllabus (“Ruff II”). Separate
convictions are permitted for allied offenses if the offenses were (1) dissimilar in import
or significance, (2) committed separately, or (3) committed with a separate animus or
motivation. Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. A reviewing court may end its analysis
upon finding that any one of the three applies. Bailey at ¶ 83.
{¶28} The facts of this case are relatively simple. Curtis approached Daryl,
produced a handgun, and demanded money. When Daryl refused, Curtis fired a single
shot into his chest. After Daryl fell, Curtis took the money from the ground and Daryl’s
hand, and fled. Under these facts, it cannot be said that the murder and aggravated
robbery were committed either separately, or with a separate animus or motivation. The
only way, therefore, that the counts would not merge would be if they were offenses
dissimilar in import or significance.
{¶29} This court has addressed the issue of when counts are of dissimilar
import or significance. State v. Ruff, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120533 and C-120534,
2015-Ohio-3367. In Ruff, we concluded that rape and aggravated burglary were not
offenses of dissimilar import or significance when the rape constituted the aggravating
physical-harm element of the aggravated-burglary charge under R.C. 2911.11(A)(1). Id.
at ¶ 17, citing Ruff II at ¶ 17. In so doing, this court held that where conduct that
constitutes one offense causes a harm that is not separate and identifiable from the
11 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
harm caused by the aggravating element of another offense, then the offenses are of a
similar import. Id. at ¶ 18.
{¶30} In this case, Curtis was convicted of murder and aggravated robbery
under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3), which requires proof of the additional aggravating element of
inflicting, or attempting to inflict, serious physical harm. The only serious physical harm
that Curtis inflicted on Daryl was the single gunshot to the chest that was almost
immediately fatal. The state argues that the aggravated robbery was complete when
Curtis brandished the weapon and demanded money. But that would only have been
true if he had been convicted of aggravated robbery pursuant to R.C. 2911.01(A)(1).
While Curtis may have been guilty of robbery at that point, he had not violated R.C.
2911.01(A)(3) until he shot Daryl. Pursuant to this court’s holding in Ruff, the trial court
should have merged those counts.
{¶31} Curtis also argues that his convictions for having a weapon while under a
disability and carrying a concealed weapon should also have been merged by the trial
court. But this court has held that those charges do not always merge. See State v.
Garnett, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-090471, 2010-Ohio-3303, ¶ 20, citing State v. Rice,
69 Ohio St.2d 422, 433 N.E.2d 175 (1982); see also State v. Finnell, 1st Dist. Hamilton
Nos. C-140547 and C-140548, 2015-Ohio-4842, ¶ 74, citing State v. Bates, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-140033, 2015-Ohio- 116, ¶ 30. And they do not merge in this case.
{¶32} The fifth assignment of error is sustained in part and overruled in part.
12 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
Conclusion
{¶33} Because the trial court should have merged the murder and aggravated-
robbery counts, we reverse its judgment in part and vacate the sentences imposed on
those counts. We remand this cause to the trial court with instructions to allow the state
to elect which allied offense it will pursue for purposes of conviction and sentence. In all
other respects, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, sentences vacated in part, and cause remanded.
FISCHER, P.J., concurs. STAUTBERG, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
STAUTBERG, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
{¶34} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion and judgment with
respect to Curtis’s fifth assignment of error. I otherwise concur in the majority’s
opinion.
{¶35} While I am mindful of this court’s decision in State v. Ruff, 1st Dist.
Hamilton Nos. C-120533 and C-120534, 2015-Ohio-3367, I am also mindful of my
dissent therefrom. In addition, I believe the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in State v.
Earley, ___Ohio St.3d___, 2015-Ohio-4615, ___N.E.3d ___, sheds further light on
the approach we should take in analyzing questions regarding merger. In Earley, the
court held:
[A] trial court may impose cumulative sentences for both aggravated
vehicular assault in violation of R.C. 2903.08(A)(1)(a) and operating a
motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a) when the offense of operating a vehicle while under the
influence is the predicate conduct for aggravated vehicular assault.
Id. at ¶ 21.
13 O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
{¶36} I disagree that because the harm for which Curtis was convicted under
R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) also caused the death of Daryl Chatman, the murder must merge
with the aggravated robbery. The import and significance of murder, causing the death
of another, is quite different than the import of aggravated robbery, a theft offense.
Compare R.C. 2903.02(B) and 2911.01(A)(3). Indeed, Curtis could have been convicted
of aggravated robbery merely by inflicting serious physical harm while committing the
theft offense. The murder of the victim was not a requisite element. The fact that the
harm that resulted in the murder charge is also the predicate conduct for the aggravated
robbery charge should not automatically result in merger. See Earley, supra. I
therefore dissent with respect to the fifth assignment of error, but otherwise concur in
the majority opinion.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.