State v. Copelin

206 So. 3d 990, 2016 La.App. 4 Cir. 0264, 2016 La. App. LEXIS 2200

• Court: Louisiana Court of Appeal
• Decided: December 7, 2016
• Docket: NO. 2016-KA-0264
• Status: Published

Opinion

Judge Rosemary Ledet

hln this criminal case, the defendant, Darrius Copelin, appeals his conviction and sentence for one count of armed robbery with a firearm, a violation of La. R.S. 14:64.3, and one count of possession of a firearm by a felon, a violation of La. R.S. 14:95.1. For the reasons that follow, we affirm his convictions and sentences. Nonetheless, because we find an error patent, we remand for the imposition of the mandatory fine required by La. R.S. 14:95.1.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

On October 25, 2012, the State charged Mr. Copelin by bill of information with one count of armed robbery with a firearm and one count of possession of a firearm by a felon. This case was assigned Orleans Criminal District Court Case No. 513-845 “I”. In the same bill of information, Mr. Copelin’s girlfriend, Asha Howard, was charged with being an accessory to the armed robbery. Before the case went to trial, the State filed a “Notice of Intent to Use Evidence of Similar Crimes, Wrongs, and/or Acts”—a Prieur motion.¹ On November 7, 2013, a | ¡Rearing was héld on the State’s Prieur motion; and the district court granted that motion.

On July 9, 2014, Mr. Copelin’s first jury trial commenced. At his first trial, Mr. Copelin was allowed to represent himself pro se with the advice at trial of an attorney from the Orleans Public Defender—a form of hybrid representation. At the close of the first trial, the district court declared a mistrial based on the jury’s inability to return a verdict. Thereafter, the State entered a nolle prosequi and dismissed all charges in Case No. 513-845 “I”.

On October 22, 2014, the State reinsti-tuted the same charges. This case was assigned Orleans Criminal District Court Case No. 522-255 “I”. In the same bill of information, Ms. Howard was charged with being an accessory to the armed robbery. On October 24, 2014, Mr. Copelin was arraigned and pled not guilty. On November 7, 2014, Mr. Copelin filed a motion to quash on the grounds that the reinstitution of the charges constituted double jeopardy because he had previously been tried for the same offense. On November 17, 2014, the district court denied the motion to quash. This court denied Mr. Copelin’s subsequent writ application. State v. Cope-lin, 14-0043 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/16/15) (un-pub,).

On May 4, 2015, the district court severed the two defendants—Mr. Copelin and Ms. Howard—for trial. On September 1, 2015, the district court ruled on a number of pre-trial motions. On the next day, the second jury trial commenced. As in the first trial, Mr. Copelin opted for a form of hybrid representation. The second trial lasted two days. The jury found Mr. Cope-lin guilty as charged on both counts. On October 9, 2015, the district court denied Mr. Copelin’s motion for new trial. |sMr. Copelin waived sentencing delays and was sentenced to twenty years on the possession of a firearm by a felon count and ninety-nine years on the armed robbery count. The sentences were concurrent and without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence.

Thereafter, the State filed a multiple offender bill of information as to the armed robbery count. The predicate offense was a 2002 federal armed robbery conviction.² On October 9, 2015, a multiple offender hearing was held. The district court adjudicated Mr. Copelin a second felony offender; vacated the sentence on the armed robbery count; and resentenced Mr. Copelin as a second offender on that count to one hundred and twenty-five years without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. This appeal followed.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

This ease arises out of an armed robbery that occurred on September 9, 2012, at around 1:30 a.m., at the Homedale Inn, a neighborhood bar located near City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to witnesses, a man wearing gloves and a ski mask and brandishing a gun walked into the bar. The man threw a back pack across the bar and demanded that the bartender “fill it up.” The bartender complied with the demand, placing about $1,000 in the backpack. The man then backed out of the bar and fled on foot into the surrounding neighborhood. During the course of the robbery, the bar owner managed to hit the silent alarm located on the side of the cash register, which calls the police. As a result, the New Orleans Police Department (“NOPD”) arrived within minutes after the robber fled.

| ¿The NOPD linked Mr. Copelin to the crime through a vehicle registered to his girlfriend’s grandmother that was found parked near the bar. The vehicle was parked away from the curb, impeding traffic, in the area that the robber fled. Mr. Copelin’s wallet and cell phone were found in the vehicle. When the officers ran Mr. Copelin’s name, they discovered that he had a prior offense—a 2003 federal armed robbery conviction—and that he was released from federal prison nineteen days before the robbery of the bar.³

ERRORS PATENT

A review of the record for errors patent reveals one. The district court failed to impose the mandatory fine as required by the sentencing provision of La. R.S. 14:95.1.⁴ As a result, Mr. Copelin’s sentence is illegally lenient. In State v. Williams, 03-0302 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/6/03), 859 So.2d 751, this court held that a reviewing court must remand for resentenc-ing in cases in which the trial court fails to impose a mandatory fine. See also State v. Harris, 11-0663 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/28/12), 88 So.3d 1223. Accordingly, we remand to the district court for the limited purpose of imposing the mandatory fine on the felon in possession of a firearm count. See State v. Perkins, 12-0662 p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/29/14), 155 So.3d 649, 652 (remanding for imposition of the mandatory fíne required by La. R.S. 14:95.1).

DISCUSSION

| ^Assignment of Error Number One

Mr. Copelin’s first assignment of error is that the mistrial the district court declared at the end of his first trial was not manifestly necessary and was undertaken without his consent; thus, he contends, his second trial and conviction violate state and federal principles of double jeopardy. To place this issue in context, we outline the events that resulted in the district court declaring a mistrial.

Background

At the end of Mr. Copelin’s first trial, which lasted two days, jury deliberations commenced at 6:43 p.m. At 11:21 p.m. the trial court summoned the jury to courtroom and initiated the following colloquy:

THE COURT: Ladies and gentleman of the jury, y’all have been deliberating for almost going on five hours. Do you believe any further deliberations would assist you in rendering a verdict?

FOREPERSON: For tonight?

THE COURT: Yes.

FOREPERSON: Yes.

JUROR: I think so.

THE COURT: You do? All right. Go ahead.

The transcript reflects that the jury left the courtroom at 11:22 p.m. and returned seven minutes later—at 11:29 p.m. When the jury returned, the following colloquy transpired:

THE COURT: All right. Let the record reflect that all jurors are present.

I have received a note from the jury that reads as follows. We will be unable to come to a final decision tonight. We apologize.”

Who is the foreperson?

FOREPERSON: lam.

J^THE'COURT: All right. And do you feel that any further deliberations would assist you to render a verdict?

FOREPERSON: No.

THE COURT: No? All right. So I would like to thank you for your service. You are discharged. This case will be tried again on another day with another jury.

At this juncture, Mr. Copelin neither objected nor sought judicial relief. As noted earlier in this opinion, Mr. Copelin first sought judicial relief after the prosecution was re-instituted by filing a pro se motion to quash the bill of information. In that motion, he argued that he was being placed in jeopardy twice because the State reinstituted the charges after the jury was unable to return a verdict on July 9, 2014, in Case No. 513-845 “I”. In arguing that jeopardy attached, he compared the prior mistrial to a non-responsive verdict. Denying the motion to quash, the district court reasoned that “because the defendant was not acquitted in his earlier trial, double jeopardy is not implicated.” This court denied Mr. Copelin’s subsequent writ application, stating:

We find no error in the district court’s 17 November 2014 judgment, denying the relator’s motion to quash wherein he alleges double jeopardy. A retrial following a mistrial because of a hung jury does not constitute double jeopardy. State v. Nall, 439 So.2d 420 (La. 1983).

State v, Copelin, 14-0043 (La. App. 4 Cir 1/16/15) (unpub.),

Mr. Copelin’s prior motion raising the double jeopardy issue presents several preliminary issues regarding whether the double jeopardy issue is properly before us on appeal.

Preliminary issues

The first issue is whether this court’s denial of Mr. Copelin’s writ application raising this issue is law of the case. Mr. Copelin contends that the law 17of the case doctrine is inapplicable because his in artful pleading was submitted without the benefit of counsel and because this court’s ruling was entered without the benefit of a transcript. The denial of a writ application is generally of no effect. See Watkins v. Lake Charles Mem’l Hosp., 13-1137, p. 25 (La. 3/25/14), 144 So.3d 944, 962 (noting that “the prior denial of supervisory review by this court ... is merely a decision not to exercise supervisory jurisdiction, and it does not generally bar consideration of the issue(s) denied supervisory review” and citing Levine v. First National Bank of Commerce, 06-0394, p. 6, n. 4 (La. 12/15/06), 948 So.2d 1051, 1056). Moreover, Mr. Copelin’s two claims differ substantially. The law of the case doctrine thus is inapplicable here.

Despite Mr. Copelin’s failure to raise the exact issue presented here before the district court, the error is properly raised in this court. Double jeopardy is treated as a jurisdictional defect that may be raised at any time. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 594 (providing that “[djouble jeopardy may be raised at any time”); see also State v. Earnest, 95-1689, p. 3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/8/96), 673 So.2d 1341, 1343 (noting that double jeopardy is a “jurisdictional defect,” that is, one that calls into question the sitting court’s power to hear the case” and citing State v. Dubaz, 468 So.2d 554 (La. 1985)). “Louisiana courts have repeatedly held that even an unqualified guilty plea does not bar a subsequent double jeopardy claim.” Earnest, supra (citing State ex rel. Adams v. Butler, 558 So.2d 552 (La. 1990)).

Although La. C.Cr.P. art. 594 also provides that double jeopardy may be raised “only once,” we decline to invoke this limitation to bar review of Mr. Copelin’s claim for two reasons. First, it is unclear this limitation applies to an unrelated claim. Second, if invoked here, this limitation could create a separate issue under the United States Constitution.

IsMerits of double jeopardy claim

Both the United States and the Louisiana Constitution afford double jeopardy protection; the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 15 of the Louisiana Constitution prohibit the government from twice placing a person in jeopardy for the same offense. Double jeopardy protection is codified in La. C.Cr.P. Art. 591, which provides that “[n]o person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or liberty for the same offense, except, ... where there has been a mistrial legally ordered under the provisions of Article 775.”

In State v. Encalarde, 579 So.2d 990, 991 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1990), which Mr. Cope-lin cites as dispositive, this court addressed the issue of whether the trial court erred by granting a mistrial under La. C.Cr.P, art. 775 (2)—“the jury is unable to agree upon a verdict.” Summarizing the applicable statutory and jurisprudential principles, this court stated the following:

“It is universally held that a dismissal because of inability of the jury to reach a verdict is no bar to a subsequent prosecution,” [Official Revision Comment “C” to Article 775,] citing two U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Thus, although the manifest necessity test employed by the federal courts and the categorical listing provided in Article 775 may be slightly different, it appears that if a trial judge grants a mistrial when the jury is hopelessly deadlocked in either a federal or a Louisiana court, retrial of the defendant is not barred by the double jeopardy clause. The converse would also be true: if a trial judge improperly grants a mistrial against the objection of the defendant in either a federal court or a Louisiana Court, the double jeopardy cause would prohibit retrial of the defendant for the same offense.

Encalarde, 579 So.2d at 991.

In Encalarde, the facts regarding the jury deliberations were as follows:"

At 6:39 P.M., the jury retired to deliberate. At 8:08 P.M., the jury returned and requested additional information from the judge regarding the law on misdemeanor manslaughter. The judge provided additional information and the jury again retired to deliberate -at 8:26 P.M.

| aSometime shortly thereafter, the foreman contacted the minute clerk and explained that the jury wished to hear some illustrations of the judge’s previous definitions of misdemeanor manslaughter. The minute clerk informed the trial judge that the jury requested additional information and that the jury was leaning toward an acquittal. When the jury was returned to the courtroom, the trial judge, however, asked the foreman whether the jury had reached a verdict. The foreman, Mr. Roland Gordon, responded, “No. judge. We are unable to reach a verdict.” The court continued, “Do you feel that any further deliberations would serve any purpose?” And, Mr. Gordon responded, “I don’t believe so.” Judge Perez then asked the foreman if there was any movement among the jurors. Mr. Gordon responded, “No. We had movement earlier, but I don’t’ think we’re going to get any further movement.” The foreman also told the judge there had been no movement within the last forty-five minutes. The trial judge, without questioning the individual jurors and over adamant objections by defense counsel, granted a mistrial. The entire period of deliberations lasted slightly longer than two hours.

Id. at 990-91.

In Encalarde, we noted that there was no Louisiana case addressing the issue presented. Citing the jurisprudence from other state courts and the federal courts addressing the issue, we developed the following four-factor test to assess the trial court’s decision to grant a mistrial:

• Whether the trial court questioned the individual jurors or the jury as a group;

• Whether the trial' court allowed defense counsel to make arguments against granting a mistrial; '

• The length of the trial; and,

• The length of the jury deliberations.

Id. at 991.

Applying the above four-factor test to the facts in Encalarde, we reasoned as follows:

• The trial court failed to question the individual jurors or the jury as a group; instead, the trial court relied on the foreman’s statements that the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Id. at 992. Also, “the foreman' told the trial judge Imthat there had been no movement among the jurors for the past forty-five minutes, indicating that there had been movement prior to that time.” Id.

• “The trial judge refused to allow the defense counsel to speak and present alternatives to a mistrial.” Id.

• The trial lasted six and one-half days. Id.

• Jury deliberations lasted less than two hours and fifteen minutes. Stated otherwise,-the trial court " declared a mistrial at 9:28 P.M., after eight hours of closing arguments, jury charges, and jury deliberations. Moreover, the jurors had not had supper. Id.

Furthermore, we noted:

The judge was asked to provide illustrations to the jury regarding misdemeanor manslaughter. The judge was not informed by the minute clerk that ■ the jury was deadlocked, yet when the judge returned to court, he did not provide additional illustrations to the jury but asked whether the jury was deadlocked. The judge knew at this time that the jury was leaning toward acquittal.

Id. Based on the above analysis, we held that the trial court erred in granting the mistrial over the defendant’s objection. We thus granted the defendant’s motion to quash based on double jeopardy.

Mr. Copelin contends that the circumstances here present a stronger case than in Encalarde for concluding that the district court erred when it declared a mistrial. He points out that the jury’s note did not suggest that that they were deadlocked; rather, their note suggested that they would be unable to reach “a final decision tonight.” He contends that when the district eourt asked the foreman whether further deliberations would be beneficial in reaching a verdict, it was reasonable for the foreman to believe that the question was posed in the context of whether further deliberations would be beneficial in reaching a verdict that night. Mr. Copelin thus suggests that this court should judge the district court’s decision to declare a mistrial against the backdrop of a jury that never indicated it was deadlocked.

| nAccording to Mr. Copelin, the district court, at best, could have found that the jury was unable to reach a verdict “that night.” He emphasizes that only seven minutes before the district court declared a mistrial, the foreman had indicated that the jury was not deadlocked and that further deliberations would be beneficial. He also emphasizes that the district court failed to consult with individual jurors and failed to consult with him on possible alternatives to declaring a mistrial. Mr. Copelin thus submits that the district court failed to scrupulously determine that the jury was genuinely deadlocked. Given the totality of the circumstances, he contends that the district court abused its discretion by declaring a mistrial rather than dismissing the jury for the night with instructions to return the next day to resume their deliberations.

The State does not address the Enca-larde case.⁵ Rather, the State counters that the district court legally ordered the mistrial, pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 775, after the jury was unable to agree upon a verdict. Moreover, the State argues that it was incumbent upon Mr. Copelin to object, or at least seek some clarification, when the issue of the jury’s deadlocked status arose that night. The State suggests that Mr. Copelin could have insisted the district court determine whether the jury was permanently deadlocked before excusing the jury and declaring a mistrial. Finally, the State contends that Mr. Copelin failed to preserve the issue for review by invoking La. C.Cr.P. art. 775.1 to seek immediate x-eview of the district court’s mistrial ruling; Article 775.1 provides as follows:

If a judge orders a mistrial, then upon motion of either the state or the defendant, the court shall order an automatic twenty-four-hour | iastay of all proceedings in which either the state or the defendant may take an emergency writ application to the appropriate reviewing courts with appellate jurisdiction, including the Louisiana Supreme Court. The jury shall not be released pending the stay unless both the state and defendant agree to release the jury.

In his reply brief to this court, Mr. Copelin responds that it is doubtful that Article 775.1 applies to mistrial orders made sua sponte without a defendant’s consent. In support, he^ cites State v. Joseph, 484 So.2d 1057 (La. 1983), and State v. Simpson, 371 So.2d 733 (La. 1979). Although he acknowledges he did not object once the district court dismissed the jury, he contends he was- not required to do so. Moreover, he contends that the district court denied him an opportunity to urge alternatives to discharging of the jury.

In support, Mr. Copelin quotes the Louisiana Supreme Court’s holding in Joseph that “the failure of the defendant to object to a mistrial which he had not sought and from which he [h]as not benefitted [is] inconsequential since once a mistrial is declared the trial is over”; in such a case, “the absence of a contemporaneous objection would not bar a plea of double jeopardy urged at the commencement of a second trial.” 434 So.2d at 1059-60 (citing Simpson, 371 So.2d at 736).⁶ Mr. Copelin submits that such is the case here. For the same reasons, he contends that the district court deprived him of the option of invoking Article 775.1 by simultaneously granting the mistrial and discharging the jury.

| ¶¡¡There is scant jurisprudence construing, or even citing, Article 775.1, which was enacted in 2004.⁷ In Joseph, which was decided a decade before the enactment of Article 775.1, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether a defendant’s failure to voice' any objection to the trial court’s sua sponte order of mistrial precludes the defendant from raising the issue on appeal.⁸ Finding it does not, the Supreme Court reasoned that the defendant’s failure to lodge a contemporaneous objection was “inconsequential since once a mistrial is declared the trial is over.” Joseph, 434 So.2d at 1060. In so holding, the Supreme Court cited its prior holding in Simpson in which it reasoned as follows:

However, it is apparent that contemporaneous objection and reservation of a bill are not applicable to a plea of double jeopardy. As originally drafted, Article 841 did not require a bill to be reserved for “a ground for arrest of: judgment under Article 859 ...,” one of which is double jeopardy. Moreover, it is clear that requiring a contemporaneous objection to an improperly granted mistrial does not advance the purpose of the rule, which is to put the trial judge on notice of the alleged irregularity and to provide him with the opportunity to correct the problem during trial. State v. Dupre, 339 So.2d 10 (La. 1976); State v. Charles, 326 So.2d 335 (La. 1976). When a mistrial is declared, the jury is dismissed. (Compare the effect of granting a motion for acquittal, even when erroneously granted. State v. Hurst, 367 So.2d 1180 (La. 1979). Unless the defendant | ^anticipates the declaration of a mistrial, the trial ends without the opportunity to object.

Simpson, 371 So.2d at 738. In Joseph, the Supreme Court also commented that “a function of the contemporaneous objection rule is to facilitate appellate review of adverse lower court rulings. Since appellate review does not in the normal course follow a trial aborted by the grant of a mistrial, this purpose is not served by the noting of an objection to the granting of a mistrial.” 434 So.2d at 1060.

Read together, the Simpson and Joseph cases have the untenable effect of making the declaration of a mistrial insusceptible to review and thus create a predicament under which an aggrieved party must anticipate the declaration of a mistrial. Stated otherwise, these cases hold that a trial court’s declaration of a mistrial is an immediate, irrevocable disposition that cannot be undone or recalled. By enacting Article 775.1, which became effective in 2004 (La. Acts 2004, No. 413 § 1), the Louisiana Legislature, in effect, abrogated the holdings in Simpson and Joseph.

By imposing an automatic stay when invoked, Article 775.1 precludes a trial court from simultaneously granting a mistrial and dismissing the jury and thereby depriving the aggrieved party from seeking appellate review. Indeed, the apparent purpose for enacting Article 775.1 was to create a procedural device for the aggrieved party to preserve the status quo pending an appellate court’s ruling on the issue. An aggrieved party’s remedy is not to seek reconsideration of the issue before the trial court; rather, their remedy is to request a twenty-four hour automatic stay of the proceedings—thereby delaying the release of the jury—-in order to file an emergency writ application with the appropriate appellate court and, if necessary, the Louisiana Supreme Court.

11RThe Louisiana Supreme Court has repeatedly held that an irregularity or error cannot be availed of after the verdict unless it was objected to at the time it occurred; and, as enacted, Article 775.1 preserves the contemporaneous objection rule with respect to the declaration of a mistrial. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 841; State v. Landos, 07-0082 (La. 4/8/08), 980 So.2d 643.

Contrary to Mr. Copelin’s contention, if he had invoked Article 775.1, the district court could not have simultaneously granted a mistrial and discharged the jury. If he had invoked Article 775.1, it would have resulted in an automatic stay; the district court would have been mandated to instruct the jury that its ruling granting the mistrial was not final. As a result, the jury would have been ordered to return the next day for the appellate court’s ruling on the emergency writ. Given Mr. Copelin failed to object or to invoke the appropriate remedy provided for by Article 775.1, we find the assignment of error was not preserved for review.

Assignment of Error Number Two

Mr. Copelin’s second, and final, assignment of error is that the district court erred in allowing the State to introduce impermissible other crimes evidence. The general rule in Louisiana is that “evidence the accused committed crimes, wrongs or acts, other than the one charged is inadmissible when its only purpose is to prove the defendant’s character and therefore his disposition to break the law.” Gail Dalton Schlosser, LA. CRIM. TRIAL PRAC. § 20:25 (4th ed.); see also State v. Garcia, 09-1578, p. 53 (La. 11/16/12), 108 So.3d 1, 38; State v. Brown, 03-1616, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/31/04), 871 So.2d 1240. The underlying rationale for this rule is that “the prejudicial tendency of such evidence outweighs its probative value because the finder of fact is likely to convict on the basis that the defendant is a ‘bad person’ rather than the strength of evidence against him in the case being |1Btried.” State v. Lawrence, 45,061, p. 12 (La.App. 2 Cir. 3/3/10), 32 So.3d 329, 337 (citing State v. Broim, 318 So.2d 24 (La. 1975)).⁹

The introduction of other crimes evidence is governed by La. C.E. art. 404(A), which provides (with exceptions) that “[ejvidence of a person’s character or a trait of his character, such as a moral quality, is not admissible for the purpose of proving that he acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.” Likewise, La. G.E. art. 404(B) prohibits evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts to prove the character of a person. Such evidence, however, is admissible if the State proves an independent reason. Id. The exception is codified in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1), which provides as follows:

Except as provided in Article 412, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, of the nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial for such purposes, or when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the act or transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding.

The Louisiana Supreme Court in State v. Taylor, 16-1124, 16-1183 (La. 12/1/16), — So.3d-, 2016 WL 7030750, enumerated the following principles that govern the introduction of other crimes evidence in this state:

Ii7* “Code of Evidence article 404(B)(1) embodies the settled principle that evidence of other crimes may be admissible if the state establishes an independent and relevant reason for its admission.”

• “[T]he clear and convincing burden of proof set forth in Prieur is no longer mandated”; instead, the Court held that the State need only make a showing of “sufficient evidence” of the defendant’s commission of the other crime, wrong, or act.

• “[OJther jurisprudential rules and guidelines derived from Prieur and its progeny remain valid and applicable.”

• “[F]or other crimes evidence to be admissible, the state must comply with the notice requirement set out in Prieur.”

• “[A]t a pre-trial hearing, the state must provide sufficient evidence to support a finding that the defendant committed the other crime, wrong, or act, and to demonstrate that the other act satisfies one of the requirements listed in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1).”

• “Moreover, even when the other crimes evidence if offered for a purpose allowed under Article 404(B)(1), the evidence must have substantial relevance independent from showing defendant’s general criminal character and thus is not admissible unless it tends to prove a material fact at issue or to rebut a defendant’s defense.”

• “It is the duty of the district court in its gatekeeping function to determine the independent relevancy of this evidence.”

• “The [pre-trial] hearing allows the district court to perform its gatekeeping function of determining the relevancy of the other crimes evidence and balancing its probative value against its prejudicial effects pursuant to Article 403.”

Id. A trial court’s determination of admissibility of other crimes evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Garcia, 09-1578 at p. 55, 108 So.3d at 39.

In its Prieur notice that it filed in the earlier case, Case No. 513-845 “I”, the State set forth the other crimes evidence it intended to introduce as follows:

On May 29, 2003, the defendant pled guilty to armed robbery with a firearm in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana [in Case No. 02-328 “C”]. In that case, the defendant and another male held up a Capital One bank teller on 11ROctober 30, 2002. Approximately one week before the robbery, the getaway driver was approached by Darrius Copelin with a plan to rob the bank. On the morning of October 30, 2002, Copelin and two other people drove to the Capital One Bank at 7033 Canal Boulevard with the intent to commit a robbery. Copelin was armed with a shotgun and [was wearing] a ski mask. Copelin forced a bank employee to turn off the alarm and hit a security camera to shield his face. Copelin was unsuccessful in robbing the bank because the teller was unable to open the bank vault. Copelin fled the scene and discarded the shot gun. Money belonging to the bank teller was recovered from Copelin’s co-defendant. At some point during the robbery, Copelin placed his shotgun to the back of-the teller’s head and threatened to shoot him. Cope-lin then began to kick the teller while he laid on the floor. Copelin was later apprehended. The shotgun was recovered. Copelin admitted to the authorities that the bank robbery was his idea.

In in its Prieur notice, the State argued that both the 2002 bank robbery and the instant 2012 bar robbery were factually similar. The State cited three things the two crimes had in common—in both, the robber brandished a gun; in both, the robber wore a ski mask; and in both, the robber fled the scene after putting a gun to the victim’s head. Following a hearing, the district court in the first case found the Prieur evidence would “serve a purpose during the course of the trial” and that the evidence was more probative than prejudicial. The district court thus held the evidence was admissible. Mr. Copelin noted his objection. This issue was not raised again until the instant appeal.¹⁰

On appeal, Mr. Copelin assigns as error the district court’s allowing the State to present evidence regarding his conviction for the 2002 bank robbery, which he contends the State used solely to show that he committed the instant crime in conformity with his prior conduct. Mr. Copelin contends that neither in |1athe district court nor in this court has the State been able to identify a legitimate purpose for the other crimes evidence, and none exists. He thus contends that the evidence should not have been admitted.

The State counters that the other crimes evidence was properly admitted. In support, the State, in its appellate brief, offers the following reasons supporting its introduction of the other crimes evidence:

• The evidence demonstrates that Mr. Copelin “is the individual who committed the armed robbery at issue in the instant case.” In support of this contention that the evidence is admissible under the identity exception, the State maintains that the instant crime and the prior crime are “strikingly similar.”

• The evidence shows “that defendant must have adverted to the prescribed criminal consequences as reasonably certain to result from his actions.” The State thus contends the evidence is admissible under the intent exception.

• The evidence is relevant to show “defendant’s access to a weapon and his ease and lack of hesitation in using a weapon.”

• The prior bank robbery and the instant offense were part of a “system” or “pattern.” The State notes that the armed robbery at issue in the present case occurred only nineteen days after Mr. Copelin’s release from prison on the 2002 robbery. The State further notes that “[p]art of the State’s theory of the case was that Copelin was a professional robber and that he quickly returned to a pattern of crime shortly after his release from federal prison.” The jurisprudence the State cites in support of its argument that the system or pattern exception applies is grounded on the res gestae exception.¹¹

Intent is not'at issue here; as Mr. Cope-lin | gnPoints out, “[t]he person who entered the bar, wearing a mask, brandishing a gun, and demanding money obviously intended to commit the crime.” Likewise, Mr. Copeliris access to a weapon and his lack of hesitation to use one is not at issue here; as Mr. Copelin points out, he “did not defend himself by claiming he had no access to weapons or did not know how to point a gun at somebody.” Thus, only two of the four grounds enumerated by the State—identity (referred to as modus op-erandi) and system or pattern (based on the res gestae exception)—require- analysis. We thus confine our analysis to those two exceptions, which we address below.

Modus operandi

The Louisiana Supreme Court has noted that it “has long sanctioned the use of other crimes evidence to show modus op-erandi, as it bears on the question of identity, when the prior crime is so distinctively similar to the one charged, especially in terms of time, place, and manner of commission, one may reasonably infer the same person is the perpetrator in both instances.” Garcia, 09-1578 at pp. 56-57, 108 So.3d at 39—40; State v. Lee, 05-2098, pp. 44-45 (La. 1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, 139. The Supreme Court, however, has cautioned that “[t]he identity exception to inadmissibility under Article 404 B must be limited to cases in which the crimes are genuinely distinctive; otherwise, the rule may be swallowed up with identity evidence exceptions. State v. Bell, 99-3278, p. 5 (La. 12/8/00), 776 So.2d 418, 421 (citing George W. Pugh et al, HANDBOOK ON LOUISIANA EVIDENCE LAW, Official Comments to Article 404(B), cmt. (6)(1988)).

Mr. Copelin contends that the similarities between the two offenses fall far short of establishing a unique modus operandi. We agree. The two offenses are distinctively dissimilar. One involved a bank robbery early in the morning; the other, a bar robbery late at night. In the previous offense, Mr. Copelin, armed with a shotgun, along with two accomplices, attempted to gain access to a bank vault by threatening an employee who they knew would arrive well before any other employees and before the bank opened for business. Mr. Copelin also used his | ⅞1 knowledge of the employee’s family, including the high school his daughter attended, in an attempt to force the employee to open the vault. By contrast, the instant offense involved the single-handed, late-night robbery of a crowded bar. The modus operandi of these two offenses are distinctly different.

Furthermore, as Mr. Copelin contends, the similarities offered by the State, especially the use of a gun and the wearing of a mask, fail to set Mr. Copelin’s modus oper-andi apart from countless other robberies. See State v. Williams, 99-2576, p. 11 (La. App. 1 Cir. 9/22/00), 769 So.2d 730, 736-37 (noting that “it is beyond question that the use of a handgun is a common aspect of many armed robberies.”).¹² The sole similarity between the two offenses that is remotely distinctive is the act of placing a gun to someone’s head during the robbery. This singular similarity between the two offenses, however, is insufficient to support a reasonable conclusion that these were the acts of the same person. The State’s rebanee on the modus operandi exception is thus misplaced.

Res gestae

The res gestae exception is codified in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1), which provides for admission of evidence of other crimes “when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the act or transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding.” La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1); Broum, 03-1616 at p. 10, 871 So.2d at 1249 (noting that “[t]he last sentence of La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1) is the codification of the principle of res gestae”). Simply put, “[r]es gestae events constituting other crimes are deemed admissible because they are so nearly connected to the charged [ 22offense that the state could not accurately present its case without reference to them.” State v. Taylor, 01-1638, p. 10 (La. 1/14/03), 838 So.2d 729, 741.

Explaining the res gestae exception, the Louisiana Supreme Court has noted:

This Court has approved the admission of other crimes evidence when it is related and intertwined with the charged offense to such an extent that the state could not have accurately presented its case without reference to it. State v. Boyd, 359 So.2d 931, 942 (La. 1978); State v. Clift, 339 So.2d 755, 760 (La.1976). In such cases, the purpose served by admission of other crimes evidence is not to depict the defendant as a bad man, but rather to complete the story of the crime on trial by proving its immediate context of happenings near in time and place. McCormick, LAW OF EVIDENCE 448 (2d ed. 1972). The concomitant other crimes do not affect the accused’s character, because they were done, if at all, as parts of a whole; therefore, the trier of fact will attribute all of the criminal conduct to the defendant or none of it. And, because of the close connection in time and location, the defendant is unlikely to be unfairly surprised.

State v. Haarala, 398 So.2d 1093, 1097 (La. 1981).

According to the State, the story the evidence was needed to .complete is that Mr. Copelin was a professional robber and that he quickly returned to a pattern of crime shortly, after his release from federal prison. Mr. Copelin counters that the charged bar robbery cannot reasonably be regarded as part of system or pattern stemming from a single bank robbery committed more than a decade earlier. We agree. Although Mr. Copelin was released from prison days before the bar robbery, the bank robbery at issue occurred a decade earlier. Given the temporal separation between the two crimes, we find the State’s reliance on the res gestae exception is misplaced.

Regardless, the erroneous admission of other crimes evidence is subject to a harmless error analysis. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 921; State v. Johnson, 94-1379, pp. 14-15 (La. 11/27/95), 664 So.2d 94, 100-01 (errors leading to improper admission of evidence subject to harmless-error analysis; error harmless if verdict “surely l^unattributable” to error) (quoting Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993)).¹³ “[A]n error-is harmless if it is unimportant in relation to the whole and the verdict rendered was surely unattributable to the error.” State v. Blank, 04-0204, p. 53 (La. 4/11/07), 955 So.2d 90, 138.

In determining whether an error is harmless in a given case, a host of factors, readily accessible to reviewing courts, are considered. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684,' 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1438, 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986). Factors to be considered include the importance of the evidence to the State’s case, the presence or absence of additional evidence corroborating or contradicting the evidence, and the overall strength of the State’s case. Id.; State v. Harris, 97-0300, p. 3 (La. 4/14/98), 711 So.2d 266, 269.

To provide a background for analyzing the harmless error issue, we first outline the evidence presented at trial. We divide our summary of the evidence into four categories: (i) the prior offense, (ii) victims of the instant offense, (iii) the | ^investigation of the instant offense, and (iv) the audio evidence of the instant offense. We briefly summarize the testimony regarding each category.

Prior offense

FBI Special Agent Sandra Zulli testified that, in October 2002, she investigated a robbery of a bank located on Canal Street in New Orleans. Mr. Copelin provided Agent Zulli with a statement regarding his role in the crime. Mr. Copelin stated that he planned the robbery; that he solicited a friend to assist him; and that his friend, in turn, solicited a third person to participate in the robbery. After easing the location, Mr. Copelin learned that a financial consultant for the bank would routinely arrive at the bank before anyone else. The consultant’s routine was to drop his daughter off at school and then proceed to work.¹⁴ Once he arrived at work, he would park in the rear of the bank and enter through the front door, for which he had a key.

During the robbery, Mr. Copelin wore a long, dark jacket; a ski mask; and latex gloves. He carried a twelve-gauge shotgun, which he concealed beneath his jacket. Apparently, Mr. Copelin and his accomplice, who carried a glock semiautomatic pistol, followed the consultant into the bank as he entered it that morning. The men demanded that the consultant open the vault, but the consultant told them that he did not have a key. He explained to them that he could not open the vault until the two bank managers arrived at 8:30 a.m. At this point, Mr. Copelin put a gun to the back of the consultant’s head and told him that they knew he had the keys. He told him that they knew that his daughter went to Mount 1 ^Carmel Academy, that he had a wife, and that the next time he saw them they would have his wife and child. The consultant, however, did not have the keys.

At this point, the men picked up the consultant and brought him to the rear of the bank. The consultant’s office was located upstairs. Mr, Copelin stayed at bottom of the stairs while his accomplice brought the consultant up the stairs to his office. After telling his accomplice that they needed to go, Mr. Copelin fled through the rear door of the bank. He ran through the adjoining neighborhood and hid. The NOPD responded to an alarm at the bank; an exhaustive chase for the perpetrators ensued. The NOPD located Mr. Copelin. He told Agent Zulli and the officers where he hid the gun and his clothes.

Agent Jeffrey Hurm, a federal probation officer, testified that he supervised Mr. Copelin after he was released from serving time in federal prison on the 2003 armed robbery conviction. Agent Hurm testified that Mr. Copelin pled guilty on May 29, 2003, to federal charges of bank robbery and brandishing a firearm during a crime of violence. He explained that Mr. Copelin was granted supervised release on August 21, 2012, before the completion of his sentence, and ordered to report to him. Agent Hurm explained that the standard conditions of Mr. Copelin’s release included that he could not possess a firearm or associate with a convicted felon.

Mr. Copelin was on supervised released for approximately two and one-half weeks before being arrested for the robbery of the Homedale Inn. Agent Hurm testified that after he was notified of Mr. Copelin’s arrest for a state armed robbery charge, he requested that a federal district court judge issue a warrant for Mr. Copelin to be held as a detainer, which the judge signed.

Victims of the instant offense

la;Both the bartender, Jennifer Gostl, and the bar owner, Perry Putfark, testified at trial regarding the details of the robbery. Ms. Gostl testified that she had been working at the Homedale Inn for several years. She described the bar as “neighborhood-friendly bar” that is “kind of like an extension of most people’s living room.” Indeed, when the robber entered the bar, she initially thought it was a bad joke; however, as the robber got closer to her, she realized it was serious. She explained that the robber had the gun in her face and that he also put the gun up against the one of the patrons’ head.

According to Ms. Gostl, the bar was busy on the night of the robbery. Mr. Putfark estimated that there were approximately fifteen to twenty patrons inside the bar at the time of the robbery. When the robber entered the bar at about 1:30 a.m., Ms. Gostl was standing at the end of the bar near the door and just a few feet from the robber; Mr. Putfark was at the end of the bar talking to a few customers. The robber threw a backpack towards the bar and said, “Fill it up.” The backpack hit Mr. Putfark on the arm and fell to the ground. The robber bent down to pick up the backpack;, when he came up, Mr. Putfark could see that he was holding a gun, which he described as a black semi-automatic pistol, “approximately 9-millimeter.” The robber grabbed Mr. Putfark’s sleeve to move him out of the way so he could move closer to the bar. Mr. Putfark said “okay,” and he walked past the robber with his hands up and then towards the other end of the bar. Mr. Putfark then went behind the bar, opened a cabinet, and removed the gun he kept there, which he held to his side.

Contemporaneously, Ms. Gostl complied with robber’s demands; she brought the knapsack to the cash register and filled it up with money (about $1,00.0); While Ms. Gostl was at the register, Mr. Putfark approached the register |g7and triggered the silent alarm located on the side of the cash register, which calls the police. After Ms. Gostl handed the knapsack with the money to the robber, he backed up out the door while pointing the gun at everyone inside and telling them “[y]ou-all don’t mess with me and I won’t mess with you all.” The robber then fled. Ms. Gostl called 911.

Meanwhile, the patrons yelled .for Mr. Putfark to lock the door, which he did. Within seconds, - however, Mr. Putfark opened the door and went outside to see in which direction the robber had fled. After he exited the bar, the robber turned left and ran in the direction of Hawthorne Street where he turned right. At about that time, a police car pulled up.

Investigation of the instant offense

Deputy Kevin Wheeler was the first officer to arrive on the scene. He testified that on September 9, 2012, he was an NOPD officer working the Lakeview Crime Prevention assignment when he received a call over his police radio that the Homedale Inn had been robbed. At that time, he was only about three quarters of a mile from the Homedale Inn, which was located on Homedale Street. He arrived at the bar in less than a minute after receiving the call. When he turned the corner onto Homedale Street, he saw a number of patrons yelling and pointing. He exited his car for a second. The patrons told him that the robber “went that way, he ran that way,” and they pointed towards Hawthorne Street. Deputy Wheeler returned to his car, drove down Homedale Street, and turned onto Hawthorne Street. The first thing he noticed after making the turn was a vehicle parked on the right side of the street.

According to Deputy Wheeler, the vehicle was parked away from the curb and thus impeding traffic. The vehicle had a temporary license plate in the | ^window, the driver’s seat was fully reclined, and the keys were on the dash. The manner in which the vehicle was parked, the temporary license plate, coupled with and the manner in which the keys were left on the dash caused Deputy Wheeler to be suspicious of its presence so close to the scene of the robbery. Deputy Wheeler canvassed the area and knocked on doors in the neighborhood to see if the vehicle belonged to anyone who lived in the area. None of the residents owned or were familiar with the vehicle. Deputy Wheeler touched the hood of the vehicle and felt that it was “more than warm”; the vehicle thus had just been parked there. At this point, Deputy Wheeler elected to have the vehicle towed because it was impeding traffic.

Before the vehicle was towed, Deputy Wheeler performed an inventory search. In the center console, he discovered a wallet containing Mr. Copeliris driver’s license and other identification. He also located a watch and a cell phone inside a black case on the passenger seat. The vehicle was then towed and impounded. According to Officer Wheeler, if he had not been dispatched to the armed robbery and arrived at the scene in less than a minute, Mr. Copelin would have used the vehicle to escape.

The investigation of the robbery was assigned to Detective Alfred Harris. Detective Harris was one of the next officers to arrive on the scene; he arrived approximately five to ten minutes after receiving the call. He spoke with the victims and obtained a description of the robber. He then relocated to the 5100 block of Hawthorne Street. There, he observed the vehicle impeding the flow of traffic; and he spoke with Officer Wheeler.

On the following day, Detective Harris learned that the vehicle had been reported stolen. He elected to conduct a follow-up investigation with the person | 23who reported the vehicle stolen, Ms. Howard. (As discussed elsewhere, Ms. Howard was Mr. Copelin’s girlfriend.) Detective Harris found the stolen vehicle report suspicious given the keys were found inside the vehicle. Before speaking with Ms. Howard, Detective Harris ran Mr. Copelin’s name in the computer. He learned that Mr. Copelin had a prior conviction for a 2002 armed robbery and was incarcerated for several years following his 2003 conviction for that offense. Mr. Copelin had been released from federal prison only nineteen days before the bar robbery. Detective Harris, along with Detective Bianca Delrish, then relocated to Ms. Howard’s residence.

The detectives knocked on Ms. .Howard’s door and explained to her that they were there to follow up on her stolen vehicle report. Initially, Ms. Howard would not let them enter the residence; their initial conversation with her was carried out through the peephole. Eventually, Ms. Howard allowed the detectives into her residence. While the detectives were discussing the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of her vehicle, they heard rustling coming from the second floor. They asked Ms. Harris whether anyone else was in the residence; Ms. Harris replied no and stated that they were alone. As they continued questioning.Ms. Howard regarding her vehicle, the detectives again heard a rustling noise coming from the second floor. The detectives asked Ms. Howard who else-was in the home; Ms. Howard replied that it was her friend, “Darrrius.”

Given his knowledge of Mr. Copelin’s criminal history, Detective Harris alerted Detective Delrish that they might be in danger and drew his weapon. The detectives then proceeded to climb the stairs to the second floor. At that point, they observed someone run across the landing into a bedroom and slam the door. Detective Harris requested backup assistance. Additional officers arrived on the |snscene within five to ten minutes. They proceeded up the stairs and were able to convince Mr. Copelin to come out. Both Mr. Copelin and Ms. Howard were transported to the station for further questioning. According to Detective Harris, neither was under arrest at that point. At the station, Ms. Howard provided a formal statement. Thereafter, Mr. Copelin was arrested for the armed robbery of the Homedale Inn.

Ms. Howard’s paid defense attorney, Jake Lemmon, was called by the State as a witness at trial. Mr. Lemmon testified that Ms. Howard was charged not only with being an accessory to armed robbery of the Homedale Inn, but also with three counts of perjury.¹⁵ Mr. Lemmon further testified that he was present when Ms. Howard discussed her upcoming testimony with the District Attorney’s office. He confirmed that the State had not offered Ms. Howard any plea to in return for her testimony. Mr. Lemmon explained that after Ms. Howard retained him, he reviewed her criminal history and the current charges she was facing. Given her criminal history, Mr. Lemmon noted that, if convicted of anything, Ms. Howard faced significant criminal penalties. He further explained that he made a professional determination that her best course of action, to avoid spending a great deal of time in prison and a multiple bill, was for her to testify- truthfully at Mr. Copelin’s second trial. Over Mr. Copelin’s objection, the district court allowed Mr. Lemmon to remain in the courtroom for Ms. Howard’s testimony.

Ms. Howard, who was the State’s next witness, testified that she met Mr. Copelin at a gym and that she subsequently learned they were both in a “halfway house together” after being released from federal prison. She characterized their ^relationship as an intimate one.¹⁶ Ms. Howard acknowledged that she was a convicted felon and that her criminal history included a litany of convictions for forgery and credit card fraud. She confirmed that she had been charged in this case not only with accessory after the fact to the armed robbery, but also perjury for lying at Mr. Copelin’s first trial. Ms. Howard testified that the reason she lied when 'she previously testified was “because of the streets, just worries about what people were going to have to say about me. I was also concerned about that I might be hurt by Darrius [Copelin] or anyone he is affiliated with.” She confirmed that Mr. Copelin asked her to lie at the prior trial. She explained that he called her from jail two days before she was scheduled to testify and that he coached her on how to testify. One of the things he coached her to say was that she never saw a handgun; rather, she thought she saw he had a cell phone.

Addressing the stolen vehicle, Ms. Howard testified that the vehicle was registered in her grandmother’s name. She explained that she had possession of the vehicle on September 8, 2012, and that Mr. Copelin spent that night at her house. When they went to bed together, the vehicle was parked in her driveway. When she awoke around 2:00 a.m., neither Mr. Cope-lin nor the vehicle was there. She immediately attempted to call his cellphone, but he did not answer. Between 3:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m., he called her collect from a payphone sometime; however, she was unable to accept the call. Later that morning, he called again. The first thing he said was “I f d up.” She asked him what was going on; he replied that he had to |,cleave the vehicle. He asked her to come to get him, and he gave her directions to an address on Montegut Street. She testified that she was living in New Orleans East.

Ms. Howard borrowed a relative’s car and drove to the Montegut Street address. When she arrived, Mr. Copelin exited the house holding a gun. He was wearing black shirt, black pants, and black shoes; she described his clothing as dirty, Mr. Cope-lin got into the car and crouched down as she drove. He directed her to a location in the Canal Boulevard area. He told her that if the car was still there, “I am good. If the car is gone, I’m f—.” As they drove down the street in question, Mr. Copelin was leaning back in his seat peering out the window, but the car was gone.

According to Ms. Howard, Mr. Copelin told her that he was under a blue house for several hours that night. The blue house was located “maybe up the block, like, two houses off the corner” from the location where he had parked the car. Although he wanted to go under the blue house and retrieve the backpack he left there, Ms. Howard told him that she was not bringing him to go under a house to get money. Ms. Howard suggested to him that an undercover officer could be watching the house. She then brought Mr. Copelin back to the Montegut Street address, where she dropped him off. As they drove, Mr. Cope-lin told her to report the car stolen. He also told her that they needed to come up with a plan to avoid being arrested.

Following Mr. Copelin’s instructions, Ms. Howard reported the vehicle as stolen later that day. She told the police that the keys were taken at a party. She also retrieved the vehicle from the auto pound. According to Ms. Howard, the police told her the vehicle was towed because it was parked illegally. When Mr. Copelin discovered that his cell phone and wallet were not in the vehicle, he ¡^instructed Ms. Howard to call the police to find out the whereabouts of his possessions. Ms. Howard, however, was unable to reach the investigating officer. Mr. Copelin and Ms. Howard then began plotting and formulated a story about him being at a strip club on the night of the crime and having the keys stolen from him.

As discussed earlier, the police found Mr. Copelin at Ms. Howard’s residence and took both him and Ms. Howard into custody. After being advised of her rights, Ms. Howard gave a statement. In her statement, she informed the police that Mr. Copelin was involved in robbing a bar, that she picked him up from Montegut Street, and that she saw him with a handgun. After giving the statement; Ms. Howard was arrested and returned to federal prison for ten months because she violated her parole. While in federal prison, she learned that she had been charged with accessory after the fact to the armed robbery.

Akein Spots testified that Mr. Copelin came to his house one morning to use his phone and that Ms. Howard came to get Mr. Copelin. According to Mr. Spots, Mr. Copelin was wearing blue jeans and a white or gray t-shirt. He did not notice whether Mr. Copelin was carrying a gun.

Audio evidence of the instant offense¹⁷

Jim Huey, an Orleans Parish Sherriff s Office employee, testified that he was the custodian of all recorded jail calls that inmates place while incarcerated. Mr. Huey identified a disc containing a recording of a call made by Mr. Copelin on September 11, 2012, and a call data sheet from the call. The recording was played for the jury.

1 a4Pebra Adams, a 911 operator, identified an audio CD of the 911 calls resulting from the robbery that occurred at the Homedale Inn. It was played for the jury. Harmless error analysis

As noted earlier, the erroneous admission of other crimes evidence is subject to a harmless error analysis. In this case, the jury was entitled to hear about Mr. Copelin’s prior offense—the 2003 armed robbery—in conjunction with the felon in possession of a firearm charge.¹⁸ For this purpose, however, the jury was only entitled to hear the fact that Mr. Copelin was convicted of the prior offense. Stated otherwise, the joint trial of the two offenses—armed robbery and possession of a firearm by a felon—did not open the door to the State introducing in depth testimony regarding the facts of the 2002 burglary. The question here is thus whether the State’s introduction of the details of the 2002 bank robbery was harmless error.

Mr. Copelin contends the introduction of the other crimes evidence was not harmless error. In support, he argues that his conviction turned largely on Ms, Howard’s credibility. Continuing, he contends that if the jury decided that Ms. Howard’s testimony was not credible “given her self-interested incentive to testify favorably for the State,” the State could not convict him without considering his prior conviction. The evidence presented at trial belies this contention.

|3fiBoth victims—Ms. Gostl and Mr. Put-fark—testified that the Mr. Copelin’s physical characteristics—his height, build, skin tone, eyes, and voice—exactly matched the unique physical characteristics of the robber. During Mr. Copelin’s cross examination of them, acting as his own counsel, both victims all but positively identified Mr. Copelin at trial. Ms. Gostl described the robber as very tall, approximately six-three; very fit, thin, athletic build; and having a very dark complexion. She added that the robber wore a long-sleeved black shirt, black pants, and latex gloves underneath a pair of black gloves. On cross-examination, Mr. Copelin—acting as his own counsel—asked Ms. Gostl who robbed the Homedale Inn. She replied: “[i]t was a man that was your height, your build, your complexion, and had very similar eyes.” Ms. Gostl, however, indicated that she could not say anything more because the robber wore a mask. Ms. Gostl, however, was able to see the robber’s skin tone because neither the robber’s neck nor his wrists were covered.

Mr. Putfark similarly testified that the robber was wearing a black long sleeved shirt, black pants, and a wool knit cap with eye holes cut out pulled over his head. During cross examination by Mr. Copelin, Mr. Putfark acknowledged that he did not know who robbed the Homedale Inn and that it could have been anyone. On redirect, however, the following exchange occurred:

Q. Mr. Putfark, the defendant asked you if anyone could have robbed the Homedale Inn and you answered the question. Could the person that robbed the Homedale Inn have been white?

A. No.

Q. Could he have been fat?

A. No

Q. Could he have been short?

I sfiA' No.

Q. Could he have had a high-pitched voice?

A. No.

Q. Could the person that robbed Homedale Inn, is he the same height as Darrius Copelin?

A. Yes.

Q. Does he have the same voice as Darius Copelin?

A. Yes.

Q. Is he the same build as Darrius Copelin?

A. Yes.

Likewise, Ms. Adams, the 911 operator, read the description of the perpetrator that was noted in connection with the 911 calls, which was as follows: “[b]lack male, tall, thin built, wearing knit cap/ski mask, black clothing, white surgical gloves, armed with black semi-automatic gun and carrying a back [sic] backpack. Subject ran on Hawthorne toward Florida.”

Moreover, the unexplained presence of the vehicle containing Mr. Copelin’s wallet, identification cards, cell phone, and watch along the path of his flight created an overwhelming combination of direct and circumstantial evidence against him. Mr. Copelin failed to present any evidence that might have led the jury to find merit in his claim that someone else stole the vehicle and committed the robbery.¹⁹ There is nothing to suggest that the evidence of Mr. Copelin’s prior [ 37offense would have led the jury to abandon its role as fact-finder and conclude that Ms. Howard’s testimony was credible when it was not. Moreover, the formal statement Ms. Howard provided to the police when she and Mr. Copelin were initially detained supports her credibility. In her initial statement, she informed the police that Mr. Copelin committed the robbery of the bar, that she picked him up from the vicinity of the bar, and that she saw him in possession of a gun.

Considering the strength of the evidence the State presented at trial against Mr. Copelin, we cannot conclude the jury verdict was attributable to the error of admitting the other crimes evidence. We thus conclude that the erroneous admission of the other crimes evidence was harmless error. This assignment is without merit.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s convictions and sentences; however, because we find a patent error, we remand for the imposition of the mandatory fine required by La. R.S. 14:95.1.

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.

1 . State v. Prieur, 277 So.2d 126 (La. 1973); see also La. C.E. art. 1104 (providing that ‘‘[t]he burden of proof in a pretrial hearing held in accordance with State v. Prieur, 277 So.2d 126 (La. 1973), shall be identical to the burden of proof required by Federal Rules of Evidence.”).

2 . According to the multiple offender bill, Mr. Copelin pled guilty to armed robbery on May 29, 2003, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in Case No. 02-328 "C”.

3 . For ease of discussion, a more detailed discussion of the facts and the evidence presented at trial is set forth later in this opinion. The statement of the facts is only relevant as to one of Mr. Copelin’s two assignments of er-

4 .La. R.S. 14:95.1 provides that a person convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon "shall be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than ten nor more than twenty years without the benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence and be fined not less than one thousand dollars nor more than five thousand dollars.”

5 . We note that the circumstances of this case are distinguishable from Encalarde in two respects. First, the trial here was significantly shorter—two days opposed to six. Second, the length of the deliberations here were significantly longer—five hours as opposed to two.

6 . See also State v. Degrate, 25,732 (La. App. 2 Cir. 3/30/94), 634 So.2d 965, 968 (finding improper grant of mistrial raised double jeopardy bar despite absence of objection and stating that "the absence of a contemporaneous objection does not bar a subsequent plea of double jeopardy when the first trial ends in a mistrial by the district judge’s own motion, and when the motion does not benefit the accused.”)

7 . See State v. Marlowe, 10-1116, p. 30 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/22/11), 81 So.3d 944, 963, discussing the Joseph and Simpson cases at length and mentioning the fact the State had attempted to invoke Article 775.1, but finding that when the trial court stated "Motion granted. Motion granted. I have to grant a mistrial,” the court did not grant the motion for mistrial.)

8 . In Joseph, supra, the trial court declared a mistrial, sua sponte, after the State rested— apparently due to its concern over the State not having presented evidence to rebut the defendant's testimony that he had not freely confessed to the crime. The defendant, being tried for attempted second degree murder, had not sought the mistrial and did not object after the trial court declared the mistrial. Before defendant’s second trial commenced, he filed a motion to quash based upon double jeopardy,. which the trial court denied. The defendant was tried and found guilty as charged. On appeal, the defendant assigned as error the denial of his motion to quash. The Supreme Court agreed that the motion had merit, ruling, in general, that a plea of double jeopardy should be maintained when a defendant has been impermissibly deprived of his right to have his trial completed by the jury before which he had been placed in jeopardy, by the trial court’s own granting of a mistrial without the defendant’s express consent and without his interest having prompted the court’s ruling. The Supreme Court thus reversed the defendant’s conviction and sentence and dismissed the charge.

9 . Since the Prieur decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court consistently has "treated the rule respecting the admissibility of other crimes evidence as a rule of exclusion. Under the long-settled and prevailing jurisprudence, evidence of another similar crime or act should be excluded unless the State meets certain criteria.” State v. Hardy, 14-1569, p. 2 (La. 11/21/14), 154 So.3d 537, 540 (Weimer, J., dissenting). The federal courts, in sharp contrast, treat other crimes evidence as a rule of inclusion. Hardy, 14-1569 at p. 2, n. 4, 154 So.3d at 540 (noting the federal courts deem "Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) ‘a rule of inclusion,’ by which 'evidence of a prior crime should be excluded only when its sole relevance goes to the character of the defendant.’ United States v. Foster, 344 F.3d 799, 801 (8th Cir. 2003).”).

10 . As noted elsewhere in this opinion, the State filed a Prieur notice in the first case. A new Prieur notice was not filed in this case. Nonetheless, Mr. Copelin voiced no objection to the State’s failure to file a Prieur notice in connection with this case. Given our ultimate conclusion that the admission of the other crimes evidence was harmless error, we do not address this procedural issue. For the same reason, we do not address the State’s contention that Mr. Copelin’s failure to make a contemporaneous objection to the introduction of the Prieur evidence at trial resulted in a waiver.

11 . See State v. Tarleton, 545 So.2d 1195, 1198 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1989) (testimony of second armed robbery victim was admissible against defendant accused of armed robbery under res gestae exception to rule barring admission of evidence of other crimes; defendant’s armed robbery of second victim was factor leading to his identification and arrest and extremely relevant to show his connexity with stolen property of complaining victim); State v. Brown, 03-1616, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/31/04), 871 So.2d 1240, 1249.

12 . Indeed, Mr. Copelin, acting as his own counsel, questioned two of the State’s witnesses—Agent Jeffrey Hurm and FBI Special Agent Sandra Zulli—whether things like gloves, masks, and of that nature are common attire in robberies. Agent Hurm said it might be "50/50” of them. Agent Zulli said she had seen a variety of things and could not say statistically if it was common.

13 . In State v. Ruiz, 06-1755, p. 7 (La. 4/11/07), 955 So.2d 81, 86, the Louisiana Supreme Court defined the erroneous introduction of other crimes evidence as a "trial error,” reasoning as follows:

Trial error occurs during the presentation of the case to the trier of fact and may be quantitatively assessed in the context of the other evidence to determine whether its admission at trial is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Maise, 00-1158, p. 8 n. 5 (La. 1/15/02), 805 So.2d 1141, 1148 n. 5, citing Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. [279] at 307-311, 111 S.Ct. [1246] at 1264-1265 [113 L.Ed.2d 302 (1991)]. The erroneous introduction of evidence relating to defendant’s prior bad acts risks "lur[ing] the fact-finder into declaring guilt on a ground different from proof specific to the offense charged ... [by] generalizing a defendant's earlier bad "act into bad character and taking that as raising the odds that he did the later bad act now charged.., ■. ” State v. Womack-Grey, 00-1507, p. 1 (La. 12/7/01), 805 So.2d 1116, citing Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180, 117 S.Ct. 644, 650, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997). The erroneous introduction of evidence of other crimes is a trial error, which may be qualitatively assessed in the context of the other evidence to determine whether its admission was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson, 94-1379 at p. 15, 664 So.2d at 101.

14 . The consultant’s daughter attended high school at Mount Carmel Academy.

15 . The perjury charges were the result of Ms, Howard’s false testimony at Mr. Copelin’s first trial.

16 . On cross-examination by Mr. Copelin, Ms. Howard, in responding to the question of what changed since the first trial, testified that she "didn’t want to see [Mr. Copelin] go to jail” and that she was pregnant with his child.

17 . The content of the audio evidence—the 911 calls and the jailhouse calls—is not in the record on appeal.

18 . See State v. Batiste, 96-2203, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/22/97), 701 So.2d 729, 732 (holding that "the defendant’s status as a convicted felon is an element of the crime of possession of a handgun by a convicted felon. As such, prior convictions should not and cannot be excluded under the Prieur doctrine or the State would never be able to successfully prosecute this offense.”); State v. Blueford, 48,823, pp. 13-14 (La.App. 2 Cir. 3/5/14), 137 So.3d 54, 62, writ denied, 14-0745 (La. 11/21/14), 160 So.3d 968, cert, denied, — U.S, -, 135 S.Ct. 1900, 191 L.Ed,2d 770 (2015).

19 . Mr. Copelin, who represented himself at trial, submitted an opening statement on his behalf. He told the jury that on the night of the burglary, he had possession of his girlfriend’s car and traveled to a gentleman’s club in New Orleans East. He had a sexual encounter in the car with a dancer from the club, and he placed his wallet and cell phone in the center console of the car. After returning to the club, he realized that his wallet and his keys were missing. When he went outside, he discovered that the car was missing. Mr. Copelin suggested that whoever stole the car committed the robbery and that the State’s case against him was predicated on mistaken identity.