The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J. :
If the testimony tended to show that the appellant, without justification or excuse, as defined in sections 9 and 10 of the crimes act (Gen. Stat. 1901, §§1994, 1995) killed, or assisted, aided, or abetted in killing, Masten, without malice, expressed or implied, then the grade of his offense was reduced from murder to one of the degrees of manslaughter. Manslaughter is distinguished from murder by the absence of malice as a constituent element. [581]*581If, under the influence of some violent emotion, á. sudden intent was formed which, upon adequate • .provocation, overwhelmed the reason of the appellant, then the killing was not murder, but man- •' slaughter only. It is important to refer to our statutory provisions respecting manslaughter to de- ■ termine whether the court was legally justified in re-' fusing to instruct the jury on the different degrees of manslaughter, excepting the first. As to it, counsel for defendant' expressly requested the court not' to instruct the jury on the elements of that crime. We shall, therefore, give no consideration to the assigned error, founded on a ruling now alleged to be • erroneous, which was invited by counsel for appellant.
The killing of a human being under circumstances which do not constitute excusable or justifiable homicide, without a design to effect death, in the heat of. passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner, is declared by our statute to be manslaughter in the second degree. (Gen. Stat. 1901, §2001.) So, also, it is manslaughter in the same degree unnecessarily to kill another either while resisting an attempt by such other person to commit any felony or do any other, unlawful act, after such attempt shall have failed. (§2002.) It is made manslaughter in the third degree to kill another in the heat of passion, without design to effect death, by a dangerous weapon, in any case except where the homicide is excusable or justi-' fiable. (§2003.) Again, “the involuntary killing of another by a weapon, or by means neither cruel nor unusual, in the heat of passion, in any case other than justifiable homicide, shall be deemed manslaughter in the fourth degree.” (§ 2011.)
In the present case, the effect of the instructions [582]*582given was a ruling by the court that the circumstances ■of the homicide confined the offense to a wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, which is murder in the first degree, or to a murder done purposely and ■maliciously, but without deliberation and premeditation, which is murder in the second degree. In this we are well convinced that the court erred. The cir'cumstances of the homicide indicate a total absence ■of bad feeling or hostility on the part of appellant toward Masten before the fatal blows were struck. The two worked side by side pitching grain to the thrasher, •and no one testified that they did not sustain friendly relations up to the very moment that the affray began. The witnesses for the state testified to the fact and manner of Masten’s death, but respecting the-reasons for it they did not enlighten the jury except to repeat one or two somewhat damaging admissions of the accused, which he, however, denied making.
In The State v. Kornstett, 62 Kan. 221, 61 Pac. 805, the accused was charged with murder in the first degree. It was held that a trial court is justified in refusing to instruct the jury on the lower degrees of such crime only when the testimony shows beyond question that defendant is guilty of the higher offense. In The State v. Buffington, 66 Kan. 706, 709, 72 Pac. 213, 214, the court said :
“The defendant in a criminal prosecution has a right to have the court instruct the jury in the law applicable to his contention, if it be supported by substantial evidence, however weak, unsatisfactory or inconclusive it may appear to the court. To refuse so to instruct the jury would be to invade its province in the trial of a case. The question is not whether, in the mind of the court, the evidence as a whole excludes the idea that the defendant is guilty of. an inferior degree of the offense charged, but whether there is any substantial evidence tending to prove an in[583]*583ferior degree of the offense. If there is, then the question of such degree should be submitted to the jury. The unsupported testimony of the defendant alone, if tending to establish such inferior degree, is sufficient to require the court so to instruct.
In The State v. Patterson, 52 Kan. 335, 34 Pac. 784, it was held that where there is even slight evidence that the offense committed may have been of a lower degree than the one charged it is proper to charge the law of such inferior offenses.
Adverting to defendant’s testimony, it appears that there was a controversy between Masten and Tom Clark over a small amount of money, which the latter claimed Masten owed him for a stack of oats. When appellant approached them they were quarreling over this indebtedness. Sam. Clark said : “See here, fellows, settle this without any trouble.” Masten then said to him: “If you want a hand in this you can have it,” and swore he could whip both of them. Appellant said : “I don’t want a hand in it. Tom is my brother, you are a friend of mine, and I would rather pay the six dollars than have any trouble.” Masten then turned around to defendant and said : “I will settle you both right here.” He said he could whip both of them, and do it quickly. When he said “I will settle you both,” he stepped back, grabbed his pitchfork, and started to pull off his glove. He was angry. Appellant thought he was going to jump on him. He turned round to strike, and appellant threw his fork in his face. It struck him. He turned and started to raise his fork when Tom Clark struck him on the head. He turned found the second time, when he gave him another blow which knocked him to the ground. Appellant, being afraid that his brother would strike him again, said: “Don’t hit him! Don’t hit him!”
[584]*584The fact that defendant’s testimony gave support to the theory that he acted in self-defense was not inconsistent with the claim that, if guilty, his crime was manslaughter and not murder. The accused had the right to present both aspects of the case to the jury, and rely on an act of self-defense and also on one resulting from a sudden passion without malice. The first paragraph of the syllabus of the case of Stevenson v. United States, 162 U. S. 313, 16 Sup. Ct. 839, 40 L. Ed. 980, reads:
“On the trial of a person indicted for murder, although the evidence may appear to the court to be simply overwhelming to show that the killing was in fact murder, and not manslaughter or an act performed in self-defense; yet, so long as there is evidence relevant to the issue of manslaughter, its credibility and force are for the jury, and cannot be matter of law for the decision of the court.”
Under section 2001, General Statutes of 1901, referred to above, the jury might have concluded that appellant killed, or-assisted in the killing of, Masten without a design to,-effect death, in the heat of pas-, sion, in a cruel or unusual manner, by means of blows inflicted with a pitchfork, through anger aroused by the threats and hostile demonstrations of the de-, ceased. They might have found, also, under section 2002, supra,
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J. :
If the testimony tended to show that the appellant, without justification or excuse, as defined in sections 9 and 10 of the crimes act (Gen. Stat. 1901, §§1994, 1995) killed, or assisted, aided, or abetted in killing, Masten, without malice, expressed or implied, then the grade of his offense was reduced from murder to one of the degrees of manslaughter. Manslaughter is distinguished from murder by the absence of malice as a constituent element. [581]*581If, under the influence of some violent emotion, á. sudden intent was formed which, upon adequate • .provocation, overwhelmed the reason of the appellant, then the killing was not murder, but man- •' slaughter only. It is important to refer to our statutory provisions respecting manslaughter to de- ■ termine whether the court was legally justified in re-' fusing to instruct the jury on the different degrees of manslaughter, excepting the first. As to it, counsel for defendant' expressly requested the court not' to instruct the jury on the elements of that crime. We shall, therefore, give no consideration to the assigned error, founded on a ruling now alleged to be • erroneous, which was invited by counsel for appellant.
The killing of a human being under circumstances which do not constitute excusable or justifiable homicide, without a design to effect death, in the heat of. passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner, is declared by our statute to be manslaughter in the second degree. (Gen. Stat. 1901, §2001.) So, also, it is manslaughter in the same degree unnecessarily to kill another either while resisting an attempt by such other person to commit any felony or do any other, unlawful act, after such attempt shall have failed. (§2002.) It is made manslaughter in the third degree to kill another in the heat of passion, without design to effect death, by a dangerous weapon, in any case except where the homicide is excusable or justi-' fiable. (§2003.) Again, “the involuntary killing of another by a weapon, or by means neither cruel nor unusual, in the heat of passion, in any case other than justifiable homicide, shall be deemed manslaughter in the fourth degree.” (§ 2011.)
In the present case, the effect of the instructions [582]*582given was a ruling by the court that the circumstances ■of the homicide confined the offense to a wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, which is murder in the first degree, or to a murder done purposely and ■maliciously, but without deliberation and premeditation, which is murder in the second degree. In this we are well convinced that the court erred. The cir'cumstances of the homicide indicate a total absence ■of bad feeling or hostility on the part of appellant toward Masten before the fatal blows were struck. The two worked side by side pitching grain to the thrasher, •and no one testified that they did not sustain friendly relations up to the very moment that the affray began. The witnesses for the state testified to the fact and manner of Masten’s death, but respecting the-reasons for it they did not enlighten the jury except to repeat one or two somewhat damaging admissions of the accused, which he, however, denied making.
In The State v. Kornstett, 62 Kan. 221, 61 Pac. 805, the accused was charged with murder in the first degree. It was held that a trial court is justified in refusing to instruct the jury on the lower degrees of such crime only when the testimony shows beyond question that defendant is guilty of the higher offense. In The State v. Buffington, 66 Kan. 706, 709, 72 Pac. 213, 214, the court said :
“The defendant in a criminal prosecution has a right to have the court instruct the jury in the law applicable to his contention, if it be supported by substantial evidence, however weak, unsatisfactory or inconclusive it may appear to the court. To refuse so to instruct the jury would be to invade its province in the trial of a case. The question is not whether, in the mind of the court, the evidence as a whole excludes the idea that the defendant is guilty of. an inferior degree of the offense charged, but whether there is any substantial evidence tending to prove an in[583]*583ferior degree of the offense. If there is, then the question of such degree should be submitted to the jury. The unsupported testimony of the defendant alone, if tending to establish such inferior degree, is sufficient to require the court so to instruct.
In The State v. Patterson, 52 Kan. 335, 34 Pac. 784, it was held that where there is even slight evidence that the offense committed may have been of a lower degree than the one charged it is proper to charge the law of such inferior offenses.
Adverting to defendant’s testimony, it appears that there was a controversy between Masten and Tom Clark over a small amount of money, which the latter claimed Masten owed him for a stack of oats. When appellant approached them they were quarreling over this indebtedness. Sam. Clark said : “See here, fellows, settle this without any trouble.” Masten then said to him: “If you want a hand in this you can have it,” and swore he could whip both of them. Appellant said : “I don’t want a hand in it. Tom is my brother, you are a friend of mine, and I would rather pay the six dollars than have any trouble.” Masten then turned around to defendant and said : “I will settle you both right here.” He said he could whip both of them, and do it quickly. When he said “I will settle you both,” he stepped back, grabbed his pitchfork, and started to pull off his glove. He was angry. Appellant thought he was going to jump on him. He turned round to strike, and appellant threw his fork in his face. It struck him. He turned and started to raise his fork when Tom Clark struck him on the head. He turned found the second time, when he gave him another blow which knocked him to the ground. Appellant, being afraid that his brother would strike him again, said: “Don’t hit him! Don’t hit him!”
[584]*584The fact that defendant’s testimony gave support to the theory that he acted in self-defense was not inconsistent with the claim that, if guilty, his crime was manslaughter and not murder. The accused had the right to present both aspects of the case to the jury, and rely on an act of self-defense and also on one resulting from a sudden passion without malice. The first paragraph of the syllabus of the case of Stevenson v. United States, 162 U. S. 313, 16 Sup. Ct. 839, 40 L. Ed. 980, reads:
“On the trial of a person indicted for murder, although the evidence may appear to the court to be simply overwhelming to show that the killing was in fact murder, and not manslaughter or an act performed in self-defense; yet, so long as there is evidence relevant to the issue of manslaughter, its credibility and force are for the jury, and cannot be matter of law for the decision of the court.”
Under section 2001, General Statutes of 1901, referred to above, the jury might have concluded that appellant killed, or-assisted in the killing of, Masten without a design to,-effect death, in the heat of pas-, sion, in a cruel or unusual manner, by means of blows inflicted with a pitchfork, through anger aroused by the threats and hostile demonstrations of the de-, ceased. They might have found, also, under section 2002, supra, that appellant unnecessarily killed Mas-ten while resisting an attempt of the latter to strike him with a pitchfork, after the attempt to strike had failed. The,witness James Tunks testified that he saw the defendant striking Masten over the head-after the time when appellant said that Masten attempted to strike him. The jury, also, after consid-. ering all the attending circumstances, might have-inferred that appellant was guilty of manslaughter-in! the fourth degree. The. trial court took the view that [585]*585there was no adequate or reasonable cause for the appellant to be thrown into such passion as to dethrone his reason for the time being, sufficient in law to reduce the crime from murder to manslaughter.
This court has repeatedly held in homicide cases where self-defense was pleaded as a justification for the killing that a reasonable apprehension by the accused of imminent danger to his life or limb was a sufficient excuse, and of the reasonableness of this apprehension the jury were to be the judges. (The State v. Bohan, 19 Kan. 28; The State v. Keefe, 54 id. 197, 38 Pac. 302.) The same rule is applicable to the case at bar, and whether there was sufficient cause to believe that heated passion and not malice impelled the homicide was for the jury to decide.
The case of The State v. McCarty, 54 Kan. 52, 36 Pac. 338, is cited by counsel for the state in support of their contention that where the jury, under proper instructions, have found a defendant guilty of a superior offense, the giving of erroneous instructions, or a total failure to instruct, with reference to an offense of an inferior degree is not error. That case does approve such doctrine by quoting The State v. Dickson, 6 Kan. 209, with the observation that the latter case ought not to be extended to unreasonable limits. It will be seen, however, from a reading of the opinion in The State v. McCarty that the court held that there was no proof justifying the giving of an instruction under said section 2002, General Statutes of 1901. On the other degrees of manslaughter the court gave directions to the jury satisfactory to the appellant.
Appellant asked the court to give instructions on all the degrees of manslaughter except the first. The court requested counsel to formulate a theory on which instructions respecting manslaughter in the [586]*586second, third and fourth degrees should be given, which he failed to do. The court was justified in refusing to instruct on manslaughter in the first degree, but, as to the other degrees, the failure of counsel to formulate a theory on which the court might instruct was not a sufficient reason for such refusal. The testimony itself, without the aid of counsel, presented to the court a sufficient theory on which to base instructions respecting the several degrees of manslaughter to which we have referred. Section 5681 of the General Statutes of 1901 requires the court, in a criminal case, to state to the jury all matters of law which are necessary for their information in giving a verdict. This must be done without request from the defendant. (Craft v. The State of Kansas, 3 Kan. 450.)
The judgment of the court below will be reversed and a new trial granted.
All the Justices concurring.