The.opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Hydrick.
The indictment upon- which the defendant was convicted contained three counts: 1. For breaking and entering the storehouse of M. E. Rutland, with intent to steal.
2.
For burglary. 3. For petit larceny.
The finding of the grand jury was: “True bill, housebreaking and larceny. As to burglary, no bill.”
The verdict of the petit jury was: “We find him guilty of housebreaking.” From sentence upon this verdict, defendant appeals.
1
On cross-examination of M. E. Rutland, the prosecutor, defendant’s attorney asked him who had access to his store. Fie named, amongst others, Tom Eanus. He was then asked: “That is the same negro that Chief Darby shot at in his barn?” He was also asked: “You are being sued here in this Court now, are you not?” On objection the witness was not allowed to answer either of these questions. The relevancy of the testimony sought was not made to appear, and we cannot say there was error in excluding it.
2
When Darby, the chief of police, was being examined, he testified that he searched the house of Mrs. Rankin, the mother of defendant, with whom he lived, under a warrant sworn out for her residence. Eater in his examination he was asked: “You say this search warrant was directed against Mrs. Rankin’s residence?” Defendant’s attorney sáid: “If the Court please, I have not objected to this matter, but I think the search warrant itself is the highest evidence.” The Court: “He can state that fact anyway.” This ground cannot be sustained. 1. Because the fact had already been testified to', without objection. 2. Because no objection was made. 3. Because the testimony was unobjectionable.
3
When defendant was arrested a number of keys were found on his person' — -amongst others, some skeleton keys, which the officer said opened the doors of a number of
houses in the town. These keys were admitted in evidence, over defendant’s objection. While there was no testimony that these keys would unlock the door of the building alleged to have been broken and entered, and while the testimony tended to show that the entry had been made through a window, still, on a charge' of this kind, the possession by the defendant of skeleton keys is a relevant fact. The weight of it was for the jury. The relevancy of testimony is largely within the discretion of the trial Judge.
4
Two persons, who said they were with defendant at the time of the breaking, one of whom testified that he was an accomplice of the defendant, were witnesses for the prosecution. Upon the weight to be given the testimony of an accomplice, his Honor charged the jury, in part, as follows: “Now, there is another rule of law, and that is, as to the testimony of an accomplice; that is, the testimony of a party who admits that he participated in the crime, and the rule is this-: Our Supreme Court has said, as I understand it, that the Judges shall charge the jury this: That it is unsafe to convict a party on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice; and it goes on further and so holds, that notwithstanding the fact that it is the duty of the Judge to charge that, yet if the jury trying the case is convinced of the truthfulness of what the accomplice says, although the accomplice admits that he participated in the crime, but that he turns State’s evidence, if the jury believe what he says, and see fit to convict on such evidence, then, if the Judge refuse to set the verdict aside, the Suprme Court will let it stand. Very often it is hard indeed to make out a charge against a party accused of crime without bringing in an accomplice; sometimes the State is put to that necessity, sometimes it is necessary to do that; our lawmakers have seen fit to make that law, and that is now one of the rules laid down in the books; sometimes the State cannot make out a case without doing this; a most out
rágeous crime may be committed, and if it were not for the fact that an accomplice may be used, criminals sometimes would be allowed to go scot free. While the law is that it-is unsafe to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, yet if the jury see fit to believe the accomplice, 'and render a verdict of guilty, and the Judge trying the case does not set the verdict aside, the Supreme Court will let if stand. You should weigh the testimony of an accomplice with a great deal of caution and with a great deal of care; if a man goes on the stand and says he is going to tell the truth, and you believe him, believe it is true, then give his testimony proper weight; you must weigh the testimony of an accomplice with a great deal of caution and a great deal of care. I say the law in this respect is sensible and reasonable.”
The foregoing charge is excepted to on the ground that it is a charge on the facts, in violation of section 26, article V, of the Constitution, which says that “Judges shall not charge juries in respect to matters of fact, but shall declare the law.”
The solicitor in his argument admits that, in his opinion, the charge was upon the facts, but contends that, as it was in favor of appellant, he cannot complain.
On the other hand, appellant’s attorneys contend that it was not beneficial, but prejudicial. They argue that when the Judge told the jury that, while it was. unsafe to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, still, if the jury see fit to believe him, and render á verdict of guilty, and the trial Judge does not set it aside, the Supreme Court will let it stand, he charged the jury as to the weight and sufficiency of the testimony of an accomplice.
How could a jury be more strongly impressed as to the sufficiency of the testimony of an accomplice or the weight which they are authorized by law to give to it, than by telling them, if they see fit to convict upon it, and the trial Judge does not set aside their verdict, the Supreme Court
will let it stand? It is plainly expressing to them the opinion that such testimony is legally sufficient to warrant a conviction. Again, when the trial Judge charged, “a most outrageous crime may be committed, and if it were not for the fact that an accomplice could be used, criminals would sometimes be allowed to go scot free,” he expressed the opinion that it is sometimes necessary for the protection of society, and to bring the guilty to justice, to convict upon the testimony of an accomplice.
It seems to us that the conclusion is logical and inevitable that such a charge is upon the facts. If the appellant had waived his right to have the Judge only declare the law, by requesting such a charge, he could not complain; but no such request was made. And, as we have seen in one view of the charge, it may have been construed to the prejudice of appellant.
We have recently held in
State
v.
Sowell, infra,
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The.opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Hydrick.
The indictment upon- which the defendant was convicted contained three counts: 1. For breaking and entering the storehouse of M. E. Rutland, with intent to steal.
2.
For burglary. 3. For petit larceny.
The finding of the grand jury was: “True bill, housebreaking and larceny. As to burglary, no bill.”
The verdict of the petit jury was: “We find him guilty of housebreaking.” From sentence upon this verdict, defendant appeals.
1
On cross-examination of M. E. Rutland, the prosecutor, defendant’s attorney asked him who had access to his store. Fie named, amongst others, Tom Eanus. He was then asked: “That is the same negro that Chief Darby shot at in his barn?” He was also asked: “You are being sued here in this Court now, are you not?” On objection the witness was not allowed to answer either of these questions. The relevancy of the testimony sought was not made to appear, and we cannot say there was error in excluding it.
2
When Darby, the chief of police, was being examined, he testified that he searched the house of Mrs. Rankin, the mother of defendant, with whom he lived, under a warrant sworn out for her residence. Eater in his examination he was asked: “You say this search warrant was directed against Mrs. Rankin’s residence?” Defendant’s attorney sáid: “If the Court please, I have not objected to this matter, but I think the search warrant itself is the highest evidence.” The Court: “He can state that fact anyway.” This ground cannot be sustained. 1. Because the fact had already been testified to', without objection. 2. Because no objection was made. 3. Because the testimony was unobjectionable.
3
When defendant was arrested a number of keys were found on his person' — -amongst others, some skeleton keys, which the officer said opened the doors of a number of
houses in the town. These keys were admitted in evidence, over defendant’s objection. While there was no testimony that these keys would unlock the door of the building alleged to have been broken and entered, and while the testimony tended to show that the entry had been made through a window, still, on a charge' of this kind, the possession by the defendant of skeleton keys is a relevant fact. The weight of it was for the jury. The relevancy of testimony is largely within the discretion of the trial Judge.
4
Two persons, who said they were with defendant at the time of the breaking, one of whom testified that he was an accomplice of the defendant, were witnesses for the prosecution. Upon the weight to be given the testimony of an accomplice, his Honor charged the jury, in part, as follows: “Now, there is another rule of law, and that is, as to the testimony of an accomplice; that is, the testimony of a party who admits that he participated in the crime, and the rule is this-: Our Supreme Court has said, as I understand it, that the Judges shall charge the jury this: That it is unsafe to convict a party on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice; and it goes on further and so holds, that notwithstanding the fact that it is the duty of the Judge to charge that, yet if the jury trying the case is convinced of the truthfulness of what the accomplice says, although the accomplice admits that he participated in the crime, but that he turns State’s evidence, if the jury believe what he says, and see fit to convict on such evidence, then, if the Judge refuse to set the verdict aside, the Suprme Court will let it stand. Very often it is hard indeed to make out a charge against a party accused of crime without bringing in an accomplice; sometimes the State is put to that necessity, sometimes it is necessary to do that; our lawmakers have seen fit to make that law, and that is now one of the rules laid down in the books; sometimes the State cannot make out a case without doing this; a most out
rágeous crime may be committed, and if it were not for the fact that an accomplice may be used, criminals sometimes would be allowed to go scot free. While the law is that it-is unsafe to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, yet if the jury see fit to believe the accomplice, 'and render a verdict of guilty, and the Judge trying the case does not set the verdict aside, the Supreme Court will let if stand. You should weigh the testimony of an accomplice with a great deal of caution and with a great deal of care; if a man goes on the stand and says he is going to tell the truth, and you believe him, believe it is true, then give his testimony proper weight; you must weigh the testimony of an accomplice with a great deal of caution and a great deal of care. I say the law in this respect is sensible and reasonable.”
The foregoing charge is excepted to on the ground that it is a charge on the facts, in violation of section 26, article V, of the Constitution, which says that “Judges shall not charge juries in respect to matters of fact, but shall declare the law.”
The solicitor in his argument admits that, in his opinion, the charge was upon the facts, but contends that, as it was in favor of appellant, he cannot complain.
On the other hand, appellant’s attorneys contend that it was not beneficial, but prejudicial. They argue that when the Judge told the jury that, while it was. unsafe to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, still, if the jury see fit to believe him, and render á verdict of guilty, and the trial Judge does not set it aside, the Supreme Court will let it stand, he charged the jury as to the weight and sufficiency of the testimony of an accomplice.
How could a jury be more strongly impressed as to the sufficiency of the testimony of an accomplice or the weight which they are authorized by law to give to it, than by telling them, if they see fit to convict upon it, and the trial Judge does not set aside their verdict, the Supreme Court
will let it stand? It is plainly expressing to them the opinion that such testimony is legally sufficient to warrant a conviction. Again, when the trial Judge charged, “a most outrageous crime may be committed, and if it were not for the fact that an accomplice could be used, criminals would sometimes be allowed to go scot free,” he expressed the opinion that it is sometimes necessary for the protection of society, and to bring the guilty to justice, to convict upon the testimony of an accomplice.
It seems to us that the conclusion is logical and inevitable that such a charge is upon the facts. If the appellant had waived his right to have the Judge only declare the law, by requesting such a charge, he could not complain; but no such request was made. And, as we have seen in one view of the charge, it may have been construed to the prejudice of appellant.
We have recently held in
State
v.
Sowell, infra,
278, that the Judge has no right to charge the jury as to the sufficiency or the weight to be given to the testimony of an accomplice.
5
The first count" of the indictment is laid under section 145 of the Criminal Code, which is as follows: “Every person who shall break and enter, or who shall break with intent to enter in the day time, any dwelling house or other house, or' shall break and enter, or shall break with intent to enter in the night time, any house, the breaking and1 entering of which would not constitute burglary, with intent to commit a felony or other crime of a lesser grade, shall be held guilty of a felony,” etc.
Under this statute the mere breaking of a house is not a crime, nor is the mere
breaking and entering
of a house, or mere
breaking with intent to enter
a house any crime. It is only when there is a breaking and entering, or a breaking with intent to enter,
uwith intent to commit a
felony, or other crime of a lesser grade,”
that the crime denounced by the statute is complete.
It follows that the finding of the grand jury, as to the first count of the indictment was not sufficient, and it follows also that the defendant could not have been legally sentenced on the verdict of the petit jury, as it did not find him guilty of a crime.
The other exceptions will not be considered, because the record does not show that any such points were made or decided in the Court below.
Judgment reversed.
Mr. Justice Gary
concurs in the result.
Mr. Justice Woods
concurs in the result on the ground-last discussed in the opinion.