June 19 2015
DA 13-0757 Case Number: DA 13-0757
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2015 MT 164N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER ROBIN LEWIS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial District, In and For the County of Ravalli, Cause No. DC-10-34 Honorable Jeffrey H. Langton, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender, Chad R. Vanisko, Assistant Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Jonathan M. Krauss, Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana
William E. Fulbright, Ravalli County Attorney; Hamilton, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 29, 2015 Decided: June 19, 2015
Filed:
__________________________________________ Clerk Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by unpublished opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Christopher Lewis (Lewis) appeals from the order of the Montana Twenty-First
Judicial District Court, Ravalli County, denying Lewis’s motion to withdraw his nolo
contendere plea. We affirm.
¶3 On March 8, 2010, Lewis was charged by information with aggravated assault and
assault on a minor. The charges arose from allegations that Lewis caused serious bodily
injury to his minor sons. Lewis was represented by counsel at all times during the
District Court proceedings arising from these charges.
¶4 On January 18, 2011, Lewis entered a plea agreement. In exchange for the State’s
promise to dismiss its charge of assault on a minor, Lewis agreed to enter a nolo
contendere plea to the aggravated assault charge. The parties also agreed that the State
would recommend a 20-year commitment to Montana State Prison with 10 years
suspended, while Lewis would not recommend a sentence less restrictive than a 10-year
commitment to the Department of Corrections with 5 years suspended. The agreement
included four specific conditions of probation to which Lewis would be subject, but it
was silent regarding parole restrictions. Beyond these terms, the parties agreed that they
2 were “otherwise free to recommend and argue for any other lawful term of sentence
and/or conditions thereto, subject to a final decision by the [c]ourt.”
¶5 On January 19, 2011, the District Court held a hearing, and Lewis entered a nolo
contendere plea. After questioning the parties and attorneys involved in the matter, the
District Court accepted Lewis’s nolo contendere plea, concluding that there was a factual
basis for the charge and that the plea had “been entered knowing[ly], voluntarily and
intelligently.”
¶6 Sentencing was deferred until a pre-sentence investigation could be performed.
On March 23, 2011, after hearing the recommendations of the parties, the District Court
sentenced Lewis to Montana State Prison for 20 years. It suspended 10 years of this
sentence and declared that Lewis was ineligible for parole.
¶7 Following an unsuccessful appeal to this Court, Lewis filed a motion in the
District Court to withdraw his plea. The District Court denied the motion, and Lewis
now appeals. Lewis contends that either the District Court or his attorney had a duty to
inform him that the District Court could accept the plea agreement and still impose parole
restrictions. Because neither entity fulfilled this alleged duty and because he was
unaware that parole restrictions could be imposed, Lewis contends that his plea was not
entered voluntarily. For this reason, Lewis argues that his motion to withdraw his plea
was supported by good cause and that the District Court should have granted his motion.
¶8 According to § 46-16-105(2), MCA, a District Court may permit a nolo
contendere plea to be withdrawn “for good cause shown.” Good cause exists where a
plea was not entered as a “voluntary, knowing, and intelligent choice among options.” 3 See State v. Liefert, 2002 MT 48, ¶¶ 9-10, 309 Mont. 19, 43 P.3d 329; State v. Brinson,
2009 MT 200, ¶ 8, 351 Mont. 136, 210 P.3d 164. Whether a plea is entered voluntarily is
a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Brinson, ¶ 3. A plea is not
involuntary merely because a defendant was not informed of or was not aware of every
potential parole restriction that may have been imposed following a plea. A defendant
need only be aware of “special parole restrictions” for a plea to be voluntary, and courts
and attorneys are only required to inform a defendant of such “special” restrictions.
State v. Thomas, 285 Mont. 112, 122, 946 P.2d 140, 146 (1997) (emphasis added);
see § 46-12-210(1)(a)(iii), MCA; Liefert, ¶ 21.
¶9 When the District Court restricted Lewis’s parole eligibility, it did not impose a
“special parole restriction.” Special parole restrictions are parole restrictions that are
provided by law. They do not include discretionary parole restrictions. Thomas,
285 Mont. at 122, 946 P.2d at 146. Here, the District Court was not required by statute to
restrict Lewis’s parole eligibility. Instead, the restriction was an exercise of the District
Court’s discretion, considering Lewis’s individual circumstances.
¶10 As Lewis’s parole restriction was not a “special parole restriction,” neither the
District Court nor Lewis’s attorney were required to advise Lewis of the potential for the
restriction prior to Lewis’s nolo contendere plea. The voluntariness of Lewis’s plea was
not affected by Lewis’s lack of awareness regarding the potential restriction. As such,
the District Court’s and Lewis’s attorney’s failure to advise Lewis of the potential
restriction was not good cause for Lewis to withdraw his plea, and the District Court did
not err by denying Lewis’s motion. 4 ¶11 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of
our Internal Operating Rules, which provides for unpublished opinions. In the opinion of
the Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear
application of applicable standards of review. The District Court’s interpretation and
application of the law were correct.
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ JIM RICE
Justice Laurie McKinnon, concurring.
¶12 I agree with the Court that Lewis should not be allowed to withdraw his plea, but I
would resolve the issue pursuant to a different analysis. The facts of State v. Thomas,
285 Mont. 112, 946 P.2d 140 (1997), are distinguishable from those present here. In
particular, a non-binding plea agreement was at issue in Thomas, 285 Mont. at 120,
946 P.2d at 145, whereas the plea agreement entered by Lewis was binding. In a
non-binding plea agreement, the district court may impose any sentence authorized by
statute and is not restricted to the sentence agreed upon and recommended by the parties.
See § 46-12-211(1)(c), MCA. Pursuant to § 46-18-202(2), MCA, a district court may
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June 19 2015
DA 13-0757 Case Number: DA 13-0757
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2015 MT 164N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER ROBIN LEWIS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial District, In and For the County of Ravalli, Cause No. DC-10-34 Honorable Jeffrey H. Langton, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender, Chad R. Vanisko, Assistant Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Jonathan M. Krauss, Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana
William E. Fulbright, Ravalli County Attorney; Hamilton, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 29, 2015 Decided: June 19, 2015
Filed:
__________________________________________ Clerk Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by unpublished opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Christopher Lewis (Lewis) appeals from the order of the Montana Twenty-First
Judicial District Court, Ravalli County, denying Lewis’s motion to withdraw his nolo
contendere plea. We affirm.
¶3 On March 8, 2010, Lewis was charged by information with aggravated assault and
assault on a minor. The charges arose from allegations that Lewis caused serious bodily
injury to his minor sons. Lewis was represented by counsel at all times during the
District Court proceedings arising from these charges.
¶4 On January 18, 2011, Lewis entered a plea agreement. In exchange for the State’s
promise to dismiss its charge of assault on a minor, Lewis agreed to enter a nolo
contendere plea to the aggravated assault charge. The parties also agreed that the State
would recommend a 20-year commitment to Montana State Prison with 10 years
suspended, while Lewis would not recommend a sentence less restrictive than a 10-year
commitment to the Department of Corrections with 5 years suspended. The agreement
included four specific conditions of probation to which Lewis would be subject, but it
was silent regarding parole restrictions. Beyond these terms, the parties agreed that they
2 were “otherwise free to recommend and argue for any other lawful term of sentence
and/or conditions thereto, subject to a final decision by the [c]ourt.”
¶5 On January 19, 2011, the District Court held a hearing, and Lewis entered a nolo
contendere plea. After questioning the parties and attorneys involved in the matter, the
District Court accepted Lewis’s nolo contendere plea, concluding that there was a factual
basis for the charge and that the plea had “been entered knowing[ly], voluntarily and
intelligently.”
¶6 Sentencing was deferred until a pre-sentence investigation could be performed.
On March 23, 2011, after hearing the recommendations of the parties, the District Court
sentenced Lewis to Montana State Prison for 20 years. It suspended 10 years of this
sentence and declared that Lewis was ineligible for parole.
¶7 Following an unsuccessful appeal to this Court, Lewis filed a motion in the
District Court to withdraw his plea. The District Court denied the motion, and Lewis
now appeals. Lewis contends that either the District Court or his attorney had a duty to
inform him that the District Court could accept the plea agreement and still impose parole
restrictions. Because neither entity fulfilled this alleged duty and because he was
unaware that parole restrictions could be imposed, Lewis contends that his plea was not
entered voluntarily. For this reason, Lewis argues that his motion to withdraw his plea
was supported by good cause and that the District Court should have granted his motion.
¶8 According to § 46-16-105(2), MCA, a District Court may permit a nolo
contendere plea to be withdrawn “for good cause shown.” Good cause exists where a
plea was not entered as a “voluntary, knowing, and intelligent choice among options.” 3 See State v. Liefert, 2002 MT 48, ¶¶ 9-10, 309 Mont. 19, 43 P.3d 329; State v. Brinson,
2009 MT 200, ¶ 8, 351 Mont. 136, 210 P.3d 164. Whether a plea is entered voluntarily is
a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Brinson, ¶ 3. A plea is not
involuntary merely because a defendant was not informed of or was not aware of every
potential parole restriction that may have been imposed following a plea. A defendant
need only be aware of “special parole restrictions” for a plea to be voluntary, and courts
and attorneys are only required to inform a defendant of such “special” restrictions.
State v. Thomas, 285 Mont. 112, 122, 946 P.2d 140, 146 (1997) (emphasis added);
see § 46-12-210(1)(a)(iii), MCA; Liefert, ¶ 21.
¶9 When the District Court restricted Lewis’s parole eligibility, it did not impose a
“special parole restriction.” Special parole restrictions are parole restrictions that are
provided by law. They do not include discretionary parole restrictions. Thomas,
285 Mont. at 122, 946 P.2d at 146. Here, the District Court was not required by statute to
restrict Lewis’s parole eligibility. Instead, the restriction was an exercise of the District
Court’s discretion, considering Lewis’s individual circumstances.
¶10 As Lewis’s parole restriction was not a “special parole restriction,” neither the
District Court nor Lewis’s attorney were required to advise Lewis of the potential for the
restriction prior to Lewis’s nolo contendere plea. The voluntariness of Lewis’s plea was
not affected by Lewis’s lack of awareness regarding the potential restriction. As such,
the District Court’s and Lewis’s attorney’s failure to advise Lewis of the potential
restriction was not good cause for Lewis to withdraw his plea, and the District Court did
not err by denying Lewis’s motion. 4 ¶11 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of
our Internal Operating Rules, which provides for unpublished opinions. In the opinion of
the Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear
application of applicable standards of review. The District Court’s interpretation and
application of the law were correct.
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ JIM RICE
Justice Laurie McKinnon, concurring.
¶12 I agree with the Court that Lewis should not be allowed to withdraw his plea, but I
would resolve the issue pursuant to a different analysis. The facts of State v. Thomas,
285 Mont. 112, 946 P.2d 140 (1997), are distinguishable from those present here. In
particular, a non-binding plea agreement was at issue in Thomas, 285 Mont. at 120,
946 P.2d at 145, whereas the plea agreement entered by Lewis was binding. In a
non-binding plea agreement, the district court may impose any sentence authorized by
statute and is not restricted to the sentence agreed upon and recommended by the parties.
See § 46-12-211(1)(c), MCA. Pursuant to § 46-18-202(2), MCA, a district court may
impose a restriction that the defendant is ineligible for parole if a sentence of
imprisonment in the state prison exceeding one year is imposed. Thus, the sentence in
5 Thomas was authorized by law and therefore allowed by the plea agreement. If the plea
agreement and acknowledgment of rights signed by Lewis had not allowed the District
Court to impose a period of parole ineligibility, I am not convinced that the rule stated in
Thomas would apply. Imposition of a period of parole ineligibility not contemplated by a
binding plea agreement raises different concerns than those presented in Thomas.
¶13 A guilty plea is a waiver of constitutional rights, and must be a voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent act. State v. Garner, 2014 MT 312, ¶ 26, 377 Mont. 173,
339 P.3d 1. A court may allow a guilty plea to be withdrawn “for good cause shown.”
Section 46-16-105(2), MCA. Good cause includes the involuntariness of the plea. State
v. Warclub, 2005 MT 149, ¶ 16, 327 Mont. 352, 114 P.3d 254. If the defendant was
aware of the consequences of the plea, and if the plea was not induced by threats,
misrepresentation, or improper promises, we will not overturn a district court’s denial of
a motion to withdraw plea. Garner, ¶ 26.
¶14 The written plea agreement between Lewis and the State is silent regarding parole
eligibility, except that the parties agreed they were “free to recommend and argue for any
other lawful term of sentence and/or conditions thereto, subject to a final decision by the
Court.” Also, Lewis signed his Acknowledgement of Rights and specifically indicated he
understood that punishment may include “THE DISTRICT JUDGE’S ORDER FOR
IMPRISONMENT WITHOUT POSSIBILITY OF PAROLE OR FURLOUGH.”
Moreover, we have already considered whether the District Court’s imposition of a
parole restriction violated Lewis’s plea agreement and decided that it did not. State v.
6 Lewis, 2012 MT 157, 365 Mont. 431, 282 P.3d 679. Lewis makes no claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, nor was such a claim raised in the District Court.
¶15 I would not resolve these proceedings through an analysis pursuant to Thomas, but
rather, I would conclude that the record clearly demonstrates that Lewis actually was
advised of the maximum sentence and specifically acknowledged that he could be
imprisoned without the possibility of parole. He has not, therefore, demonstrated that his
plea was involuntary. The District Court did not err in denying Lewis’s motion to
withdraw his guilty plea.
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON