SECOND DIVISION MILLER, P. J., MARKLE and LAND, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
May 6, 2024
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A24A0331. STATE v. MROZOWSKI.
LAND, Judge.
Christopher Mrozowski was indicted for charges including obstruction of an
officer, terroristic threats, interference with government property, and possession of
a drug related object arising from an incident where police approached him in a public
pavilion after receiving an anonymous phone tip. Mrozowski filed a motion to
suppress evidence obtained as a result of that interaction, arguing that the police
impermissibly escalated the encounter to a second- or third-tier encounter without
probable cause. The trial court found that the initial detention and subsequent
detention of Mrozowski were illegal and granted the motion to suppress. The State appeals from the trial court’s grant of that motion. For the following reasons, we affirm.
On appeal from a motion to suppress, “the evidence is construed most
favorably to uphold the findings and judgment of the trial court; the trial court’s
findings on disputed facts and credibility are adopted unless they are clearly erroneous
and will not be disturbed if there is any evidence to support them.” (Citations and
punctuation omitted.) State v. King, 227 Ga. App. 466, 467-468 (489 SE2d 361)
(1997).
So viewed, the record shows that on September 21, law enforcement with the
Swainsboro Police Department and Emanuel County Sheriff’s Office were dispatched
after receiving an anonymous call that there were two white males acting “suspicious
[and] doing drugs” near a public pavilion in Swainsboro The caller also stated that one
of the males was wearing a green shirt and had active warrants. When Officer Todd
Purcell arrived at the pavilion, he saw two men sitting on the ground under a public
pavilion. Nothing in the record indicates whether either individual was wearing a
green shirt. Officer Percell testified that one of these men, later identified as
Mrozowski, appeared to be unsteady and was “slurring his words just a little bit when
he talked.” Mrozowski denied being under the influence of alcohol, drugs or
2 medication. Officer Percell asked for a form of identification. Mrozowski handed him
an ID card that did not belong to him and stated that he had just found it by the nearby
CVS and had not yet had time to turn it into authorities. When Officer Percell asked
for his actual ID card, Mrozowski “tried to step to walk away like he was gonna flee.”
However, his escape route was blocked by another officer who had just arrived and
was standing in his path. The second officer yelled, “Hey, you okay over there?” to
Officer Percell. Mrozowski then attempted to walk away in a different direction.
Officer Percell testified that Mrozowski “kept trying to put his hands in his
pockets” as he attempted to walk away a second time.1 Officer Percell told Mrozowski
to take his hands out of his pockets. When he failed to comply, Officer Percell grabbed
Mrowozski’s right arm, and the second officer walked up and said “Who you talking
to, boy?” Mrozowski then resisted and tried to pull his arm away so that he could
leave, but was prevented from doing so. Officer Percell testified that he held
Mrozwoski’s arm because, based upon his police training, it was possible that
Mrozowski could have had some kind of weapon in his pocket.
1 Mrozowoski had already placed his hand in his pocket in front of Officer Percell on several occasions without objection from any officer— including to get the ID card–-before Officer Percell grabbed his arm. 3 Officer Percell then told Mrozowski that he was going to “frisk” him for
weapons. Mrozowski declined and told the officer that he did not have permission to
search his pockets. When Mrozowski attempted to pull his arm away from the officer,
he was then handcuffed by law enforcement due to “resisting arrest and pulling
away.” As he was being handcuffed, he spit in an officer’s face.
After Mrozowski was handcuffed, the officers frisked the outside of his pockets
and felt what “appeared to be a pipe that is commonly used to ingest drugs.” At that
time, the officer reached into Mrozowski’s pocket and found the pipe. Mrowozski was
then told that he was under arrest and, as he struggled with the officers on the way to
the patrol vehicle, one of the officers’ body cameras was jostled off of its mount, fell
to the ground and broke. Once they arrived at the jail, Mrozowski threatened the
officers with bodily harm and resisted being brought into the jail by kicking and
headbutting the officers.
Mrozowski filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the pipe, his behavior
during and after the arrest, and the broken body camera, arguing that the State
improperly escalated a first-tier encounter to a third-tier encounter without the
required probable cause to do so. The trial court granted the motion.
4 The State argues that the trial court erred by granting the motion to suppress
because the officer had a “reasonable articulable suspicion” to conduct a second-tier
detention and because Mrozowski “unlawfully resisted said search which resulted in
his arrest.” We are unpersuaded.
Georgia law identifies three tiers of police-citizen encounters: “(1)
communication between police and citizens involving no coercion or detention and
therefore without the compass of the Fourth Amendment, (2) brief seizures that must
be supported by reasonable suspicion, and (3) full-scale arrests that must be supported
by probable cause.” (Citation omitted.) Walker v. State, 314 Ga. App. 67, 69-70 (1)
(722 SE2d 887) (2012). See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (88 SCt 1868, 20 LE2d 889)
(1968).
In a first-tier encounter, an officer “may approach citizens, ask for
identification, ask for consent to search, and otherwise freely question the citizen
without any basis or belief of criminal activity so long as the police do not detain the
citizen or convey the message that the citizen may not leave.” (Punctuation and
footnote omitted.) Ewumi v. State, 315 Ga. App. 656, 658 (1) (727 SE2d 257) (2012).
It is well-settled that a “citizen’s ability to walk away from or otherwise avoid a police
5 officer is the touchstone of a first-tier encounter.” (Punctuation and footnote
omitted.) Id. at 658 (1). Indeed, a citizen “may refuse to answer and ignore the request
and go on his way if he chooses, for this does not amount to any type of restraint.”
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Id. at 658 (1). See Durden v. State, 320 Ga. App.
218, 220 (1) (739 SE2d 676) (2013) (“So long as a reasonable person would feel free
to disregard the police and go about his business, the encounter is consensual and no
reasonable suspicion is required”) (citation omitted).
Here, the encounter between the officer and Mrozowski was a first-tier
encounter in which the officer stopped him and asked for his name and identification.
See Akins v. State, 266 Ga. App. 214, 216 (1) (596 SE2d 719) (2004). However,
Mrozowski’s movement was restrained when he attempted to walk away from Officer
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SECOND DIVISION MILLER, P. J., MARKLE and LAND, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
May 6, 2024
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A24A0331. STATE v. MROZOWSKI.
LAND, Judge.
Christopher Mrozowski was indicted for charges including obstruction of an
officer, terroristic threats, interference with government property, and possession of
a drug related object arising from an incident where police approached him in a public
pavilion after receiving an anonymous phone tip. Mrozowski filed a motion to
suppress evidence obtained as a result of that interaction, arguing that the police
impermissibly escalated the encounter to a second- or third-tier encounter without
probable cause. The trial court found that the initial detention and subsequent
detention of Mrozowski were illegal and granted the motion to suppress. The State appeals from the trial court’s grant of that motion. For the following reasons, we affirm.
On appeal from a motion to suppress, “the evidence is construed most
favorably to uphold the findings and judgment of the trial court; the trial court’s
findings on disputed facts and credibility are adopted unless they are clearly erroneous
and will not be disturbed if there is any evidence to support them.” (Citations and
punctuation omitted.) State v. King, 227 Ga. App. 466, 467-468 (489 SE2d 361)
(1997).
So viewed, the record shows that on September 21, law enforcement with the
Swainsboro Police Department and Emanuel County Sheriff’s Office were dispatched
after receiving an anonymous call that there were two white males acting “suspicious
[and] doing drugs” near a public pavilion in Swainsboro The caller also stated that one
of the males was wearing a green shirt and had active warrants. When Officer Todd
Purcell arrived at the pavilion, he saw two men sitting on the ground under a public
pavilion. Nothing in the record indicates whether either individual was wearing a
green shirt. Officer Percell testified that one of these men, later identified as
Mrozowski, appeared to be unsteady and was “slurring his words just a little bit when
he talked.” Mrozowski denied being under the influence of alcohol, drugs or
2 medication. Officer Percell asked for a form of identification. Mrozowski handed him
an ID card that did not belong to him and stated that he had just found it by the nearby
CVS and had not yet had time to turn it into authorities. When Officer Percell asked
for his actual ID card, Mrozowski “tried to step to walk away like he was gonna flee.”
However, his escape route was blocked by another officer who had just arrived and
was standing in his path. The second officer yelled, “Hey, you okay over there?” to
Officer Percell. Mrozowski then attempted to walk away in a different direction.
Officer Percell testified that Mrozowski “kept trying to put his hands in his
pockets” as he attempted to walk away a second time.1 Officer Percell told Mrozowski
to take his hands out of his pockets. When he failed to comply, Officer Percell grabbed
Mrowozski’s right arm, and the second officer walked up and said “Who you talking
to, boy?” Mrozowski then resisted and tried to pull his arm away so that he could
leave, but was prevented from doing so. Officer Percell testified that he held
Mrozwoski’s arm because, based upon his police training, it was possible that
Mrozowski could have had some kind of weapon in his pocket.
1 Mrozowoski had already placed his hand in his pocket in front of Officer Percell on several occasions without objection from any officer— including to get the ID card–-before Officer Percell grabbed his arm. 3 Officer Percell then told Mrozowski that he was going to “frisk” him for
weapons. Mrozowski declined and told the officer that he did not have permission to
search his pockets. When Mrozowski attempted to pull his arm away from the officer,
he was then handcuffed by law enforcement due to “resisting arrest and pulling
away.” As he was being handcuffed, he spit in an officer’s face.
After Mrozowski was handcuffed, the officers frisked the outside of his pockets
and felt what “appeared to be a pipe that is commonly used to ingest drugs.” At that
time, the officer reached into Mrozowski’s pocket and found the pipe. Mrowozski was
then told that he was under arrest and, as he struggled with the officers on the way to
the patrol vehicle, one of the officers’ body cameras was jostled off of its mount, fell
to the ground and broke. Once they arrived at the jail, Mrozowski threatened the
officers with bodily harm and resisted being brought into the jail by kicking and
headbutting the officers.
Mrozowski filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the pipe, his behavior
during and after the arrest, and the broken body camera, arguing that the State
improperly escalated a first-tier encounter to a third-tier encounter without the
required probable cause to do so. The trial court granted the motion.
4 The State argues that the trial court erred by granting the motion to suppress
because the officer had a “reasonable articulable suspicion” to conduct a second-tier
detention and because Mrozowski “unlawfully resisted said search which resulted in
his arrest.” We are unpersuaded.
Georgia law identifies three tiers of police-citizen encounters: “(1)
communication between police and citizens involving no coercion or detention and
therefore without the compass of the Fourth Amendment, (2) brief seizures that must
be supported by reasonable suspicion, and (3) full-scale arrests that must be supported
by probable cause.” (Citation omitted.) Walker v. State, 314 Ga. App. 67, 69-70 (1)
(722 SE2d 887) (2012). See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (88 SCt 1868, 20 LE2d 889)
(1968).
In a first-tier encounter, an officer “may approach citizens, ask for
identification, ask for consent to search, and otherwise freely question the citizen
without any basis or belief of criminal activity so long as the police do not detain the
citizen or convey the message that the citizen may not leave.” (Punctuation and
footnote omitted.) Ewumi v. State, 315 Ga. App. 656, 658 (1) (727 SE2d 257) (2012).
It is well-settled that a “citizen’s ability to walk away from or otherwise avoid a police
5 officer is the touchstone of a first-tier encounter.” (Punctuation and footnote
omitted.) Id. at 658 (1). Indeed, a citizen “may refuse to answer and ignore the request
and go on his way if he chooses, for this does not amount to any type of restraint.”
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Id. at 658 (1). See Durden v. State, 320 Ga. App.
218, 220 (1) (739 SE2d 676) (2013) (“So long as a reasonable person would feel free
to disregard the police and go about his business, the encounter is consensual and no
reasonable suspicion is required”) (citation omitted).
Here, the encounter between the officer and Mrozowski was a first-tier
encounter in which the officer stopped him and asked for his name and identification.
See Akins v. State, 266 Ga. App. 214, 216 (1) (596 SE2d 719) (2004). However,
Mrozowski’s movement was restrained when he attempted to walk away from Officer
Percell’s questioning, and his exit was blocked by a second officer standing in his path.
Faced with this situation, the trial court was authorized to conclude that “a reasonable
person would feel compelled to conclude that he or she was not free to [walk] away
and to leave.” Smith, 288 Ga. App. 87, 88 (653 SE2d 510) (2007). See In the Interest
of J. B., 314 Ga. App. 678, 680-681 (1) (725 SE2d 810) (2012) (defendant’s encounter
with police officer escalated into a second-tier encounter when defendant’s attempt
6 to leave the encounter was prevented by officers blocking his exit down the path);
Black v. State, 281 Ga. App. 40, 46 (1) (635 SE2d 568) (2006) (defendant was entitled
to walk away and refuse to answer officer’s questions during a first-tier encounter and
such behavior gave officer no grounds to grab him or arrest him for obstruction of
justice). Thus, the moment Mrozowski was prevented from leaving Officer Percell’s
presence, his encounter with the police amounted to a detention which, in order to be
lawful, must be supported by reasonable suspicion. See State v. Lanes, 287 Ga. App.
311, 313 (651 SE2d 456) (2007).
“Reasonable suspicion exists when an officer has a particularized and objective
basis for suspecting that a citizen is or is about to be involved in criminal activity.” In
the Interest of M. J. H., 239 Ga. App. 894, 895 (522 SE2d 491) (1999). Here, the
officers had no objective basis for suspecting that Mrozowski was engaged in criminal
activity at the time of his initial detention. Although there had been an anonymous tip
that there were two men in the same area doing drugs, “that tip had not been
corroborated by independent police investigation and there is no evidence in the
record which otherwise reflects the reliability” of that tip. Smith v. State, 288 Ga.
App. 87, 88 (1) (653 SE2d 510) (2007). Thus the anonymous call afforded no basis for
7 Mrozowski’s detention. See Register v. State, 315 Ga. App. 776, 778 (1) (728 SE2d
292) (2012) (A tip provided by an informant of unknown reliability will not create a
reasonable suspicion of criminal reliability unless the tip is detailed enough to provide
some basis for predicting future behavior of the suspect and the details not available
to the general public are corroborated by observations of the police); Smith, 288 Ga.
App. at 88-89 (1) (officer did not have reasonable suspicion to detain defendant based
upon anonymous tip that he was engaging in drug activity because officers had not
corroborated those tips by independent investigation and there was no evidence which
otherwise reflected reliability of those tips).
Further, Mrozowski’s slurring of his words did not give rise to reasonable
suspicion to require detention. There is no indication that officers saw Mrowozski
engage in suspicious behavior or consumption of drugs, and the officer testified only
that Mrowozski was unsteady and appeared intoxicated when spoken to. Acting
unsteady and slurring words, alone, does not rise to misdemeanor public drunkeness.
See OCGA § 16-11-41 (defining “public drunkenness”as being and appearing “in an
intoxicated condition in any public place . . . which condition is made manifest by
boisterousness, by indecent condition or act, or by vulgar, profane, loud or
8 unbecoming language.” See also Peoples v. State, 134 Ga. App. 820, 821 (1) (216 SE2d
604) (1975) (because the public drunkenness statute is designed as a protection against
the person’s conduct and not his mere presence, “[m]erely being intoxicated is not
sufficient;” rather, “the condition must be manifested by boisterousness, or by
indecent condition or act, or by vulgar” or profane language) (citation and
punctuation omitted). Although the State’s appellate brief states that the officer had
reasonable suspicion that Mrozowski was engaged in criminal activity because he
readily handed the officer an identification card that he found earlier that evening, the
officer’s testimony at the motion to suppress hearing does not support the State’s
argument. Instead, the officer testified that he had reasonable, articulable suspicion
to detain Mrozowski because he refused to give his identification card during the first-
tier encounter (something he was not required to do), he was slurring his words as if
intoxicated, and because of the information conveyed through an anonymous tip. For
the reasons stated above, these facts are insufficient to show a reasonable, articulable
suspicion.
Furthermore, even if we assumed for the sake of argument that the officer
obtained reasonable, articulable suspicion to conduct a second-tier stop for
9 obstruction as a result of Mrozowski’s failure to comply with the officer’s request to
frisk him or to remove his hands from his pockets, these acts of “obstruction”
occurred after Mrozowski’s initial attempt to leave the first-tier encounter with
Officer Percell was thwarted. The officers’ failure to allow Mrozowski to leave the
first-tier encounter without having any reasonable, articulable suspicion that he was
engaged in illegal activity was an impermissible detention and any “obstruction” that
occurred after that point cannot be considered. See e. g., Ewumi 315 Ga. App. 658 (1)
(officer’s attempt to arrest defendant for obstruction is unlawful when defendant has
the right to leave a first-tier encounter and the officer has no reasonable, articulable
suspicion to detain him); Brown v. State, 301 Ga. App. 82, 85 (686 SE2d 793) (2009)
(officer escalated first-tier encounter to second-tier encounter involving temporary
restraint when he ordered defendant to remove his hands from his pockets without
reasonable, articulable suspicion that defendant was or was about to be engaged in
criminal activity); State v. Dukes, 279 Ga. App. 247, 251 (630 SE2d 847) (2006)
(because defendant had the right to leave a first-tier encounter with an officer, his
exercise of that right—even if accomplished by running— cannot constitute
10 obstruction and thus, officers had no probable cause to arrest defendant for
obstruction by flight).
Because the officers lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to detain
Mrozowski and prevent him from leaving the scene, the illegality of the detention in
this case requires the suppression of any evidence obtained after the initial detention.
See Register, 315 Ga. App. at 778 (officer lacked reasonable articulable suspicion to
warrant traffic stop of van when officer stopped van based upon a tip that an individual
in the van had engaged in a possible drug transaction and when the tip provided no
prediction of future behavior, such that evidence obtained as a result of that illegal
stop was suppressed). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting Mrozowski’s
motion to suppress.
Judgment affirmed. Miller, P. J., and Markle, J., concur.