[Cite as State v. Crawford, 2017-Ohio-308.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 27046 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 15-CR-2856 v. : : (Criminal Appeal from RYAN CRAWFORD : Common Pleas Court) : Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 27th day of January, 2017.
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
KIM SCHNEIDER, Atty. Reg. No. 0078021, 371 West First Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Ryan Crawford appeals from his conviction by guilty plea for attempted -2-
menacing by stalking. He alleges that the trial court erred by permitting him to withdraw
his motions to suppress and erred by not permitting him to withdraw his guilty plea.
Finding no error, we affirm.
I. Background
{¶ 2} Crawford was charged in October 2015 with menacing by stalking and
obstructing official business. He filed two motions to suppress evidence,1 and a hearing
on the motions was set for February 2016. The suppression hearing did not occur,
because as the parties told the trial court at the start of the hearing, they had reached a
plea agreement. Before moving on to the plea colloquy, the trial court had Crawford
withdraw his suppression motions. The court asked him if he had any questions about the
withdrawal of the motions, and Crawford answered no. The court then had Crawford and
his attorney sign a written withdrawal request. The trial court found that Crawford
“knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily” withdrew the suppression motions. (Tr. 6). The
court then proceeded with the plea colloquy during which Crawford pleaded guilty to an
amended charge of attempted menacing by stalking. The State dismissed the obstructing
charge.
{¶ 3} Almost two weeks later, before sentencing, Crawford filed a motion to
withdraw his guilty plea. He asserted that he is innocent, saying that the detective working
his case framed him and lied to him and that certain evidence was withheld or tampered
with. After a hearing on the withdrawal motion, the trial court overruled it. The court found
that Crawford’s basis for the motion was his “change of heart,” which is an insufficient
1The first motion sought to suppress evidence obtained from the search of his cell phone. The second motion, filed a week later, sought to suppress statements that he made when he was arrested. -3-
basis for withdrawal. The court sentenced Crawford a few days later to community control.
{¶ 4} Crawford appealed.
II. Analysis
{¶ 5} Crawford assigns two errors to the trial court. The first alleges that the court
erred by finding that he withdrew the motions to suppress knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily. The second assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred by not
permitting him to withdraw his guilty plea.
A. Withdrawal of the motions to suppress
{¶ 6} Crawford argues that his withdrawal of the motions to suppress was not
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Crawford says that the trial court did not ask whether
he understood the effect of withdrawing the motions to suppress, did not ask if he had
had sufficient time to consult with his attorney on the matter, and did not ask whether he
was satisfied with the advice of his attorney.
{¶ 7} Before proceeding with the plea colloquy, the trial court had Crawford
withdraw his motions to suppress:
THE COURT: All right. So in order to proceed with the plea, if that’s what
we’re going to do, the first thing is to withdraw the motion to suppress. So if
the bailiff would give a form to Mr. Wilmes [defense counsel] to go over with
his client and if that can be executed then I will take the defendant’s plea.
(Pause)
THE COURT: Mr. Crawford, do you have any questions about the
withdrawal of your motion, sir?
THE DEFENDANT: (No audible response) -4-
THE COURT: Do you have any questions?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Okay. The Court finds that the defendant did, in open court,
knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily withdraw his motion to suppress.
(Tr. 5-6).
{¶ 8} It is unclear why the court makes this finding about the withdrawal of the
suppression motions. Neither party cites any authority stating that knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary is the standard for permitting a defendant to withdraw a motion to suppress,
nor do we find any. Even if it were the appropriate standard, the record shows that
Crawford’s decision to withdraw satisfied it. The trial court allowed Crawford time to
review the withdrawal request with counsel. He did not ask any questions about the
withdrawal and signed the written withdrawal request.
{¶ 9} Regardless, “[a] guilty plea waives any right to appeal a ruling on a motion to
suppress or any other trial court error, except for errors in the plea itself.” State v. Thomas,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21829, 2007-Ohio-6908, ¶ 21, citing State v. Kelley, 57 Ohio
St.3d 127, 566 N.E.2d 658 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. So because Crawford
pleaded guilty, he has waived the right to challenge any alleged error in the trial court’s
disposition of the motions to suppress.
{¶ 10} The first assignment of error is overruled.
B. Motion to withdraw the guilty plea
{¶ 11} “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest may be made only before
sentence is imposed * * *.” Crim.R. 32.1. “[T]he general rule is that motions to withdraw
guilty pleas before sentencing are to be freely allowed and treated with liberality.” State -5-
v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 526, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992), quoting Barker v. United States,
579 F.2d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir.1978). Still, “the determination whether to grant or deny
such a motion is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.” State v.
Spivey, 81 Ohio St. 3d 405, 416, 692 N.E.2d 151 (1998). “ ‘One who enters a guilty plea
has no right to withdraw it. It is within the sound discretion of the trial court to determine
what circumstances justify granting such a motion.’ ” Xie at 526, quoting Barker at 1223.
{¶ 12} When considering whether a trial court abused its discretion by denying a
presentence motion to withdraw a plea, we have examined the following factors:
“(1) whether the accused [was] represented by highly competent counsel,
(2) whether the accused was given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing before entering
the plea, (3) whether a full hearing was held on the motion, (4) whether the
trial court gave full and fair consideration to the motion, (5) whether the
motion was made within a reasonable time, (6) whether the motion sets out
specific reasons for the withdrawal, (7) whether the accused understood the
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[Cite as State v. Crawford, 2017-Ohio-308.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 27046 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 15-CR-2856 v. : : (Criminal Appeal from RYAN CRAWFORD : Common Pleas Court) : Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 27th day of January, 2017.
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
KIM SCHNEIDER, Atty. Reg. No. 0078021, 371 West First Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Ryan Crawford appeals from his conviction by guilty plea for attempted -2-
menacing by stalking. He alleges that the trial court erred by permitting him to withdraw
his motions to suppress and erred by not permitting him to withdraw his guilty plea.
Finding no error, we affirm.
I. Background
{¶ 2} Crawford was charged in October 2015 with menacing by stalking and
obstructing official business. He filed two motions to suppress evidence,1 and a hearing
on the motions was set for February 2016. The suppression hearing did not occur,
because as the parties told the trial court at the start of the hearing, they had reached a
plea agreement. Before moving on to the plea colloquy, the trial court had Crawford
withdraw his suppression motions. The court asked him if he had any questions about the
withdrawal of the motions, and Crawford answered no. The court then had Crawford and
his attorney sign a written withdrawal request. The trial court found that Crawford
“knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily” withdrew the suppression motions. (Tr. 6). The
court then proceeded with the plea colloquy during which Crawford pleaded guilty to an
amended charge of attempted menacing by stalking. The State dismissed the obstructing
charge.
{¶ 3} Almost two weeks later, before sentencing, Crawford filed a motion to
withdraw his guilty plea. He asserted that he is innocent, saying that the detective working
his case framed him and lied to him and that certain evidence was withheld or tampered
with. After a hearing on the withdrawal motion, the trial court overruled it. The court found
that Crawford’s basis for the motion was his “change of heart,” which is an insufficient
1The first motion sought to suppress evidence obtained from the search of his cell phone. The second motion, filed a week later, sought to suppress statements that he made when he was arrested. -3-
basis for withdrawal. The court sentenced Crawford a few days later to community control.
{¶ 4} Crawford appealed.
II. Analysis
{¶ 5} Crawford assigns two errors to the trial court. The first alleges that the court
erred by finding that he withdrew the motions to suppress knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily. The second assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred by not
permitting him to withdraw his guilty plea.
A. Withdrawal of the motions to suppress
{¶ 6} Crawford argues that his withdrawal of the motions to suppress was not
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Crawford says that the trial court did not ask whether
he understood the effect of withdrawing the motions to suppress, did not ask if he had
had sufficient time to consult with his attorney on the matter, and did not ask whether he
was satisfied with the advice of his attorney.
{¶ 7} Before proceeding with the plea colloquy, the trial court had Crawford
withdraw his motions to suppress:
THE COURT: All right. So in order to proceed with the plea, if that’s what
we’re going to do, the first thing is to withdraw the motion to suppress. So if
the bailiff would give a form to Mr. Wilmes [defense counsel] to go over with
his client and if that can be executed then I will take the defendant’s plea.
(Pause)
THE COURT: Mr. Crawford, do you have any questions about the
withdrawal of your motion, sir?
THE DEFENDANT: (No audible response) -4-
THE COURT: Do you have any questions?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Okay. The Court finds that the defendant did, in open court,
knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily withdraw his motion to suppress.
(Tr. 5-6).
{¶ 8} It is unclear why the court makes this finding about the withdrawal of the
suppression motions. Neither party cites any authority stating that knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary is the standard for permitting a defendant to withdraw a motion to suppress,
nor do we find any. Even if it were the appropriate standard, the record shows that
Crawford’s decision to withdraw satisfied it. The trial court allowed Crawford time to
review the withdrawal request with counsel. He did not ask any questions about the
withdrawal and signed the written withdrawal request.
{¶ 9} Regardless, “[a] guilty plea waives any right to appeal a ruling on a motion to
suppress or any other trial court error, except for errors in the plea itself.” State v. Thomas,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21829, 2007-Ohio-6908, ¶ 21, citing State v. Kelley, 57 Ohio
St.3d 127, 566 N.E.2d 658 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. So because Crawford
pleaded guilty, he has waived the right to challenge any alleged error in the trial court’s
disposition of the motions to suppress.
{¶ 10} The first assignment of error is overruled.
B. Motion to withdraw the guilty plea
{¶ 11} “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest may be made only before
sentence is imposed * * *.” Crim.R. 32.1. “[T]he general rule is that motions to withdraw
guilty pleas before sentencing are to be freely allowed and treated with liberality.” State -5-
v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 526, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992), quoting Barker v. United States,
579 F.2d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir.1978). Still, “the determination whether to grant or deny
such a motion is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.” State v.
Spivey, 81 Ohio St. 3d 405, 416, 692 N.E.2d 151 (1998). “ ‘One who enters a guilty plea
has no right to withdraw it. It is within the sound discretion of the trial court to determine
what circumstances justify granting such a motion.’ ” Xie at 526, quoting Barker at 1223.
{¶ 12} When considering whether a trial court abused its discretion by denying a
presentence motion to withdraw a plea, we have examined the following factors:
“(1) whether the accused [was] represented by highly competent counsel,
(2) whether the accused was given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing before entering
the plea, (3) whether a full hearing was held on the motion, (4) whether the
trial court gave full and fair consideration to the motion, (5) whether the
motion was made within a reasonable time, (6) whether the motion sets out
specific reasons for the withdrawal, (7) whether the accused understood the
nature of the charges and possible penalties, (8) whether the accused was
perhaps not guilty of or had a complete defense to the charge or charges,
and (9) whether the state is prejudiced by withdrawal of the plea.”
State v. Delpinal, 2d Dist. Clark Nos. 2015-CA-97, 2015-CA-98, 2016-Ohio-5646, ¶ 8,
quoting State v. Massey, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2015-CA-1, 2015-Ohio-4711, ¶ 11. “A
balancing test applies to the foregoing factors, and no single factor in isolation is
dispositive.” (Citation omitted.) Id. at ¶ 9. “The ultimate question is whether there exists
a ‘reasonable and legitimate basis for the withdrawal of the plea.’ ” Id., quoting Xie at 527.
{¶ 13} The trial court here made findings on most of the above factors, and the -6-
record supports these findings. The court found that Crawford was represented by highly
competent counsel. There is no evidence to the contrary. The court said that it had “made
a careful review of the [guilty] plea” that Crawford entered. (Tr. 29). The court found that
he entered the plea “knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily” and indicated that it followed
the proper procedures in taking the plea. (Id.). The transcript of the plea colloquy shows
that Crawford understood the nature of the charge and the potential sentence. He was
expressly advised of both, and he said that he understood. The trial court specifically
asked Crawford if he had had the opportunity to talk with his attorney about the case, and
Crawford said that he had. Indeed, at the plea withdrawal hearing Crawford admitted that
before pleading he had had multiple discussions with his attorney:
Q[.] * * * [Y]ou had multiple conversations with your attorney prior to entering
your plea and had been explained everything by your attorney about the
plea; is that correct?
A[.] Yes.
(Id. at 26). Just before accepting Crawford’s guilty plea, the court asked him if he had any
questions for either the court or his attorney, and Crawford replied that he did not. As to
the hearing on the motion to withdraw, Crawford was given a full hearing at which the trial
court “allowed him to present any evidence that he wished.” (Id. at 30). Before the hearing,
noted the court, Crawford was given 35-40 minutes to consult with counsel and to make
phone calls. The record shows that the motion to withdraw was made within a reasonable
time, and the State does not claim that it would be prejudiced if Crawford withdrew his
guilty plea. There is no evidence that the trial court did not give full and fair consideration
to Crawford’s motion to withdraw. -7-
{¶ 14} The only factors that might favor Crawford’s motion to withdraw are his
reasons for withdrawal and his claim that he is innocent. Crawford asserts that the
detective working his case framed him and lied to him and that certain evidence has been
withheld or tampered with. The trial court found that Crawford has maintained his
innocence since the beginning and has always believed that he was framed and that
evidence has been mishandled. Nevertheless, said the court, he pleaded guilty. Now
Crawford is simply having a “change of heart,” which is an insufficient basis to withdraw.
(Id. at 31).
{¶ 15} The trial court is correct. “[A] change of heart, without some additional
justification, is not a sufficient basis for the withdrawal of a guilty or no contest plea.” State
v. Deloach, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21422, 2006-Ohio-6303, ¶ 17; see also Delpinal,
2016-Ohio-5646, at ¶ 9 (saying that “[a] ‘change of heart’ is not enough”). “[W]here the
only reason given by the defendant is a change of heart,” “[a] trial court that denies a pre-
sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea does not abuse its discretion.” State v.
Spurgeon, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2014-CA-12, 2014-Ohio-4849, ¶ 18. A court also does
not abuse its discretion by denying a withdrawal motion if the motion is based on a
complete defense that the defendant was aware of when he entered the plea. See id. at
¶ 20.
{¶ 16} Here, Crawford told the court that he had talked with his attorney about the
case. And he acknowledged that he understood that if he pleaded guilty to the offense,
he was making a complete admission that he committed the allegations contained in the
charges. Crawford also affirmatively answered that he understood that if he entered a -8-
plea of guilty, the court may enter judgment of guilt against him and proceed to
sentencing. In addition, when he entered his guilty plea Crawford already knew about the
defense he asserts in the motion to withdraw and maintained his innocence. On these
facts, the trial court reasonably found that Crawford did not have a sufficient reason to
withdraw his plea but merely had a change of heart. Compare id. at ¶ 21 (concluding the
same on similar facts with respect to the defendant in that case). So we cannot say that
the trial court abused its discretion by overruling Crawford’s motion to withdraw his guilty
plea.
{¶ 17} The second assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 18} We have overruled both assignments of error presented. The trial court’s
judgment is therefore affirmed.
DONOVAN, P.J., and WELBAUM, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck Andrew T. French Kim Schneider Hon. Dennis J. Adkins