Mitchell, J.
The defendant was indicted for selling on October 13, 1893, a railroad ticket of the Northern Pacific Bailroad Company from St. Paul to Little Falls, in this state, contrary to the provisions of Laws 1893, ch. 66, § 2, entitled “An act to regulate the sale and redemption of transportation tickets of common carriers and to provide punishment for the violation of the same,” approved April 19,. 1893. The trial court, having sustained a demurrer to the indictment, has certified the case to this court, pursuant to 1878 G. S. ch. 117, § 11.
We think the statute contemplates that the report and certificate-of the trial judge should indicate the particular questions of law which he deems so important and doubtful as to require the decision of this court. In the present case the “memorandum” of the judge, which is incorporated in his report, is the only thing which points out the questions of law' upon which he desires our opinion, and it is-apparent from this that the only question which he considered or passed upon in sustaining the demurrer was the constitutionality of' the statute under which the indictment was found. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves to the consideration of the objections raised [349]*349to the validity of that statute. These objections may be all summed up as follows:
(1) It is “class” legislation, in that it gives to persons named by the carriers the exclusive privilege of conducting' the business of dealing in transportation tickets.
(2) It delegates to the carriers the police power of licensing persons to conduct the business of dealing in such tickets.
(3) It deprives the citizen of his property in such tickets without due process of law.
(4) It is an unlawful interference with interstate commerce. .
(5) It discriminates between incorporated and nonincorporated carriers of passengers, because section 7 imposes a penalty on the former, and not on the latter, for refusing to redeem unused tickets.
Before examining the provisions of the act, or entering upon the consideration of these objections, it may be well to refer briefly to a few elementary principles applicable to such cases.
That the transportation of passengers by common carriers is a proper subject of police regulation by the state is unquestioned; and, if a business itself is the subject of police regulation, then so are all its incidents and accessories. That the matter of the issue and transfer of tickets, as evidences of the contracts of the carriers, is an incident and accessory of the business, needs no argument.
And, where a business is a proper subject of the police power, the legislature may, in the exercise of that power, adopt any measures, not in conflict with some provision of the constitution, that it sees fit, provided, only, they are such as have some relation to, and some tendency to accomplish, the desired end; and, if the measures adopted have such relation or tendency, the courts will never as-j sume to determine whether they are wise, or the best that might have been adopted. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, (42 N. W. 781;) Rippe v. Becker, 56 Minn. 100, (57 N. W. 331.)
Furthermore, courts are not at liberty to declare a statute unconstitutional because, in their opinion, it is opposed to the fundamental principles of republican government, unless those principles are placed beyond legislative encroachment by the constitution; or because it is opposed to a spirit supposed to pervade the constitution, but not expressed in words, or because it is thought to be unjust or oppressive, or to violate some natural, social, or political rights of [350]*350the citizen, unless it can be shown tlmfc such injustice is prohibited or such rights are protected by the constitution.
Except where the constitution has imposed limitations upon the legislative power, it must be considered as practically absolute; and to warrant the judiciary in declaring a statute invalid they must be able to point out some constitutional limitation which the act clearly transcends.
With these elementary propositions in mind, we proceed to consider the evils, or supposed evils, which the legislature designed to remedy, and the measures which they have adopted to accomplish that end. It was commonly asserted and believed (to what extent correctly is not important) that spurious and stolen tickets, and tickets which had expired by limitation, or that were not transferable, were often put on the market to such an extent as tof work great frauds upon both the public and the carriers; that frequently those selling such tickets were irresponsible, so that the party defrauded had no redress; that the business of trafficking in such tickets often furnished an inducement to railway employés to steal tickets, or issue spurious ones, and put them on the market. It was also commonly believed thdt, in order to evade statutes designed to secure uniformity of rates and to prevent discriminations, some carriers of passengers were in the habit of placing' large blocks of their tickets with “scalpers,” ostensibly not their agents, for sale at cut rates. To remedy these and similar abuses, real or supposed, this statute was passed. That all its provisions have some relation to, and tendency to accomplish, this end, is quite clear. Do they transcend any constitutional limitation upon legislative power?
It seems to us that most of the objections to the act — certainly the first two — are based upon a radical misconcéption of its provisions, and of the character of transportation tickets as property.
Counsel for the defendant seems to assume — First, that such tickets are vendible chattel property, which are the legitimate subject of barter and sale, the same as any other chattels, and, Second, that this statute is designed to be a “license law,” in the ordinary sense of that term. With these two premises assumed, the task of successfully assailing the validity of the act is a very easy one.
While a “railroad ticket” is, in one sense, “property,” yet it is not merchandise or a chattel. It is merely the evidence of the contract [351]*351of the carrier to transport the holder between the points, and on the conditions, therein named. Treating it as the contract itself, it is in the nature of a chose in action. No one with whom a carrier makes such a contract has any inherent constitutional right to insist that it should be assignable. At common law, all choses in action were nonassignable, and if the legislature had deemed it necessary, in order to prevent the supposed evils, to provide that all transportation tickets should be nontransferable, or even to prohibit the issue of tickets altogether, and require carriers of passengers to collect fare in cash, we fail to see why they had not the power to do so.
Again, the act has not the first element of a “license law” in the common meaning of the term. It must be borne in mind that these tickets are the contracts, or evidences of the contracts, of the carriers, and hence, in the nature of things, can in the first instance be issued or sold only by the carriers themselves, who, as a matter of course, have the exclusive right to appoint their own agents for that purpose. Now, what the act provides is that the carriers shall only issue or sell their tickets through agents appointed in a particular manner, and the evidence of whose appointment has been authenticated by certain formalities.
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Mitchell, J.
The defendant was indicted for selling on October 13, 1893, a railroad ticket of the Northern Pacific Bailroad Company from St. Paul to Little Falls, in this state, contrary to the provisions of Laws 1893, ch. 66, § 2, entitled “An act to regulate the sale and redemption of transportation tickets of common carriers and to provide punishment for the violation of the same,” approved April 19,. 1893. The trial court, having sustained a demurrer to the indictment, has certified the case to this court, pursuant to 1878 G. S. ch. 117, § 11.
We think the statute contemplates that the report and certificate-of the trial judge should indicate the particular questions of law which he deems so important and doubtful as to require the decision of this court. In the present case the “memorandum” of the judge, which is incorporated in his report, is the only thing which points out the questions of law' upon which he desires our opinion, and it is-apparent from this that the only question which he considered or passed upon in sustaining the demurrer was the constitutionality of' the statute under which the indictment was found. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves to the consideration of the objections raised [349]*349to the validity of that statute. These objections may be all summed up as follows:
(1) It is “class” legislation, in that it gives to persons named by the carriers the exclusive privilege of conducting' the business of dealing in transportation tickets.
(2) It delegates to the carriers the police power of licensing persons to conduct the business of dealing in such tickets.
(3) It deprives the citizen of his property in such tickets without due process of law.
(4) It is an unlawful interference with interstate commerce. .
(5) It discriminates between incorporated and nonincorporated carriers of passengers, because section 7 imposes a penalty on the former, and not on the latter, for refusing to redeem unused tickets.
Before examining the provisions of the act, or entering upon the consideration of these objections, it may be well to refer briefly to a few elementary principles applicable to such cases.
That the transportation of passengers by common carriers is a proper subject of police regulation by the state is unquestioned; and, if a business itself is the subject of police regulation, then so are all its incidents and accessories. That the matter of the issue and transfer of tickets, as evidences of the contracts of the carriers, is an incident and accessory of the business, needs no argument.
And, where a business is a proper subject of the police power, the legislature may, in the exercise of that power, adopt any measures, not in conflict with some provision of the constitution, that it sees fit, provided, only, they are such as have some relation to, and some tendency to accomplish, the desired end; and, if the measures adopted have such relation or tendency, the courts will never as-j sume to determine whether they are wise, or the best that might have been adopted. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, (42 N. W. 781;) Rippe v. Becker, 56 Minn. 100, (57 N. W. 331.)
Furthermore, courts are not at liberty to declare a statute unconstitutional because, in their opinion, it is opposed to the fundamental principles of republican government, unless those principles are placed beyond legislative encroachment by the constitution; or because it is opposed to a spirit supposed to pervade the constitution, but not expressed in words, or because it is thought to be unjust or oppressive, or to violate some natural, social, or political rights of [350]*350the citizen, unless it can be shown tlmfc such injustice is prohibited or such rights are protected by the constitution.
Except where the constitution has imposed limitations upon the legislative power, it must be considered as practically absolute; and to warrant the judiciary in declaring a statute invalid they must be able to point out some constitutional limitation which the act clearly transcends.
With these elementary propositions in mind, we proceed to consider the evils, or supposed evils, which the legislature designed to remedy, and the measures which they have adopted to accomplish that end. It was commonly asserted and believed (to what extent correctly is not important) that spurious and stolen tickets, and tickets which had expired by limitation, or that were not transferable, were often put on the market to such an extent as tof work great frauds upon both the public and the carriers; that frequently those selling such tickets were irresponsible, so that the party defrauded had no redress; that the business of trafficking in such tickets often furnished an inducement to railway employés to steal tickets, or issue spurious ones, and put them on the market. It was also commonly believed thdt, in order to evade statutes designed to secure uniformity of rates and to prevent discriminations, some carriers of passengers were in the habit of placing' large blocks of their tickets with “scalpers,” ostensibly not their agents, for sale at cut rates. To remedy these and similar abuses, real or supposed, this statute was passed. That all its provisions have some relation to, and tendency to accomplish, this end, is quite clear. Do they transcend any constitutional limitation upon legislative power?
It seems to us that most of the objections to the act — certainly the first two — are based upon a radical misconcéption of its provisions, and of the character of transportation tickets as property.
Counsel for the defendant seems to assume — First, that such tickets are vendible chattel property, which are the legitimate subject of barter and sale, the same as any other chattels, and, Second, that this statute is designed to be a “license law,” in the ordinary sense of that term. With these two premises assumed, the task of successfully assailing the validity of the act is a very easy one.
While a “railroad ticket” is, in one sense, “property,” yet it is not merchandise or a chattel. It is merely the evidence of the contract [351]*351of the carrier to transport the holder between the points, and on the conditions, therein named. Treating it as the contract itself, it is in the nature of a chose in action. No one with whom a carrier makes such a contract has any inherent constitutional right to insist that it should be assignable. At common law, all choses in action were nonassignable, and if the legislature had deemed it necessary, in order to prevent the supposed evils, to provide that all transportation tickets should be nontransferable, or even to prohibit the issue of tickets altogether, and require carriers of passengers to collect fare in cash, we fail to see why they had not the power to do so.
Again, the act has not the first element of a “license law” in the common meaning of the term. It must be borne in mind that these tickets are the contracts, or evidences of the contracts, of the carriers, and hence, in the nature of things, can in the first instance be issued or sold only by the carriers themselves, who, as a matter of course, have the exclusive right to appoint their own agents for that purpose. Now, what the act provides is that the carriers shall only issue or sell their tickets through agents appointed in a particular manner, and the evidence of whose appointment has been authenticated by certain formalities. While the certificate of a compliance with these requirements, issued by the state, is called a “license,” yet it is merely the evidence of the appointment of the agent, its purpose being to secure and preserve public written evidence of that fact, so as to prevent evasions of the law, and to enable every one who buys a ticket to ascertain whether the person with whom he is dealing actually represents, and has authority to bind, the carrier. The agent is given no authority to sell or deal in tickets of other carriers, but only authority to sell the tickets of the carrier appointing him, and providing him the certificate of such authority.
So far from granting any special privileges to the carrier, it imposes a burden upon him — First, by limiting his right to issue or sell tickets to agents provided with a certificate from the state of their authority ; and, Second, by requiring him to repurchase or redeem unused tickets. And then, in order to prevent the frauds already referred to, the act prohibits entirely the sale, barter, or transfer, within the state, of the whole or any part of any ticket, or other evidence of the holder’s right to travel on any railroad or steamboat, whether situated or operated within or without the state, except by the agent [352]*352of the carrier possessing the certificate of authority provided for in the first section of the act.
The fact that the purchaser of a ticket is prohibited from selling it to whom he pleases does not “deprive him of his property without due process of law.” The disposition of property may always be limited or regulated where public interests so require. The ticket is not destroyed or taken from the holder, nor is his right to ride on it at all limited. The only limitation is upon his right to transfer it. If he wishes to ride on it, which is the purpose for which a ticket is presumably bought, he can do so; but, if he does not use it, his only course is to require the carrier who issued it to redeem it. As already suggested, a man has no constitutional right to insist that these contracts for transportation shall be transferable; and if the legislature had seen fit to declare that they should not be, and that they could only be used by the party to whom they were originally issued, they might have done so; even without making any provision at all for their redemption by the carrier if not used. This might not be true as to tickets, by their expressed or implied terms transferable, purchased before the passage of the act; but as to the tickets issued and purchased after that it is unquestionably true, for the statute becomes a part of the contract expressed in the ticket, and is inherent in the property in it. Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213.
The indictment in this case charges defendant with selling the ticket nearly six months after the passage of the act, and, if the law should be regarded as invalid as to tickets issued and purchased before it was passed, it was for the defendant to plead and prove that he comes within the class of persons as to which the law is invalid, and that this ticket was one as to which the statute does not operate. A law may be entirely valid as to some persons and some acts, and invalid as to others, and its invalidity can be raised and taken advantage of only by those who show that they have a right to question the act. They must show that their rialits are taken away by the law, and that as to them, in the particular case, there is a higher law in the constitution which supersedes the statute.
In Indiana and Illinois the courts have upheld statutes similar to the one under consideration in all material respects, except that they provide that the acts shall not prohibit any person’ who has purchased a ticket from any agent authorized as by the act provided, [353]*353with the bona fide intention of traveling upon the same, from selling it to any other person. Fry v. State, 63 Ind. 552; Burdick v. People, 149 Ill. 600, (36 N. E. 948.)
In these cases the courts lay some stress upon this provision. But we are unable to see how the absence of it affects the validity of the act, or how, at least as to tickets issued after its passage, it .deprives a person of his property “without due process of law.” The law may in that respect be more drastic; but if the legislature thought that such an exception would open the door to evasions of the law, and that the evils aimed at could be effectually remedied only by absolutely prohibiting any sale of tickets within the state except by the carrier himself, through his agents authorized in the manner provided, we think it was competent for them to so declare.
Neither is there anything in the objection that, while the act prohibits the sale of any tickets except in the manner prescribed, it only provides for the redemption of unused tickets of railroads or steamboats situated or operated, in whole or in part, within the state.
This limitation of the provisions as to redemption may have been because of the supposed inability of the state to compel redemption by foreign or nonresident steamboat or railway companies; but, as the sale of all tickets might have been prohibited without any provision for their redemption, the act does not deprive the holder of a ticket of a nonresident carrier simply because it leaves him, in case he does not use it, to such remedies, if any, as may be given him by the law of the domicile of the carrier. It is hardly necessary to suggest that it is just as necessary, in order to prevent frauds on the public, to regulate the sale, within the state, of tickets of “nonresident” carriers as of “resident” ones. We may add, in passing, that section 5 of the act makes it the duty of a carrier within the state to redeem tickets sold by it in “any manner,” no matter whether sold within or without the state; also, that the word “owners” is evidently used in a comprehensive sense, so as to include all who are operating a railroad or steamboat, whether as owners of the property, or as lessees, receivers, or the like.
What has been said fully covers the first three objections to the statute.
[354]*354There is clearly nothing in the objection that the act unlawfully interferes with interstate commerce. In the first place, the question is not in this case, because the ticket is not for an interstate ride. But, even if it was, there would be nothing in the point. The law is not a revenue law, and is not designed to, and does not, regulate interstate commerce at all. It is a mere police regulation of the sale and transfer of tickets, designed to protect the public from frauds, and its interference, if any, with interstate commerce, is purely incidental and accidental. The grant of power to congress to regulate interstate commerce was never designed to, and does not, at all interfere with police power of the states to promote domestic order, to prevent crime, and to protect the lives and property of its citizens, although such regulations may indirectly operate upon and affect interstate commerce. Such regulations are valid in spite of their operation on commerce, and the right to pass them does not originate from any power in the state to regulate commerce. The books are so full of cases to this effect that the citation of authorities in support of the proposition is unnecessary.
Neither is there anything in the last objection. If defendant is correct in his construction of section 7, — that it only imposes a penalty, in favor of the state, upon incorporated carriers for a refusal to redeem unused tickets, — this is not an objection which he is in a position to raise, as it does not affect him. If any owner of a railroad or steamboat situated or operated, in whole or in part, within the state, refuses to redeem his ticket, as provided in section 5, the purchaser has his civil remedy, wholly independently of section 7. Even if the latter section should be declared wholly invalid, on the objection of an incorporated carrier, it would not affect the validity of the balance of the act.
We have endeavored to give this case the consideration which its importance deserves, and are not able to see that any of the objections urged against the validity of the act are well founded. With the policy or wisdom of it we have nothing to do.
Order sustaining the demurrer is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Buck and Canty, JJ., abs' nt.
(Opinion published 59 N. W. 317.)