The opinion of the court was delivered by
Gordon, J.
The appellant was convicted in the su[551]*551perior court for King county of the crime of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death. . From the judgment of conviction and an order denying his motion for a new trial, he has appealed.
1. The first assignment is that the court erred in overruling his challenge for actual bias interposed to jurors VanWort, Roberts and Osborn. As to juror Roberts, it is sufficient to say that the action of the court in overruling the challenge was without prejudice, even if erroneous, inasmuch as it appears from the record that he was subsequently excluded upon the peremptory challenge of the prosecution. From a consideration of the voir dire examinaton of jurors Van Wort and Osborn, we are satisfied that they were competent and impartial jurors. Counsel for the defendant cite the cases of State v. Murphy, 9 Wash. 204 (37 Pac. 420); State v. Wilcox, 11 Wash. 215 (39 Pac. 368); and State v. Rutten, 13 Wash. 203 (43 Pac. 30), decided by this court; but, in our opinion, the record in this case does not justify their claim that the question here presented is within the rule announced in any of these cases. The record in this case clearly and satisfactorily shows that no fixed or definite opinion existed in the minds of either of said jurors relative to the merits of the case, but only a vague, indefinite or merely floating impression based upon a newspaper report of the case, or heard at about the time of the commission of the supposed crime. The ruling of the lower court may well be sustained -without in any wise infringing upon anything that is laid down in any of the cases above referred to.
2. It is next objected that there was a variance between the allegations of the information and the proof, in this: The information charges that the appellant “purposely and of'his deliberate and premedi- [552]*552“ tated malice killed one Lucy Williams, by then and “ there purposely, and of his deliberate and premedi- “ tated malice striking and beating the said Lucy “Williams, thereby inflicting in and upon the said “ Lucy Williams several mortal contusions, fractures “ and wounds, with a heavy blunt instrument, which “ he, the said William Carey, then and there had and “ held in his hands. A more particular description of “which said heavy blunt instrument is to the said prose- “ cuting attorney unknownand it is contended that the record shows that the “ heavy blunt instrument ” was a certain broken oar found in the possession of the appellant, and which oar was offered by the prosecution and received in evidence; and that it further appears that this oar was in possession of the prosecution and that the prosecuting attorney had full knowledge of its existence at the time of filing the information in question. Counsel has cited numerous cases in which it has been held that where an indictment charges a defendant with committing an offense against the person or property of a person unknown, and it appears at the trial that the name of the person was in fact known to the grand jury, the defendant must be acquitted. Commonwealth v. Blood, 4 Gray, 31; State v. Stowe, 132 Mo 199 (33 S. W. 799); Presley v. State, 24 Tex. App. 494 (6 S. W. 540); Commonwealth v. Thornton, 14 Gray, 41.
The reason is found in the rule requiring fullness and precision in charging an offense, and that the identity of the offense charged with that upon which the conviction is sought should be established upon the trial. An allegation in an indictment or information that the name of a person or a fact necessary to be alleged is unknown, is permissible only from necessity. But however sound may be the rule for which counsel contends, we do not think that it is applicable to the [553]*553present case. It is true that it is charged in the information that the homicide was committed by means of striking and beating the deceased with “ a heavy blunt instrument; a more particular description of which is to the prosecuting attorney unknown;” but it was not established by the evidence on the trial what that instrument really was, or that its description was known by the prosecuting attorney at the time of filing the information or up to the time of the trial. There was evidence from which the jury might well have found that the blows or wounds causing death were inflicted with an oar, and there were in all three oars introduced in evidence,— one by the state and two by the defendant. But we think that it cannot with certainty be told from the record that the wounds were inflicted with either or all of them. While, upon the other hand, from the condition and appearance of the deceased and the expert and other testimony, there was abundant evidence to warrant the finding that death was occasioned by means of wounds inflicted “ with a heavy blunt instrument,” of an unknown description.
3. It is urged that the court committed error in refusing to instruct the jury as requested by the defendant upon the subject of the corpus delicti. Counsel argues that' there was evidence tending to show that death was occasioned by a severe fall which the deceased had sustained on the night in question, and not by the means charged in the information, and. that it was the defendant’s right to have the jury instructed upon any theory of the case having evidence in .its support. Conceding the fact and the law to be as contended for by counsel, we think that no error was committed in refusing the particular instruction requested, because the subject matter was included in [554]*554and covered by the general charge in which the jury were told that if it was “possible to account for the death of the deceased upon any reasonable hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the defendant,” then it became their duty to so account for and find the defendant not guilty. Also, that “if the jury entertained any reasonable doubt upon any single fact or element necessary to constitute the offense,” it was their duty to acquit him.
4. It is complained that the court commented upon the evidence in instructing the jury with reference to the .credit to which the respective witnesses, were en-entitled. The particular language complained of is in these words : “And in,the case of the defendant-you have the right to consider the great interest he has in the result of.your verdict.” An instruction in. the language, here complained of was expressly upheld by this court in State v. Nordstrom, 7 Wash. 506 (35 Pac. 382), and for the reasons there given'the contention of counsel cannot be sustained.
5. It is further complained that the jury erred in finding the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree. This claim proceeds upon the theory that the defendant was intoxicated at the time when the offense was committed, if committed at all. by the defendant. At the request of the defendant the court correctly instructed .the jury ..as to how intoxication should be re-regarded by them in determining the degree of defendant’s guilt, (in the event that they should find that he was intoxicated). It was for the jury under such instruction to determine the fact, and their finding is not without sufficient evidence to support it..
6. It is also.urged that the verdict is contrary to the evidence,.' .We think this claim cannot possibly be maintained without disregarding a very great deal of [555]*555uncontradicted and competent evidence adduced at the trial.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Gordon, J.
The appellant was convicted in the su[551]*551perior court for King county of the crime of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death. . From the judgment of conviction and an order denying his motion for a new trial, he has appealed.
1. The first assignment is that the court erred in overruling his challenge for actual bias interposed to jurors VanWort, Roberts and Osborn. As to juror Roberts, it is sufficient to say that the action of the court in overruling the challenge was without prejudice, even if erroneous, inasmuch as it appears from the record that he was subsequently excluded upon the peremptory challenge of the prosecution. From a consideration of the voir dire examinaton of jurors Van Wort and Osborn, we are satisfied that they were competent and impartial jurors. Counsel for the defendant cite the cases of State v. Murphy, 9 Wash. 204 (37 Pac. 420); State v. Wilcox, 11 Wash. 215 (39 Pac. 368); and State v. Rutten, 13 Wash. 203 (43 Pac. 30), decided by this court; but, in our opinion, the record in this case does not justify their claim that the question here presented is within the rule announced in any of these cases. The record in this case clearly and satisfactorily shows that no fixed or definite opinion existed in the minds of either of said jurors relative to the merits of the case, but only a vague, indefinite or merely floating impression based upon a newspaper report of the case, or heard at about the time of the commission of the supposed crime. The ruling of the lower court may well be sustained -without in any wise infringing upon anything that is laid down in any of the cases above referred to.
2. It is next objected that there was a variance between the allegations of the information and the proof, in this: The information charges that the appellant “purposely and of'his deliberate and premedi- [552]*552“ tated malice killed one Lucy Williams, by then and “ there purposely, and of his deliberate and premedi- “ tated malice striking and beating the said Lucy “Williams, thereby inflicting in and upon the said “ Lucy Williams several mortal contusions, fractures “ and wounds, with a heavy blunt instrument, which “ he, the said William Carey, then and there had and “ held in his hands. A more particular description of “which said heavy blunt instrument is to the said prose- “ cuting attorney unknownand it is contended that the record shows that the “ heavy blunt instrument ” was a certain broken oar found in the possession of the appellant, and which oar was offered by the prosecution and received in evidence; and that it further appears that this oar was in possession of the prosecution and that the prosecuting attorney had full knowledge of its existence at the time of filing the information in question. Counsel has cited numerous cases in which it has been held that where an indictment charges a defendant with committing an offense against the person or property of a person unknown, and it appears at the trial that the name of the person was in fact known to the grand jury, the defendant must be acquitted. Commonwealth v. Blood, 4 Gray, 31; State v. Stowe, 132 Mo 199 (33 S. W. 799); Presley v. State, 24 Tex. App. 494 (6 S. W. 540); Commonwealth v. Thornton, 14 Gray, 41.
The reason is found in the rule requiring fullness and precision in charging an offense, and that the identity of the offense charged with that upon which the conviction is sought should be established upon the trial. An allegation in an indictment or information that the name of a person or a fact necessary to be alleged is unknown, is permissible only from necessity. But however sound may be the rule for which counsel contends, we do not think that it is applicable to the [553]*553present case. It is true that it is charged in the information that the homicide was committed by means of striking and beating the deceased with “ a heavy blunt instrument; a more particular description of which is to the prosecuting attorney unknown;” but it was not established by the evidence on the trial what that instrument really was, or that its description was known by the prosecuting attorney at the time of filing the information or up to the time of the trial. There was evidence from which the jury might well have found that the blows or wounds causing death were inflicted with an oar, and there were in all three oars introduced in evidence,— one by the state and two by the defendant. But we think that it cannot with certainty be told from the record that the wounds were inflicted with either or all of them. While, upon the other hand, from the condition and appearance of the deceased and the expert and other testimony, there was abundant evidence to warrant the finding that death was occasioned by means of wounds inflicted “ with a heavy blunt instrument,” of an unknown description.
3. It is urged that the court committed error in refusing to instruct the jury as requested by the defendant upon the subject of the corpus delicti. Counsel argues that' there was evidence tending to show that death was occasioned by a severe fall which the deceased had sustained on the night in question, and not by the means charged in the information, and. that it was the defendant’s right to have the jury instructed upon any theory of the case having evidence in .its support. Conceding the fact and the law to be as contended for by counsel, we think that no error was committed in refusing the particular instruction requested, because the subject matter was included in [554]*554and covered by the general charge in which the jury were told that if it was “possible to account for the death of the deceased upon any reasonable hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the defendant,” then it became their duty to so account for and find the defendant not guilty. Also, that “if the jury entertained any reasonable doubt upon any single fact or element necessary to constitute the offense,” it was their duty to acquit him.
4. It is complained that the court commented upon the evidence in instructing the jury with reference to the .credit to which the respective witnesses, were en-entitled. The particular language complained of is in these words : “And in,the case of the defendant-you have the right to consider the great interest he has in the result of.your verdict.” An instruction in. the language, here complained of was expressly upheld by this court in State v. Nordstrom, 7 Wash. 506 (35 Pac. 382), and for the reasons there given'the contention of counsel cannot be sustained.
5. It is further complained that the jury erred in finding the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree. This claim proceeds upon the theory that the defendant was intoxicated at the time when the offense was committed, if committed at all. by the defendant. At the request of the defendant the court correctly instructed .the jury ..as to how intoxication should be re-regarded by them in determining the degree of defendant’s guilt, (in the event that they should find that he was intoxicated). It was for the jury under such instruction to determine the fact, and their finding is not without sufficient evidence to support it..
6. It is also.urged that the verdict is contrary to the evidence,.' .We think this claim cannot possibly be maintained without disregarding a very great deal of [555]*555uncontradicted and competent evidence adduced at the trial. The record shows that the appellant had, for several years prior to the time of the homicide, which occurred (as is charged) on Christmas of 1895, followed the occupation of a fisherman; that for some months prior to that date the defendant had been living with the deceased — an Indian woman — occupying a shack or floathouse, built upon a scow, moored at a point on the shore of the Duwamish river distant about two miles from where it empties into Puget Sound. On the afternoon or evening of the 24th day of December, 1895, the defendant and deceased left their place of abode and went in a row-boat to the home of William Dobson and wife (the latter being a sister of the deceased) who lived in a shack upon the shore of Elliott bay in front of the city of Seattle, distant some five or six miles from the home of the defendant and deceased, already referred to. They remained at Dobson’s until about eight o’clock Christmas night, during which time considerable beer and some whiskey was drunk, all hands participating. While at that place, as shown by the evidence, the defendant, prompted by jealous motives, rudely assaulted the deceased, striking her in the face and body with his clenched fist. About eight o’clock Christmas night the defendant and deceased got into their boat, ostensibly to go home. Prior to leaving, the defendant stated to John D. Frazer (one of the state’s witnesses) who had been one of the company at the home of Dobson on that day, that he would “ do her up that night,” referring to the deceased. Before embarking the defendant rudely and forcibly lifted the deceased from the ground, carried her to the side of the boat, and roughly and violently threw her into its bottom. Some time after eleven'o’clock of the same night the [556]*556defendant visited a saloon known as “The Exchange,” situated near the water front between Dobson’s house and the mouth of the Duwamish river, and about one mile from Dobson’s house. He remained in the saloon only a short time, during which time he procured a dollar’s worth of whiskey; and thereafter, returning to his boat, was seen to proceed in company with the deceased in the direction of their home. Mr. John O’Leary and J. W. Kerry testified that about midnight of the same night they saw out on the bay, at a considerable distance from the shore but within.hearing* a row-boat occupied by two people going'in the direction of Duwamish river. One of the occupants of the boat was striking the other occupant, who was seated at or near the stern, with something which he held in his hands; tliat they distinctly heard the sound of the blows and the screams and groans of the person who received them; that said boat proceeded on its course in the direction of the mouth of the Duwamish river. About two o’clock in the morning of December 26th, one Joseph Tulip, who resided with his wife and child in a cabin distant about fifty feet from the floathousé of defendant, was aroused by the defendant, who came to Tulip’s house, stated that he had just returned from Seattle, and asked Tulip if he had seen anything of his wife (meaning the deceased), saying that she ought to have been there before him; that she had left him at Seattle at about eleven o’clock, and was to come home by way of South'Seattlé on a street car. He obtained permission to spend the remainder of the night at Tulip’s. He also stayed there the next night; About noon of the 27th he informed Tulip that the woman was dead, and requested help to bury her. Tulip, suspecting foul play, declined to assist, and that night, while defendant was asleep, Tulip informed the [557]*557officers, who proceeded to the house and arrested the defendant. Upon being arrested the defendant cursed Tulip and displayed much anger towards him. On the way to the jail the defendant remarked in substance two or three times, that he regretted that he had not killed Tulip instead of “the woman;” also that he wished he was going to be hung “for killing that s— of a b — , (referring to Tulip) instead of for killing the woman,”and similar expressions. On the morning after arriving at the jail, the defendant disclosed, for the first time, the whereabouts of the body which was found in about eight feet of water, a r.ope attaching it to the end of defendant’s, float. The body was .held under water by being fastened to a sack containing lead.
The autopsy disclosed the fact that life was extinct before the body was placed in the water, and that death resulted from concussion of the brain produced by blows upon the head from some blunt instrument. There were bruises and contusions upon the head, arms and hands.
Such, in brief, was the case made by the evidence introduced on the part of the state, and although the defendant became a witness in his own behalf and expressly asserted his innocence, the jury found him guilty of murder in the first degree. There was, we think, “a maturity of proof” to sustain the verdict, and we have been unable to discover any reason why it should be set aside and a new trial awarded.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed and the cause remanded to the lower court with directions to proceed to appoint a day for the carrying of its sentence into effect according to law.
Hoyt, C. J., and Anders, Dunbar and Scott, JJ., concur.