IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE FILED AUGUST 1999 SESSION November 19, 1999
Cecil CROWS ON, Jr. Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) ) Appellee, ) No. 03C01-9810-CR-00362 ) ) Unicoi County v. ) ) Honorable Arden L. Hill, Judge ) CONLEY ROSS FAIR, ) (First degree murder and attempted first ) degree murder) Appellant. )
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
William B. Lawson Paul G. Summers 112 Gay Street Attorney General of Tennessee Post Office Box 16 and Erwin, TN 37650 Erik W. Daab Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee 425 Fifth Avenue North Nashville, TN 37243
Joe C. Crumley, Jr. District Attorney General 144 Alf Taylor Road Johnson City, TN 37601
OPINION FILED:____________________
AFFIRMED
Joseph M. Tipton Judge
OPINION
The defendant, Conley Ross Fair, appeals as of right from his convictions
by a jury in the Unicoi County Criminal Court for one count of first degree murder and
one count of attempted first degree murder. For the first degree murder conviction, the defendant was sentenced to life in prison, and for the attempted first degree murder
conviction, he was sentenced as a Range II, multiple offender, to thirty-five years in
prison, to be served consecutively to the life sentence. The defendant was fined fifty- thousand dollars. He presents the following issues for our review:
(1) whether the evidence is sufficient to support the convictions;
(2) whether the trial court erred by denying the defendant the opportunity to present a prior inconsistent statement made by James Brown; (3) whether the trial court erred by admitting an edited audiotape and transcript of James Brown’s testimony from the defendant’s preliminary hearing; and
(4) whether the trial court erred by admitting a videotape of the victim’s body.
We affirm the judgments of conviction.
The defendant was convicted of the first degree murder of Bruce Stukey
and the attempted first degree murder of James Brown. By the time of trial, Mr. Brown
had died of causes not related to this case. However, the jury heard an audiotape of
his testimony from the defendant’s preliminary hearing, and a transcript was admitted
into evidence. At the preliminary hearing, Mr. Brown testified that around 6:30 p.m. on
August 14, he drove Mr. Stukey to the defendant’s house. He said Mr. Stukey wanted
to buy a gun from the defendant, but the defendant said the gun was hidden on Fire Tower Road. He said the defendant stated that Mr. Brown’s car could not make the
drive and asked Mr. Stukey to come back in an hour, and the two would go to Fire
Tower Road to get the gun. Mr. Brown testified that Mr. Stukey did not want to wait an hour, and they drove to Mr. Stukey’s house to get Mr. Stukey’s truck. He said they then
picked up the defendant, and the three of them went to Fire Tower Road around 7:30
p.m.
Mr. Brown testified that Mr. Stukey had no gun or other weapon and that
he would have been able to tell if Mr. Stukey had a weapon underneath his clothing.
He said the defendant directed Mr. Stukey to Fire Tower Road and had Mr. Stukey pull off the main road near a trail. He said they all got out of the truck and started walking
down the trail. He said the defendant led the way, followed by Mr. Stukey, then himself.
He said they walked through heavy woods, then veered off the trail on to a walking
2 path. He stated that the path had lots of stickers and brush and that he stopped and
told the defendant and Mr. Stukey that he would wait for them because the area was
too wooded. He testified that the defendant told him to continue because they were already there.
Mr. Brown testified that he was about twenty feet from the defendant and Mr. Stukey and that as he tried to make his way down the trail toward them, he heard a
loud popping noise. He said he looked up and saw the defendant coming toward him
pointing a gun toward his head. He said the defendant shot the gun in his direction, then turned and shot Mr. Stukey twice in the back. He said Mr. Stukey had no weapons
and had not threatened the defendant. He said Mr. Stukey fell face down, and the
defendant came toward Mr. Brown again. Mr. Brown testified that the defendant looked like he had snapped, and he said he started running through the woods, away from the
defendant. He said the defendant chased him through the woods and fired four or five
more shots at him. He said the defendant stated, “Come here, boy.”
Mr. Brown testified that he continued running but that the incline of the
mountain was so steep, he fell and slid down part of the mountain. He said he ran for a
long time until he no longer heard the defendant chasing him. He said he continued
walking and running through the woods but that he had hurt his leg, and it was getting dark. He said that when it became too dark to continue, he sat down and waited for
morning. He testified that when it became light again, he continued walking through the
woods until he found a trail that led him to a house. He said he found a man who drove him to a convenience store where he called the police. He said that a bullet had grazed
his finger.
Mr. Brown testified that all three men had smoked marijuana on the way
to Fire Tower Road. He said that several weeks before the shooting, Mr. Stukey had
suspected the defendant of stealing money from him. Mr. Brown stated that he had
been in a detoxification program for heroin three weeks before the shooting.
Troy Lewis, an officer with the Unicoi County Sheriff’s Department,
testified that on August 15, 1995, he was dispatched to Jerry’s Market. He said that
3 when he arrived, medical personnel were treating Mr. Brown. Officer Lewis stated that
Mr. Brown had numerous scratches and a burn on his right middle finger. He said he
learned that Mr. Stukey had been shot on Fire Tower Road and that Mr. Brown had spent the night getting out of the woods. Officer Lewis testified that he and Sergeant
Harris went to Fire Tower Road on Buffalo Mountain and searched the area. He said
they found Mr. Stukey’s red truck, and they secured the scene for the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI).
Ron Arnold, a criminal investigator with the Unicoi County Sheriff’s Department, testified that he was dispatched to Buffalo Mountain around 7:30 a.m. on
August 15. He said that fifteen to twenty people were searching for Mr. Stukey’s body,
but they could not find it. He said they learned that Mr. Stukey was wearing a pager, and they decided to call it. He said they located the pager but not Mr. Stukey’s body.
He testified that he found a trail consisting of Mr. Brown’s receipts, cigarettes, and car
keys that led to a blood-stained area deep in the woods. Agent Arnold testified that he
determined that this was the location of the shooting. He said he assembled a search
party to search the immediate area, and Mr. Stukey’s body was found about thirty
minutes later, about one-quarter to one-half mile from the crime scene. He testified that
the body had numerous scratches. Agent Arnold testified that the next day, he returned
to the crime scene with a metal detector and found a spent bullet on the ground.
Agent Arnold testified that he learned that the defendant had gone to his
sister’s house in Dothan, Alabama, but was on his way back to Tennessee. He said that on August 17, he learned that the Johnson City Police Department had the
defendant in custody. He said he went to Johnson City to bring the defendant to Unicoi
County. Agent Arnold said the defendant was then arraigned and booked and that during the booking process, the defendant removed a piece of paper from his pocket
and began to tear it up. Agent Arnold said that another Agent got the letter from the
defendant, and they pieced it together. He said the letter was written and signed by the
defendant. The letter was admitted into evidence, and in the letter, the defendant admitted killing Mr. Stukey and trying to kill Mr. Brown. He claimed that Mr. Stukey and
Mr. Brown took him into the woods to show him a pot plant. He wrote that Mr. Brown
struck him from behind, causing him to fall into Mr. Stukey and knock a gun out of Mr.
4 Stukey’s pants. The defendant wrote that he fired the gun because he feared for his
life.
Agent Arnold testified that after reading the letter, they took the defendant
to the emergency room to have him examined. Agent Arnold said he did not notice any
injuries on the defendant nor did the defendant complain of any. He said the defendant was not treated for any injuries at the hospital. Agent Arnold testified that after
interviewing the defendant’s family, he went to 700 E. Maple Street in Johnson City
where the defendant had been living with family members. He said he and other officers looked for a gun in the wooded area behind the street. He said they found a
gun containing one bullet and a box of ammunition between 632 and 634 E. Maple
Street.
Agent Arnold testified that he processed Mr. Stukey’s truck for fingerprints
but that none were identifiable. He said he found a marijuana pipe containing what
appeared to be marijuana residue in Mr. Stukey’s truck. He testified that when Mr.
Stukey’s body was found, it was clothed in a tank top and cotton sweat pants with an
elastic stretch band. He admitted that the defendant voluntarily went to the authorities
in Johnson City.
Dr. Cleland Blake, the Assistant State Chief Medical Examiner, testified
that he performed an autopsy on Mr. Stukey’s body on August 16. He testified that the
victim died from three gunshot wounds and that he retrieved two bullets from the victim’s body. He said one bullet penetrated the front of the victim’s left chest, traveling
in a downward trajectory and lodging above the rib bone. He said another bullet
entered the back through the lower chest area, lodging in a vertebra. He said he found a third wound that entered the back and exited in the front, just under the collarbone.
He said this wound caused bleeding in the left chest cavity and penetrated the top of
the lung. Dr. Blake testified that the victim lived for as much as one hour after his
injuries were inflicted. He said the victim had numerous scratches and bruises. He testified that the first two wounds received were those to the back of Mr. Stukey, with
the final wound inflicted at the front of the chest as Mr. Stukey was falling. He testified
that the shots were fired from at least three feet away and from a steep angle.
5 Robert Royse, a firearms identification specialist with the TBI, testified that
he examined the revolver found in the bushes, the ammunition in the adjacent box, and
the bullets that were retrieved from Mr. Stukey’s body and from the crime scene. He testified that the bullets from Mr. Stukey’s body were fired from the revolver and were
the same as the bullet found at the scene. He said the bullets in the ammunition box
were also consistent with the bullets from Mr. Stukey’s body and the scene.
TBI Agent Shannon Morton testified regarding the extensive search for
the defendant’s body. He testified that the search was treacherous because of the wooded, rugged terrain on the mountain and the steep incline. Agent Morton also
testified regarding the defendant pulling out a letter and ripping it up during booking.
His testimony was substantially the same as that of Agent Arnold. Agent Morton testified that the defendant had no visible injuries and made no complaint of injuries.
Diane Trivette, the defendant’s sister, testified that the defendant came to
her house in Dothan, Alabama, around 1:00 a.m. on August 15. She said he told her
that he thought he had shot and killed someone in self-defense. She told him to turn
himself in to the police. She did not see any injuries on the defendant.
Cathy Fair, the defendant’s sister-in-law, testified that the defendant lived with her and her husband. She testified that the defendant had stated that he was
going to get Mr. Stukey and that she told him to let the law handle the matter. She said
she saw the defendant on their porch at around 2:00 a.m. on August 15 and that the defendant said, “I did it.” She said she did not know what he meant, and she went
inside. She said that when she came outside, the defendant said he had killed the
victim. She said she remembered making a statement to Agent Morton relating what the defendant told her about that night. In her statement, she said that the defendant
told her that he, Mr. Stukey and Mr. Brown went to the mountain and walked down the
trail. She said the defendant told her he asked Mr. Stukey why Mr. Stukey had asked
the defendant’s niece for “a piece of ass.” The defendant told her that Mr. Stukey denied making the statement. She said the defendant told her that he called Mr.
Stukey a “lying son-of-a-bitch” and shot him in the middle of the chest. Ms. Fair stated
that the defendant told her that Mr. Stukey said he would kill the defendant and that Mr.
6 Stukey came toward the defendant. She said the defendant told her that he then shot
Mr. Stukey in the heart and that Mr. Brown ran off. She said the defendant told her that
Mr. Stukey was trying to crawl away, and he shot him twice in the back.
Ms. Fair stated that the defendant told her that he went through Mr.
Stukey’s pockets and took sixty dollars, cigarettes, and a lighter. She said the defendant told her that he talked to Mr. Stukey as he was dying and that Mr. Stukey
asked the defendant why he shot him and told the defendant that he loved him. She
said the defendant told her that he told Mr. Stukey that “no one f***s with my family” and lives.
At trial, Ms. Fair testified that before the defendant left to go with Mr. Stukey on the night of the murder, she knew the defendant was mad at Mr. Stukey for
making the sexual comment to her daughter. Ms. Fair testified that the defendant told
her that on the mountain, he could not find the keys to Mr. Stukey’s truck but that if he
had, he planned to take Mr. Stukey to a crack house in Kingsport to make it appear as if
he had been killed by drug dealers. She said the defendant told her that he did not
chase Mr. Brown down the mountain because he was out of bullets.
Jennifer Gibson, the defendant’s niece, testified that on August 11, Mr. Stukey was outside her house in his truck, waiting for the defendant. She said Mr.
Stukey asked her “for a piece of ass” and asked her to meet him that night at 8:30. She
said the comment scared her because she had been raped twice before, though not by Mr. Stukey. She said she told the defendant about the comment later that day, and the
defendant said he would take care of it. She testified that on August 14, the defendant
left with Mr. Brown and Mr. Stukey. She said that when the defendant returned, he told her that he had shot Mr. Stukey in the back and killed him because of what Mr. Stukey
had said to her.
Eric Alford, a Unicoi County Deputy Sheriff, testified that on August 18, 1997, the defendant initiated a conversation with him following a court hearing. He said
the defendant wanted to file a motion to contest the autopsy because the autopsy
report was wrong regarding where Mr. Stukey was shot. Deputy Alford testified that the
7 defendant told him that he shot Mr. Stukey “side by side on the shoulder blade” and that
he should know because “he shot the motherf***er.” Deputy Alford said the defendant
stated that Mr. Stukey had messed with his niece and that a child molester was the worst kind of criminal. He said the defendant stated that he was raised around violence
and that when someone messes with him, his first instinct is to kill them. He said the
defendant stated, “if it happened to your niece you’d . . . put a bullet in their head.”
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for first degree murder and attempted first degree murder. He argues that
the state failed to prove premeditation. The state contends that the evidence is
sufficient.
Our standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence is questioned
on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 2789 (1979). This means that we do not reweigh the evidence but presume that
the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences
from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Premeditation is a necessary element of first degree murder. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1). A premeditated act is one “done after the exercise of
reflection and judgment.”
“Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement and passion as to be capable of premeditation.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d).
8 In the light most favorable to the state, the evidence is sufficient to
support the defendant’s convictions. Three days before the shootings, Jennifer Gibson
informed the defendant that Mr. Stukey had propositioned her, and the defendant replied, “I’ll take care of it.” He told Cathy Fair that he was going to get Mr. Stukey. The
defendant then lured Mr. Stukey and Mr. Brown into a remote, wooded area under the
guise of selling Mr. Stukey a gun. When the brush became too thick and Mr. Brown wanted to stop, the defendant encouraged him to continue deeper into the woods with
him and Mr. Stukey. The defendant then shot Mr. Stukey and shot at Mr. Brown,
chasing him through the woods. Mr. Brown testified that the defendant and Mr. Stukey did not argue before the shootings, nor were they involved in any physical altercation.
Cathy Fair testified that the defendant told her he planned to take Mr. Stukey’s body to
a crack house to make it appear as if Mr. Stukey had been killed by drug dealers. The evidence establishes that the defendant acted with premeditation.
II. PRIOR INCONSISTENT STATEMENT
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by not allowing him to
introduce evidence of a prior inconsistent statement made by Mr. Brown to TBI Agent
Shannon Morton. He argues that the trial court’s erroneous limitation unfairly infringed upon his right to confrontation. The state admits that the trial court erred by not allowing
the prior inconsistent statement but argues that any error is harmless.
Mr. Brown testified at the defendant’s preliminary hearing regarding the
events of August 14 but died before the trial. The trial court admitted Mr. Brown’s
preliminary hearing testimony as substantive evidence pursuant to Rule 804(b)(1), Tenn. R. Evid., which provides a hearsay exception for former testimony of an
unavailable witness. The defendant tried to admit into evidence an alleged prior
inconsistent statement made by Mr. Brown, pursuant to Rule 806, Tenn. R. Evid.
However, the trial court ruled that the prior inconsistent statement was inadmissible hearsay.
Rule 806, Tenn. R. Evid., provides as follows:
9 When a hearsay statement has been admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked and, if attacked, may be supported by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if declarant had testified as a witness. Evidence of a statement or conduct by the declarant at any time, inconsistent with the declarant’s hearsay statement, is not subject to any requirement that the declarant may have been afforded an opportunity to deny or explain. The state admits, and we agree, that if the alleged statement is a prior inconsistent
statement, the trial court erred by not admitting it pursuant to Rule 806. Nevertheless,
we are constrained to conclude that the error was harmless. See T.R.A.P. 36(b). The
defendant made no offer of proof regarding the content of the alleged prior inconsistent
statement at trial, and the record before us contains no indication of how the statement
was inconsistent with Mr. Brown’s testimony. Thus, the defendant has failed to demonstrate either that the proffered statement was inconsistent or that the trial court’s
ruling affected the outcome of the trial.
III. ADMISSION OF PRELIMINARY HEARING TESTIMONY
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting the
preliminary hearing testimony of Mr. Brown. He argues that a portion of the testimony
was redacted but should have been admitted pursuant to Rule 106, Tenn. R. Evid. The
state contends that the preliminary hearing testimony was properly admitted.
In the preliminary hearing testimony admitted into evidence, Mr. Brown
related the events of August 14. A portion of Mr. Brown’s preliminary hearing testimony was redacted and was not presented to the jury in this case. The redacted portion is as
follows:
DEFENSE ATTORNEY: And, you were aware that Mr. Stookey was on parole?
MR. BROWN: Yes. DEFENSE ATTORNEY: Do you know why he was on parole?
MR. BROWN: I knew he got in trouble over his wife, he was married at one time before he went to jail and he was wanting to get out of the marriage and evidently she’d had him put in jail and I didn’t know if it was for assault of [sic] for what reasons it was. DEFENSE ATTORNEY: Were you aware that it involved firearms? MR. BROWN: No.
10 The defendant contends that the redacted portion of the testimony should
have been admitted pursuant to Rule 106, Tenn. R. Evid., which provides as follows:
When a writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be considered contemporaneously with it.
However, the rule does not allow the admission of everything. “Although Rule 106 permits a party to introduce evidence during the adversary party’s case if the evidence
in fairness ought to be considered at that time, the rule does not open the door to
admission of evidence on any topic.” Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence,
§ 106.2 (3d ed.). Furthermore, the rule generally applies to admit evidence that
“qualifies or explains the subject matter of the portion offered by the opponent.” Cohen
et al. at § 106.2.
In the present case, the defendant has not shown that the redacted
testimony relating to the victim’s conviction for assaulting his wife explains or qualifies
the admitted portion of the testimony. Thus, he has failed to show that fairness
required the admission of the redacted testimony contemporaneously with the admitted
testimony. Although evidence of the victim’s previous conviction for assault may have
been admissible at some later point in the trial to support the defendant’s self-defense
claim that the victim was the aggressor, see State v. Ruane, 912 S.W.2d 766, 781-82
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), the evidence was not admissible pursuant to Rule 106.
Thus, the defendant’s claim that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting only a
portion of Mr. Brown’s testimony and by not admitting the redacted portion is without merit.
IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF THE VIDEOTAPE The defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting a videotape
of the victim’s body as it was found in the woods. He argues that the videotape was
highly prejudicial and of little probative value because similar photographs had already
been admitted. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The state contends that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in admitting the videotape because the tape shows in greater detail
than the photographs the topography of the land, scratches on the victim, and the
victim’s tight clothing.
11 In State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 950-51 (Tenn. 1978), our supreme
court held that the determination of the admissibility of photographs of a murder victim
is within the discretion of the trial court after considering the relevance, probative value and potential unfair prejudicial effect of such evidence. See Tenn. R. Evid 403. We
believe the same principles apply to the admissibility of a videotape of a murder victim.
The general rule, as stated in Banks, is that “photographs of the corpse are admissible in murder prosecutions if they are relevant to the issues on trial, notwithstanding their
gruesome and horrifying character.” 564 S.W.2d at 950-951. On the other hand, “if
they are not relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s case, they may not be admitted solely to inflame the jury and prejudice them against the defendant.” Id. at
951.
Thus, even relevant evidence should be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant. Id.; see
also, Tenn. R. Evid. 403. In Banks, the court stated, “The more gruesome the
photographs, the more difficult it is to establish their probative value and relevance
outweigh their prejudicial effect.” 564 S.W.2d at 951.
We have reviewed the videotape in the present case and hold that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the tape. The videotape is somewhat
gruesome in that at one point, it shows the victim’s body surrounded by flies and depicts a yellowish substance covering the victim’s eyes, mouth and nose. Testimony
at trial referred to the yellowish substance as maggot infestation, although from our
review of the videotape, such is not readily apparent.
In any event, our review supports the trial court’s determination that the
probative value was not outweighed by any prejudicial effect. Although photographs depicting the victim’s body were admitted, the photographs are dark and provide little
detail. The videotape, on the other hand, clearly shows the numerous scratches on the
victim’s body and the tight-fitting clothes worn by the victim. These details are relevant
because they support the state’s theory that the victim was attempting to flee the wooded area when he was shot in the back and rebut the defendant’s claim that the
victim concealed a weapon in his clothing.
12 In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the
judgment of conviction.
________________________________ Joseph M. Tipton, Judge
CONCUR: ____________________________ John Everett W illiams, Judge
____________________________ Alan E. Glenn, Judge