[Cite as State v. Cooperstein, 2015-Ohio-4508.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 26638 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 14-TRC-4108 : JOEL M. COOPERSTEIN : (Criminal Appeal from : Miamisburg Municipal Court) Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 30th day of October, 2015.
CHRISTINE L. BURK, Atty. Reg. No. 0050559, Miamisburg Prosecutor’s Office, 10 North First Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
JOHN S. PINARD, Atty. Reg. No. 0085567, 120 West Second Street, Suite 603, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Joel M. Cooperstein appeals from his conviction and sentence following a
no-contest plea to one count of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of -2-
alcohol (OVI), a first-degree misdemeanor.
{¶ 2} In his sole assignment of error, Cooperstein contends police lacked a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity to justify an investigative stop that led
to his arrest. Therefore, he argues that the trial court should have sustained his motion to
suppress the evidence supporting his OVI conviction.
{¶ 3} The trial court held a January 21, 2015 hearing on Cooperstein’s suppression
motion. The only witness was Shawn Todd, a Miami Township police officer. He testified
that he was patrolling in a commercial area near Prestige Place and State Route 741 at
1:48 a.m. on July 3, 2014. While doing so, he observed Cooperstein’s car stopped on a
dead-end access road. Todd explained that the road went off of Prestige Place and ran
between the rear of the Discount Tire Company and the Double Tree Hotel. (Tr. at 7, 61).
However, the access road did not connect to the tire store or hotel parking lot. (Id. at 61-
62). It ran to a Cub Foods parking lot, but access to that lot was blocked by a barricade
because the grocery store had gone out of business. (Id. at 7, 61). Todd acknowledged
that the access road was “not a through road to or from anywhere” and was “not travelled
normally.” (Id. at 7, 62). He also testified that thefts had been reported from the hotel
parking lot, and he knew the area had problems with prostitution and drugs. (Id.). He knew
about these problems because he had roughly 19 years of experience as a patrol officer,
and he “actively enforce[d] those crimes in that area[.]” (Id. at 5, 59).
{¶ 4} Based on Cooperstein’s presence on a normally-untraveled access road to
nowhere in the middle of the night in a commercial area known for thefts, drugs, and
prostitution, Todd decided to approach the stopped vehicle. As Todd attempted to do so
in his cruiser, Cooperstein drove away. (Id. at 8). Todd followed and made a traffic stop. -3-
(Id.). He proceeded to interact with Cooperstein, who appeared to be under the influence
of alcohol. (Id. at 10-11). The officer then performed field-sobriety tests. Based on Todd’s
observations and Cooperstein’s performance on the tests, the officer arrested him for
driving under the influence. (Id. at 36).
{¶ 5} In a February 20, 2015 entry and order, the trial court overruled Cooperstein’s
suppression motion, reasoning:
The only real issue in this case is the propriety of the stop of the
Defendant’s motor vehicle. The basis for the Defendant’s motion is that the
officer did not observe the Defendant commit any traffic offenses.
From the testimony it appears that the Officer initiated contact with
the Defendant based on specific and articulable facts, which when taken
together with rational inferences from those facts, warranted the stop. The
Officer observed the Defendant’s vehicle parked and running at the end of
a dead-end street at 1:45 a.m. in a high crime area where thefts,
prostitution, and drug activity are a common occurrence. The Officer used
his years of experience to determine, within the parameters outlined in Terry
v. Ohio, that his suspicion of criminal activity was reasonable, which justified
his stopping the Defendant’s vehicle.
(Doc. #17 at 1).
{¶ 6} On appeal, Cooperstein argues that Todd lacked a reasonable, articulable
suspicion of criminal activity to justify stopping hm. Cooperstein asserts that he was on a
“legal road” with painted lines and a stop sign, that he had not committed any traffic
violations, that there was nothing suspicious about his vehicle, and that police were not -4-
specifically looking for him for any reason. He insists that his mere presence on the road
at that time of night in a high crime area was not enough to justify a Terry stop. In support,
Cooperstein contends the facts of his case are analogous to State v. Rhude, 91 Ohio
App.3d 623, 632 N.E.2d 1391 (12th Dist.1993), State v. Studley, 2d Dist. Greene No.
2010 CA 81, 2011-Ohio-5563, and State v. Lindsey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24943,
2012-Ohio-3105.
{¶ 7} “In reviewing a decision of a trial court on a motion to suppress, an appellate
court gives broad deference to a trial court’s findings of fact. * * * But whether the facts
found by the trial court justify suppression of the evidence is a question of law subject to
de novo review.” State v. Anderson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24678, 2012-Ohio-441, ¶
10. Here the facts, as established by Todd’s suppression-hearing testimony, are not in
dispute. Applying those facts to the legal issue before us, we find that Todd had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity justifying an investigative stop of
Cooperstein’s vehicle.
{¶ 8} Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 29 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), an
officer may conduct an investigative stop “if the officer has a reasonable suspicion, based
upon specific and articulable facts, that criminal behavior has occurred or is imminent.”
State v. Burdette, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25587, 2013-Ohio-4395, ¶ 11, citing Terry at
20-21, 30-31. “An officer’s inchoate hunch or suspicion will not justify an investigatory
stop. Rather, justification for a particular seizure must be based upon specific and
articulable facts that, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion. The facts must be judged against an objective
standard: whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of seizure or search -5-
would warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was
appropriate.” State v. Cosby, 177 Ohio App.3d 670, 2008-Ohio-3862, 895 N.E.2d 868, ¶
17 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 9} Here Officer Todd did identify specific and articulable facts that, along with
rational inferences, created a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. He saw
Cooperstein’s vehicle stopped near 2:00 a.m. on a dead-end access road that previously
had led to a now-defunct grocery store. According to Todd, the road no longer led
anywhere and had been barricaded at one end. Todd knew from personal observation
and experience that this access road was not normally travelled. He knew too that the
area had problems with thefts, prostitution, and drugs—including thefts from the nearby
hotel parking lot.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as State v. Cooperstein, 2015-Ohio-4508.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 26638 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 14-TRC-4108 : JOEL M. COOPERSTEIN : (Criminal Appeal from : Miamisburg Municipal Court) Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 30th day of October, 2015.
CHRISTINE L. BURK, Atty. Reg. No. 0050559, Miamisburg Prosecutor’s Office, 10 North First Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
JOHN S. PINARD, Atty. Reg. No. 0085567, 120 West Second Street, Suite 603, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Joel M. Cooperstein appeals from his conviction and sentence following a
no-contest plea to one count of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of -2-
alcohol (OVI), a first-degree misdemeanor.
{¶ 2} In his sole assignment of error, Cooperstein contends police lacked a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity to justify an investigative stop that led
to his arrest. Therefore, he argues that the trial court should have sustained his motion to
suppress the evidence supporting his OVI conviction.
{¶ 3} The trial court held a January 21, 2015 hearing on Cooperstein’s suppression
motion. The only witness was Shawn Todd, a Miami Township police officer. He testified
that he was patrolling in a commercial area near Prestige Place and State Route 741 at
1:48 a.m. on July 3, 2014. While doing so, he observed Cooperstein’s car stopped on a
dead-end access road. Todd explained that the road went off of Prestige Place and ran
between the rear of the Discount Tire Company and the Double Tree Hotel. (Tr. at 7, 61).
However, the access road did not connect to the tire store or hotel parking lot. (Id. at 61-
62). It ran to a Cub Foods parking lot, but access to that lot was blocked by a barricade
because the grocery store had gone out of business. (Id. at 7, 61). Todd acknowledged
that the access road was “not a through road to or from anywhere” and was “not travelled
normally.” (Id. at 7, 62). He also testified that thefts had been reported from the hotel
parking lot, and he knew the area had problems with prostitution and drugs. (Id.). He knew
about these problems because he had roughly 19 years of experience as a patrol officer,
and he “actively enforce[d] those crimes in that area[.]” (Id. at 5, 59).
{¶ 4} Based on Cooperstein’s presence on a normally-untraveled access road to
nowhere in the middle of the night in a commercial area known for thefts, drugs, and
prostitution, Todd decided to approach the stopped vehicle. As Todd attempted to do so
in his cruiser, Cooperstein drove away. (Id. at 8). Todd followed and made a traffic stop. -3-
(Id.). He proceeded to interact with Cooperstein, who appeared to be under the influence
of alcohol. (Id. at 10-11). The officer then performed field-sobriety tests. Based on Todd’s
observations and Cooperstein’s performance on the tests, the officer arrested him for
driving under the influence. (Id. at 36).
{¶ 5} In a February 20, 2015 entry and order, the trial court overruled Cooperstein’s
suppression motion, reasoning:
The only real issue in this case is the propriety of the stop of the
Defendant’s motor vehicle. The basis for the Defendant’s motion is that the
officer did not observe the Defendant commit any traffic offenses.
From the testimony it appears that the Officer initiated contact with
the Defendant based on specific and articulable facts, which when taken
together with rational inferences from those facts, warranted the stop. The
Officer observed the Defendant’s vehicle parked and running at the end of
a dead-end street at 1:45 a.m. in a high crime area where thefts,
prostitution, and drug activity are a common occurrence. The Officer used
his years of experience to determine, within the parameters outlined in Terry
v. Ohio, that his suspicion of criminal activity was reasonable, which justified
his stopping the Defendant’s vehicle.
(Doc. #17 at 1).
{¶ 6} On appeal, Cooperstein argues that Todd lacked a reasonable, articulable
suspicion of criminal activity to justify stopping hm. Cooperstein asserts that he was on a
“legal road” with painted lines and a stop sign, that he had not committed any traffic
violations, that there was nothing suspicious about his vehicle, and that police were not -4-
specifically looking for him for any reason. He insists that his mere presence on the road
at that time of night in a high crime area was not enough to justify a Terry stop. In support,
Cooperstein contends the facts of his case are analogous to State v. Rhude, 91 Ohio
App.3d 623, 632 N.E.2d 1391 (12th Dist.1993), State v. Studley, 2d Dist. Greene No.
2010 CA 81, 2011-Ohio-5563, and State v. Lindsey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24943,
2012-Ohio-3105.
{¶ 7} “In reviewing a decision of a trial court on a motion to suppress, an appellate
court gives broad deference to a trial court’s findings of fact. * * * But whether the facts
found by the trial court justify suppression of the evidence is a question of law subject to
de novo review.” State v. Anderson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24678, 2012-Ohio-441, ¶
10. Here the facts, as established by Todd’s suppression-hearing testimony, are not in
dispute. Applying those facts to the legal issue before us, we find that Todd had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity justifying an investigative stop of
Cooperstein’s vehicle.
{¶ 8} Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 29 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), an
officer may conduct an investigative stop “if the officer has a reasonable suspicion, based
upon specific and articulable facts, that criminal behavior has occurred or is imminent.”
State v. Burdette, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25587, 2013-Ohio-4395, ¶ 11, citing Terry at
20-21, 30-31. “An officer’s inchoate hunch or suspicion will not justify an investigatory
stop. Rather, justification for a particular seizure must be based upon specific and
articulable facts that, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion. The facts must be judged against an objective
standard: whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of seizure or search -5-
would warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was
appropriate.” State v. Cosby, 177 Ohio App.3d 670, 2008-Ohio-3862, 895 N.E.2d 868, ¶
17 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 9} Here Officer Todd did identify specific and articulable facts that, along with
rational inferences, created a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. He saw
Cooperstein’s vehicle stopped near 2:00 a.m. on a dead-end access road that previously
had led to a now-defunct grocery store. According to Todd, the road no longer led
anywhere and had been barricaded at one end. Todd knew from personal observation
and experience that this access road was not normally travelled. He knew too that the
area had problems with thefts, prostitution, and drugs—including thefts from the nearby
hotel parking lot. The totality of these facts supported an objectively reasonable belief that
Cooperstein may have been involved in criminal activity. This is particularly true given the
absence of any apparent, legitimate reason for Cooperstein’s vehicle to be where Todd
observed it. In our view, the circumstances known to the officer warranted further
investigation under Terry.
{¶ 10} In reaching our conclusion, we find the case law on which Cooperstein relies
to be of limited assistance. In Rhude, police observed the defendant driving appropriately
around 1:30 a.m. in an area where several burglaries had been reported. He turned down
one driveway before pulling back out, driving a short distance, and pulling into another
driveway. Rhude at 625-626. The Twelfth District found no articulable suspicion for an
investigative stop, reasoning:
In the present case, Officer Wallace did not observe appellee driving
erratically or violating any traffic or other laws. Appellee was driving at a -6-
reasonable speed of approximately thirty m.p.h. in a thirty-five m.p.h. zone.
The fact that a person pulls out of one driveway and into another a short
distance down the road in an area where several burglaries had been
reported is not sufficient to constitute reasonable suspicion, particularly
where one of the driveways leads to the person’s own residence. The stop
of appellee under these circumstances cannot rest on merely a hunch or
vague suspicion.
Id. at 626.
{¶ 11} In Studley, police observed the defendant driving a van a little slower than
the posted speed limit around 3:15 a.m. As the defendant turned into a residential plat in
Beavercreek, police ran the license plate and determined that the van was registered to
an owner in Riverside. Studley at ¶ 2-3. Police were aware of approximately 40 unsolved
vehicle break-ins and thefts in the area of the plat within the preceding month. Id. at ¶ 3.
An officer followed the van, whose occupants keep looking back and moving around as it
slowed down and sped up through intersections before eventually circling back near
where it first had been seen. Id. On appeal, this court found (with one judge dissenting)
no articulable suspicion for a traffic stop or a search of the van, reasoning:
According to [the officer], in the course of the four to five minutes that
he followed the van before initiating the stop, he observed no traffic
violations nor indicia of criminal activity. Furthermore, the trial court’s
characterization of the area as a “high crime area” is not supported by the
evidence. A rash of vehicle thefts does not make a residential neighborhood
a high crime area, which is normally characterized by drugs, guns and other -7-
consistent criminal activity.
Even if we were persuaded of the lawfulness of the initial stop, the
facts do not justify a request to go on a fishing expedition for evidence of
some prior theft. There were no additional facts gleaned from the stop to
support the officer’s initial suspicion regarding criminal activity. Thus, when
a motorist is not observed violating any traffic or other laws, and where a
police officer is not specifically looking for a particular individual or vehicle,
the officer lacks reasonable suspicion to stop and search said vehicle.
Id. at ¶ 61-62.
{¶ 12} In Lindsey, police similarly observed the defendant driving below the speed
limit in a residential area in Washington Township around 3:00 a.m. The officer who saw
the defendant knew that there had been a series of break-ins in Washington Township
but not limited to the area where the officer was patrolling. Lindsey at ¶ 2-3. The defendant
slowed and braked when he observed the officer’s patrol car. The officer followed the
defendant’s vehicle until it started to repeat a circular path it already had travelled. At that
time, the officer made a traffic stop. Id. at 4. The trial court subsequently sustained the
defendant’s motion to suppress evidence found during the stop. On the State’s appeal,
this court found the case indistinguishable from Studley, reasoning:
Under the totality of the circumstances, Dep. Fazzari did not possess
a reasonable, articulable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop of Lindsey. Dep.
Fazzari admitted that Lindsey did not commit any traffic or equipment
violation justifying a traffic stop. Although the immediate area had been -8-
subject to a string of vehicle break-ins in recent months, no break-ins had
been reported on that date of the stop, nor was anyone matching Lindsey’s
description or the description of his vehicle implicated therein. While it was
early in the morning, Dep. Fazzari observed nothing indicating that criminal
activity was afoot. In fact, Dep. Fazzari conceded that he “wasn't sure what
[Lindsey] was doing,” and that was his basis for initiating the stop. Clearly,
Dep. Fazzari did not possess a reasonable, articulable suspicion that
Lindsey had committed a criminal act justifying the initial stop. Simply being
unsure of what a suspect is doing is a wholly insufficient basis upon which
to stop and question an individual.
Upon review, we find that the instant case is not distinguishable from
our recent decision in Studley, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2010 CA 81, 2011-Ohio-
5563. Both cases involved individuals traveling in slowly moving vans at
approximately three a .m. in residential areas that had recently been struck
with a series of vehicle break-ins. In neither case did the arresting officer
observe the suspects commit any traffic or equipment violations. The only
apparent difference is that the officer in Studley observed individuals in the
van make furtive movements prior to the initiation of the traffic stop, whereas
in the instant case, Dep. Fazzari did not observe any furtive movements
until after he turned on his flashing lights. This minor difference, however,
is irrelevant. * * *
Id. at ¶ 18-19.
{¶ 13} Having reviewed Rhude, Studley, and Lindsey, we find that they are -9-
sufficiently distinguishable to be of limited assistance given the fact-sensitive nature of
the issue before us. In each of those cases, there was little suspicious about the presence
of the defendant’s vehicle on the road other than the late hour and the fact that crimes
had been reported. In Rhude the defendant merely had pulled into driveways, and in
Studley and Lindsey the defendants had appeared to be traveling somewhat aimlessly.
These circumstances were not enough to create a reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity.1 The facts of the present case bear little resemblance to the facts of Rhude,
Studley, or Lindsey, making a comparison of the cases not particularly useful.
Cooperstein was not seen driving appropriately late at night in a residential area where
some crimes had been reported. Rather, he was seen parked on an access road that
effectively went nowhere, where cars normally did not travel, in the middle of the night in
a commercial area known for thefts, drugs, and prostitution. In our view, these
circumstances are articulably and sufficiently more suspicious than the circumstances
police observed in Rhude, Studley, and Lindsey.
{¶ 14} Although the issue is perhaps a close one, we conclude that Officer Todd
identified specific and articulable facts that, along with rational inferences, created a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and warranted further investigation under Terry.
Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Cooperstein’s suppression motion.
{¶ 15} The assignment of error is overruled, and the trial court’s judgment is
1 We note, however, that in Studley, one member of the appellate panel dissented, finding that an investigative stop was justified. See Studley at ¶ 68-70 (Grady, J., dissenting). Thereafter, in Lindsey, the author of the present opinion wrote a separate concurrence explaining that, although he had concurred in judgment in Studley, he had not been troubled so much by the initial stop of Studley’s vehicle as he had been by a subsequent search of the vehicle and its occupants. Lindsey at ¶ 26-27 (Hall, J., concurring). -10-
affirmed.
FAIN, J., concurs. FROELICH, P.J., dissenting: {¶ 16} I dissent.
{¶ 17} The officer, while on State Route 741, observed the Appellant’s vehicle
apparently stopped on a nearby dead-end road. By the time the officer was able to catch
up, the Appellant had proceeded to the intersection of 741 and Prestige Place and
stopped at the stop sign.
{¶ 18} If the vehicle were still stopped on the access road, the officer would have
been justified in stopping the Appellant. However, with the facts in this record, there was
not a reasonable and articulable basis to believe that the occupant of the vehicle was
involved in criminal activity.
..........
Copies mailed to:
Christine L. Burk John S. Pinard Hon. Robert W. Rettich, III