[Cite as State v. Cardenas, 2016-Ohio-5537.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DARKE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 2015-CA-16 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2011-CR-58 : SEBASTIAN CARDENAS : (Criminal Appeal from : Common Pleas Court) Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 26th day of August, 2016.
DEBORAH S. QUIGLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0055455, Assistant Darke County Prosecuting Attorney, 504 South Broadway Street, Greenville, Ohio 45331 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
KAREN D. BRADLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0066141, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
WELBAUM, J. -2-
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Sebastian Cardenas, appeals from the judgment of the
Darke County Court of Common Pleas overruling his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
For the reasons outlined below, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} Cardenas is a 61-year-old Mexican citizen who has been a lawful, permanent
resident of the United States since 1989. He has a wife and three children who are all
United States citizens. Cardenas and his family have lived in Ansonia, Darke County,
Ohio, since approximately 2006.
{¶ 3} On February 25, 2011, the Darke County Grand Jury indicted Cardenas on
two counts of trafficking cocaine in an amount exceeding five grams but less than ten
grams, both felonies of the fourth degree, as well as one fifth-degree-felony count of
trafficking cocaine, all in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1). Although he initially pled not
guilty to the charges, on April 21, 2011, Cardenas entered into a plea agreement and pled
guilty to the two fourth-degree felony trafficking charges. In exchange for his plea, the
State dismissed the fifth-degree felony trafficking charge and agreed to not oppose a
presentence investigation. As part of the agreement, Cardenas also agreed to pay $375
to the Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory and $875 to the Darke County Sheriff’s
Office.
{¶ 4} Following Cardenas’s plea, on May 31, 2011, the trial court imposed a nine-
month prison term for each of Cardenas’s trafficking offenses. The trial court ordered
Cardenas’s prison terms to run concurrently for a total term of nine months in prison. -3-
The trial court also ordered Cardenas to pay the restitution that was agreed upon by the
parties.
{¶ 5} On March 30, 2015, three years after he had already completed his prison
sentence, Cardenas filed a motion with the trial court seeking to withdraw and vacate his
guilty plea. In the motion, Cardenas argued that the trial court did not properly advise
him at the plea hearing of the potential consequences his guilty plea would have on his
immigration status as required by R.C. 2943.031. Cardenas also argued that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel when his former attorney failed to properly
inform him of the possibility of deportation. In support of these claims, Cardenas
attached his own affidavit claiming he did not understand the deportation consequences
of entering his plea, as well as an affidavit from his former attorney who claimed that he
did not discuss the possibility of deportation with Cardenas. Cardenas also alleged that
he would not have pled guilty had he known that he would be subject to deportation.
{¶ 6} In addition to these claims, Cardenas further alleged in his affidavit that
approximately two weeks after his sentencing hearing he received a notice from the
Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) notifying him that he was charged with
removability and could be deported under the Immigration and Nationality Act as a result
of his conviction. According to Cardenas’s affidavit, this was the first time he became
aware that he could be deported and understood the serious nature of his plea.
{¶ 7} Cardenas also averred that on June 12, 2013, the immigration court ordered
him to be deported and he provided supporting documentation to that effect. The
affidavit and documentation further indicated that Cardenas appealed the order of
deportation, which the Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed on August 25, 2014. -4-
Cardenas claims he then appealed to the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals on
September 23, 2014. Cardenas filed his motion to withdraw guilty plea while the Sixth
Circuit appeal was pending. According to Cardenas, the Sixth Circuit ultimately denied
his petition on September 10, 2015.
{¶ 8} While the Sixth Circuit appeal was pending, on April 9, 2015, the trial court
held a hearing on Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty plea. Cardenas and his former
attorney appeared and testified at the hearing. Cardenas testified that his former
attorney never discussed the potential for deportation if he pled guilty. However,
Cardenas testified that the trial court advised him of the possibility of deportation at the
plea hearing and that he fully understood that he could be deported, but did not think he
would be because his attorney said he “probably wouldn’t have any problems.” Hearing
Trans. (Apr. 9, 2015), p. 32.
{¶ 9} In addition to this testimony, Cardenas’s former attorney testified that he did
not research whether Cardenas’s guilty plea would have immigration consequences and
did not explain to Cardenas that pleading guilty would subject him to deportation. The
attorney testified that he advised Cardenas that he would not be deported based on his
status as a lawful, permanent resident. His attorney also acknowledged that the trial
court advised Cardenas of the deportation consequences at the plea hearing and that
Cardenas was aware of the advisement. Additionally, Cardenas’s attorney claimed that
Cardenas did not ask him any questions about the trial court’s deportation advisement
and never asked him to withdraw his plea thereafter.
{¶ 10} During the hearing, both Cardenas and his former attorney also testified to
an alleged language barrier that they claim contributed to Cardenas’s misunderstanding. -5-
Cardenas’s attorney testified that Cardenas “didn’t really understand English” and that he
used Cardenas’s wife and daughter as interpreters during their meetings. Id. at 15.
Cardenas testified that Spanish is his “best” language and that his proficiency at English
is about 40 percent; however, he admitted to speaking some English at home with his
family. While Cardenas requested an interpreter for the motion hearing, he testified that
he did not request an interpreter for the plea hearing because he planned on using his
daughter as an interpreter, which the court did not allow.
{¶ 11} On May 8, 2015, following the hearing on Cardenas’s motion to withdraw
guilty plea, Cardenas filed a post-hearing memorandum in support of his motion. In the
memorandum, Cardenas conceded that the trial court provided a warning at the plea
hearing that substantially complied with the advisement in R.C. 2943.031(A) and that he
understood the advisement. Cardenas also clarified that he was not challenging the
court’s explanation of the warnings in R.C. 2943.031(A), but rather his former attorney’s
failure to research the immigration-related consequences of his guilty plea and failure to
advise him that deportation was a possibility.
{¶ 12} Three weeks later, on May 29, 2015, the trial court issued a written decision
denying Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty plea on grounds that: (1) the motion was
untimely; (2) the motion was barred by res judicata; (3) no language impediment existed
that kept Cardenas from understanding the deportation consequences of his plea; and
(4) Cardenas failed to demonstrate a manifest injustice through ineffective assistance of
counsel because his trial counsel did not provide deficient performance and Cardenas
suffered no prejudice. In so holding, the trial court noted that Cardenas was “gracious
to concede that the [trial court’s] non-literal reading of R.C. 2943.031 was * * * an effective -6-
communication of the rights and notices contained therein” and that Cardenas “agreed
that he understood the inquiry by the Court.” Judgment Entry Overruling Defendant’s
Motion to Withdraw Plea (May 29, 2015), Darke County Court of Common Pleas Case
No. 2011-CR-58, Docket No. 31, p. 12.
{¶ 13} Cardenas now appeals from the trial court’s decision denying his motion to
withdraw guilty plea, raising four arguments for our review. Although not designated as
assignments of error, Cardenas’s four arguments are summarized as follows:
1. The motion to withdraw guilty plea should have been granted
because the trial court failed to substantially comply with the
statutorily required advisements to noncitizens contained in R.C.
2943.031(A).
2. The trial court erred in finding the motion to withdraw guilty plea
untimely.
3. The motion to withdraw guilty plea should have been granted based
on ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
4. Res judicata does not bar the trial court from ruling on the motion to
withdraw guilty plea.1
II. Law and Analysis
{¶ 14} As a preliminary matter, we note that Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty
plea sought to withdraw his plea based on both R.C. 2943.031 and Crim.R. 32.1.
“Criminal defendants who are not United States citizens are permitted to withdraw a guilty
1 We reordered Cardenas’s arguments for purposes of clarity. -7-
plea in two distinct ways: (1) upon the finding that they were not given the warning
required by R.C. 2943.031(A)(1) (and that the court was not relieved of that requirement
under R.C. 2943.031(B)) of the potential consequences to their resident status in the
United States when they pled guilty to criminal charges (among other related
requirements contained in R.C. 2943.031(D)), or (2) when a court finds, pursuant to
Crim.R. 32.1, that it is necessary to correct manifest injustice.” (Footnotes omitted.)
State v. Toyloy, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-463, 2015-Ohio-1618, ¶ 12.
{¶ 15} Section (F) of R.C. 2943.031 “clarifies that the statute does not prevent a
trial court from granting a plea withdrawal under the procedural rule, Crim.R. 32.1.” Id.
Thus, R.C. 2943.031 provides “an independent means of withdrawing a guilty plea
separate and apart from and in addition to the requirements of Crim.R. 32.1.” State v.
Weber, 125 Ohio App.3d 120, 129, 707 N.E.2d 1178 (10th Dist.1997). Accordingly,
when a motion to withdraw plea is premised under R.C. 2943.031(D), the usual “manifest
injustice” standard applied to Crim.R. 32.1 motions does not apply; rather, the standards
in R.C. 2943.031 apply. State v. Francis, 104 Ohio St.3d 490, 2004-Ohio-6894, 820
N.E.2d 355, ¶ 26.
{¶ 16} However, regardless of whether the motion to withdraw plea is based on
R.C. 2943.031 or Crim.R. 32.1, an appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision on the
motion under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. at ¶ 32. Generally, “[a] trial court
abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or
arbitrary.” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34,
citing State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). The exercise of
discretion for motions based on R.C. 2943.031 applies to the trial court’s decision on -8-
whether the elements in section (D) of the statute have been established while
considering other factors such as timeliness. Francis at ¶ 34.
1. Substantial Compliance with R.C. 2943.031(A)
{¶ 17} Under his first claim, Cardenas contends the trial court abused its discretion
in overruling his motion to withdraw guilty plea because the trial court failed to comply
with R.C. 2943.031(A) by not properly advising him of the possible immigration-related
consequences of pleading guilty during the plea hearing. We disagree.
{¶ 18} Section (A) of R.C. 2943.031 provides the advisement a trial court is
required to give prior to accepting a plea from an offender who is not a citizen of the
United States. That section of the statute provides as follows:
Except as provided in division (B) of this section, prior to accepting a
plea of guilty or a plea of no contest to an indictment, information, or
complaint charging a felony or a misdemeanor other than a minor
misdemeanor if the defendant previously has not been convicted of or
pleaded guilty to a minor misdemeanor, the court shall address the
defendant personally, provide the following advisement to the defendant
that shall be entered in the record of the court, and determine that the
defendant understands the advisement:
“If you are not a citizen of the United States, you are hereby advised
that conviction of the offense to which you are pleading guilty (or no contest,
when applicable) may have the consequences of deportation, exclusion
from admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to -9-
the laws of the United States.”
R.C. 2943.031(A).
{¶ 19} Even though R.C. 2943.031(A) supplies specific language for the trial court
to use in warning a defendant of the possible immigration consequences of pleading
guilty, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that only substantial compliance with the
statute is necessary. Francis, 104 Ohio St.3d 490, 2004-Ohio-6894, 820 N.E.2d 355 at
¶ 46. Specifically, the Supreme Court held that:
[I]f some warning of immigration-related consequences was given at
the time a noncitizen defendant’s plea was accepted, but the warning was
not a verbatim recital of the language in R.C. 2943.031(A), a trial court
considering the defendant’s motion to withdraw the plea under R.C.
2943.031(D) must exercise its discretion in determining whether the trial
court that accepted the plea substantially complied with R.C. 2943.031(A).
“Substantial compliance means that under the totality of the circumstances
the defendant subjectively understands the implications of his plea and the
rights he is waiving. * * * The test is whether the plea would have otherwise
been made.” [State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474
(1990)]; see, also, [State v. Griggs, 103 Ohio St.3d 85, 2004-Ohio-4415,
814 N.E.2d 51, ¶ 12].
Francis at ¶ 48.
{¶ 20} Section (D) of R.C. 2943.031 details the consequences of a trial court’s
failure to comply with the advisement in section (A). Upon such a failure, the statute
requires the court to set aside the judgment and permit the defendant to withdraw his or -10-
her plea. R.C. 2943.031(D) provides that:
Upon motion of the defendant, the court shall set aside the judgment
and permit the defendant to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest and enter
a plea of not guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity, if, after the effective
date of this section, the court fails to provide the defendant the advisement
described in division (A) of this section, the advisement is required by that
division, and the defendant shows that he is not a citizen of the United
States and that the conviction of the offense to which he pleaded guilty or
no contest may result in his being subject to deportation, exclusion from
admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the
laws of the United States.
{¶ 21} “The clear and unambiguous language of subsection (D) of the statute
requires the trial court to set aside a conviction and allow the defendant to withdraw his
guilty plea if the following four requirements are met: ‘1) the court failed to provide the
advisement described in the statute; 2) the advisement was required to be given; 3) the
defendant is not a citizen of the United States, and 4) the offense to which the defendant
pled guilty may result in the defendant being subject to deportation, exclusion, or denial
of naturalization under federal immigration laws.’ ” State v. Ayupov, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 21621, 2007-Ohio-2347, ¶ 12, quoting Weber, 125 Ohio App.3d at 126, 707 N.E.2d
1178.
{¶ 22} Cardenas contends the trial court failed to substantially comply with the
advisement required by R.C. 2943.031(A) because he claims, at the plea hearing, the
court simply advised that he could be deported, but did not mention the other immigration- -11-
related consequences of his guilty plea. In support of his claim, Cardenas cites to State
v. Hernandez-Medina, 2d Dist. Clark No. 06CA0131, 2008-Ohio-418, a case in which we
held that the trial court did not substantially comply with the statutory advisement because
the court failed to mention two out of the three separate distinct consequences set forth
in the advisement, i.e., that the defendant’s guilty plea might result in exclusion from
admission to the United States or denial of naturalization. Id. at ¶ 30.
{¶ 23} In the present case, we are unable to determine what exactly the trial court
said to Cardenas at the plea hearing because Cardenas failed to file a transcript of the
hearing. However, it appears as though a transcript of the hearing exists because both
parties cited to it in either their appellate brief or memoranda filed with the trial court. In
fact, the State specifically cited to it while discussing the trial court’s alleged deportation
advisement.
{¶ 24} R.C. 2943.031(E) instructs that “[i]n the absence of a record that the court
provided the advisement described in division (A) of this section and if the advisement is
required by that division, the defendant shall be presumed not to have received the
advisement.” Here, it is questionable whether there is an “absence of a record that the
court provided the advisement” since it appears as though a record of the trial court’s
advisement exists, but was simply not provided to this court. This is in contrast to cases
where the defendant claims no record exists or the parties stipulate that the proceedings
were never transcribed. See, e.g., Cleveland Heights v. Roland, 197 Ohio App.3d 661,
2012-Ohio-170, 968 N.E.2d 564, ¶ 14, 19; State v. Lovano, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
100578, 2014-Ohio-3418, ¶ 2,10. Applying R.C. 2943.031(E) to the circumstances in
this case may encourage appellants to not provide appellate courts with the portions of -12-
the record that contain the trial court’s advisement.
{¶ 25} Nevertheless, we need not grapple with R.C. 2943.031(E) because
regardless of the missing plea hearing transcript, the fact remains that Cardenas
conceded during the lower-court proceedings that the trial court’s advisement at the plea
hearing substantially complied with R.C. 2943.031(A) and that he understood the
advisement. See Defendant’s Post-Hearing Memorandum (May 8, 2015), Darke County
Court of Common Pleas Case No. 2011 CR 00058, Docket No. 29, p. 2, 6. As a result
of this concession, the trial court did not specifically analyze the substantial compliance
issue in its decision, but merely noted that Cardenas conceded that the trial court’s
advisement effectively communicated the rights and notices contained in the statute.
Accordingly, the issue of substantial compliance with the advisement in R.C. 2943.031(A)
was waived by Cardenas and is not properly before this court. See State v. Willis, 12th
Dist. Butler No. CA2012-08-155, 2013-Ohio-2391, ¶ 16-17, citing State v. McMullen, 12th
Dist. Butler No. CA2009-09-235, 2010-Ohio-3369, ¶ 20-23 (finding an issue is waived for
appeal when a defendant raises the issue in his written motion, but then later concedes
at the motion hearing that he is no longer raising that issue); State v. Robinson, 7th Dist.
Mahoning No. 94-CA-42, 1998 WL 404216, * 3 (July 10, 1998) (finding the appellant
cannot appeal a conceded issue).
{¶ 26} Cardena’s first argument is overruled.
2. Timeliness of Cardenas’s Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea
{¶ 27} Under his second claim, Cardenas contends the trial court abused its
discretion in finding that his motion to withdraw guilty plea was untimely filed. We again -13-
disagree.
{¶ 28} The timeliness of a motion to withdraw guilty plea is a factor that should be
taken into account when determining whether it is appropriate to afford relief under R.C.
2943.031(D). Francis, 104 Ohio St.3d 490, 2004-Ohio-6894, 820 N.E.2d 355 at ¶ 40.
“The more time that passes between the defendant’s plea and the filing of the motion to
withdraw it, the more probable it is that evidence will become stale and that witnesses will
be unavailable.” Id. “It is certainly reasonable to require a criminal defendant who
seeks to withdraw a plea to do so in a timely fashion rather than delaying for an
unreasonable length of time.” Id. However, “[t]his is not a situation that requires a
bright-line rule. As one of many factors underlying the trial court’s exercise of discretion
in considering the motion to withdraw, timeliness of the motion will be of different
importance in each case, depending on the specific facts.” Id. at ¶ 42.
{¶ 29} The timeliness of a motion to withdraw guilty plea may also be considered
when determining whether a defendant may withdraw his or her plea pursuant to Crim.R.
32.1. While Crim.R. 32.1 does not prescribe a time limitation, an “ ‘undue delay between
the occurrence of the alleged cause for withdrawal of a guilty plea and the filing of a
motion under Crim.R. 32.1 is a factor adversely affecting the credibility of the movant and
militating against the granting of the motion.’ ” State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235, 2002-
Ohio-3993, 773 N.E.2d 522, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261, 361 N.E.2d
1324 (1977), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 30} In Ayupov, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21621, 2007-Ohio-2347, the defendant
filed his motion to withdraw guilty plea 14 months after first discovering that his
immigration status was at risk because of his conviction. Id. at ¶ 16. We held that the -14-
14-month delay was reasonable since the defendant had to retain new counsel and obtain
the video from his plea hearing to complete the record. Id.
{¶ 31} In State v. Huang, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99945, 2014-Ohio-1511, the
defendant was convicted of a domestic violence charge in 2001 following a no contest
plea and then was contacted by immigration authorities in 2004 regarding a removal
hearing. Id. at ¶ 3-4. The removal hearing was canceled and the defendant was
subsequently convicted of additional felony charges in 2009. Id. at ¶ 4. In 2011 and
2012, the defendant again received notices regarding deportation proceedings resulting
from his criminal history. Id. In December 2012, the defendant filed a motion to
withdraw his 2001 no contest plea on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel for
counsel’s failure to advise him of the immigration-related consequences of his plea. Id.
at ¶ 1, 5. In considering the defendant’s claim, the Eighth District found his 2012 motion
to withdraw guilty plea untimely. Id. at ¶ 16. The court held that the 2004 notice “alone
should have put Huang on notice that his legal issues were compromising his ability to
lawfully remain in the United States. Yet, despite this warning, Huang did not make any
effort to withdraw his no contest plea. It was only after his 2009 conviction for menacing
by stalking, followed by his receipt of the removal letters in 2011 and 2012, that Huang
decided to revisit his 2001 no contest plea.” Id.
{¶ 32} Similarly, in State v. Abukhalil, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97129, 2012-Ohio-
1639, the Eighth District held that a seven-year delay in filing a motion to withdraw guilty
plea was unreasonable. The defendant in that case filed an affidavit stating that he did
not understand the immigration consequences of his plea until he was ordered to be
deported from the United States, which occurred eight months after entering his guilty -15-
plea. Id. at ¶ 19. Because he filed his motion to withdraw guilty plea seven years after
that and provided no explanation for the delay, the court found the motion untimely. Id.
{¶ 33} However, in State v. Sibai, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84407, 2005-Ohio-2730,
the Eighth District determined that a defendant’s nine-year delay in filing a motion to
withdraw guilty plea was reasonable. The defendant in that case entered his plea in
1995 and did not seek to withdraw it until 2004. Id. at ¶ 10. The defendant got married
in 1997 and reported to the immigration office in order to change his status from “political
asylum” to “married.” At that time, the defendant told the immigration officer about his
felony and the officer instructed him to file a “waiver of his felony,” in which he indicated
he was the sole supporter of his family. Id. The waiver was never ruled on; yet, every
year, the defendant’s work permit was renewed. Id. In 2002, the defendant was notified
that all non-citizens were required to register with the Immigration Department, which the
defendant did. Id. Thereafter, he was arrested and told he was to be deported. Id.
The defendant’s motion to withdraw guilty plea was considered timely by the Eighth
District because the defendant was not notified that he was to be deported until
approximately 12 to 18 months prior to filing the motion. Id. at ¶ 12.
{¶ 34} In the present case, Cardenas was convicted and sentenced on May 31,
2011, and he completed his prison sentence sometime in February 2012. Approximately
two weeks after his conviction, in June 2011, the DHS issued a notice advising him that
he could be deported under the Immigration and Nationality Act as a result of his
conviction. Cardenas averred in his affidavit attached to his motion to withdraw guilty
plea that upon receiving that notice, he understood for the first time that he could actually
be deported. Cardenas secured an immigration attorney 17 months later in November -16-
2012, and was ordered deported on June 12, 2013, a decision which he appealed.
Cardenas, however, waited until March 30, 2015, almost four years after receiving the
DHS notice, two and half years after obtaining an immigration attorney, and almost two
years after he was ordered deported, before filing his motion to withdraw guilty plea.
{¶ 35} We find the facts of this case to be more akin to the facts in Abukhalil and
Huang and distinguishable from those in Sibai. Cardenas’s four-year delay in filing his
motion to withdraw guilty plea is also in stark contrast to the 14-month delay in Ayupov.
Although Cardenas was in the process of appealing the immigration court’s deportation
decision and hoped to obtain relief through that system, under the specific circumstances
of this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Cardenas’s delay in
filing his motion to withdraw guilty plea was unreasonable.
{¶ 36} Cardenas’s second argument is overruled.
3. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
{¶ 37} Under his third claim, Cardenas contends he should have been permitted
to withdraw his guilty plea on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel because his
former attorney failed to properly advise him that he could be deported as a result of
pleading guilty. This claim was brought pursuant to Crim.R. 32.1, which provides that
“[a] motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest may be made only before sentence
is imposed; but to correct manifest injustice the court after sentence may set aside the
judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.” As a result,
because Cardenas moved to withdraw his plea after sentencing, the trial court was
required to determine whether granting the motion would correct a manifest injustice. -17-
{¶ 38} It is well established that “[i]neffective assistance of counsel can constitute
manifest injustice sufficient to allow the post-sentence withdrawal of a guilty plea.” State
v. Banks, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25188, 2013-Ohio-2116, ¶ 9, citing State v. Dalton,
153 Ohio App.3d 286, 2003-Ohio-3813, 793 N.E.2d 509, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.). To establish
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must satisfy the two-pronged
test in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674
(1984). The defendant must show that (1) defense counsel’s performance was so
deficient that he was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed under the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, and (2) that defense counsel’s errors
prejudiced the defendant. Id. The failure to make either showing defeats a claim of
ineffectiveness of trial counsel. Id.
{¶ 39} With respect to the first prong, deficient performance, it has been held that
“[a] defense attorney has a duty to advise a noncitizen client that ‘pending criminal
charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences,’ and, if it is ‘truly clear’
what those consequences are, counsel must correctly advise the defendant of the
consequences.” State v. Galdamez, 2015-Ohio-3681, 41 N.E.3d 467, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.),
quoting Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 369, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010).
“A defense attorney's failure to advise their client accordingly satisfies the first prong of
Strickland, as it constitutes deficient performance.” Id. Accord State v. Ayesta, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 101383, 2015-Ohio-1695, ¶ 15, citing Padilla at 373-374 (providing
misadvice about immigration consequences or failing to advise at all of potential
deportation consequences associated with a plea satisfies the first prong of Strickland).
{¶ 40} In this case, Cardenas’s former attorney testified and provided an affidavit -18-
averring that he did not advise Cardenas that he may be subject to deportation.
However, counsel also testified that he told Cardenas he would not be deported as a
result of his status as a lawful, permanent resident. Cardenas testified that his former
attorney never discussed the potential for deportation with him. However, Cardenas also
testified that his attorney told him he “probably wouldn’t have any problems” with respect
to deportation. Hearing Trans. (Apr. 9, 2015), p. 32. Based on the evidence of record,
we find that Cardenas’s trial counsel rendered deficient performance in either failing to
advise or misadvising Cardenas on the possible deportation consequences of his plea,
thus satisfying the first prong of the Strickland test.
{¶ 41} With respect to the second prong of the Strickland test, a defendant may
demonstrate prejudice from entering a guilty plea by demonstrating that “ ‘there is a
reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty.’ ”
State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 524, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992), quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474
U.S. 52, 59, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985). In the specific context of a defense
counsel failing to advise a defendant of the potential immigration consequences of
entering a plea, the United States Supreme Court has held that a defendant demonstrates
prejudice by convincing “the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain would have
been rational under the circumstances.” Padilla, 559 U.S. 372, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176
L.Ed.2d 284. Accord Galdamez at ¶ 17.
{¶ 42} In undergoing the rationality analysis, the Tenth District in Galdamez took
certain factors into consideration, including: (1) whether the timing of the defendant’s
motion to withdraw plea bolsters his assertion that he would not have entered the plea
had he received competent advice from counsel; (2) whether a guilty plea automatically -19-
subjects the defendant to deportation, thus making it rational for a defendant to take his
chances at trial rather than subject himself to automatic deportation; and (3) the likeliness
of a favorable outcome at trial had the defendant not pled guilty, as it would not be rational
for a defendant to forgo a plea bargain and go to trial if a defendant faces overwhelming
evidence of his guilt. Galdamez, 2015-Ohio-3681, 41 N.E.3d 467 at ¶ 37-42.
{¶ 43} As to the timing of Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty plea, we have
already determined that the delay in filing his motion is unreasonable. Accordingly, the
delay does not weigh in favor of withdrawing his plea nor bolster his assertion that he
would not have pled guilty had he received competent advice from his former attorney.
This is particularly true here considering Cardenas admitted that he fully understood that
he could be deported once he received the June 2011 DHS notice, yet waited almost four
years after that to file his motion to withdraw guilty plea.
{¶ 44} The second factor—whether Cardenas would automatically be subject to
deportation as a result of his plea—however, supports finding that he would not have
otherwise entered his guilty plea had his counsel not rendered deficient performance.
The record indicates that the DHS notified Cardenas that he was subject to deportation
under sections 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) and 237(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act,
which are codified in the United States Code as 8 U.S.C.A. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), and 8
U.S.C.A. §1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Section 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) provides that “[a]ny alien who is
convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after admission is deportable.” Likewise,
Section 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) provides that “[a]ny alien who at any time after admission has
been convicted of a violation of * * * any law or regulation of a State, the United States,
or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance * * * other than a single offense -20-
involving possession for one’s own use of 30 grams or less of marijuana, is deportable.”
{¶ 45} We note that an “aggravated felony” includes “illicit trafficking in a controlled
substance * * * including a drug trafficking crime * * *.” 8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(43)(B). A
“controlled substance” is defined as “a drug or other substance, or immediate precursor,
included in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of part B of this subchapter.” 21 U.S.C.A. § 802(6).
Pursuant to 21 U.S.C.A. § 812(c), cocaine is a schedule II controlled substance.
Therefore, Cardenas’s conviction for trafficking between five and ten grams of cocaine
qualifies as an “aggravated felony.”
{¶ 46} While the use of the word “deportable” in the aforementioned code
provisions indicates that deportation is not a certainty or immediate, in analyzing the same
term in a similar provision of the United States Code, the Eighth District Court of Appeals
explained that:
While the word “deportable,” in its most literal interpretation, means “able to
be deported,” as the United States Supreme Court has recognized, the
practical result of such a conviction is that the alien almost always will be
deported. See Padilla at 360-364 (explaining how federal law has changed
since the 1990s and stating that “[u]nder contemporary law, if a noncitizen
has committed a removable offense * * * his removal is practically inevitable
but for the possible exercise of limited remnants of equitable discretion
vested in the Attorney General to cancel removal for noncitizens convicted
of particular classes of offenses. See 8 U.S.C. 1229b.” Courts have been
describing the level of certainty of deportation for deportable offenses as
“virtually automatic” and “unavoidable,” United States v. Couto, 311 F.3d -21-
179, 184 (2d Cir.2002), “certain,” INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct.
2271, 150 L.Ed.2d 347, 325 (2001), and “presumptively mandatory,”
Hernandez v. State, 124 So.3d 757, 763 (Fla.2012).
Ayesta, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101383, 2015-Ohio-1695 at ¶ 7.
{¶ 47} Based on the prevailing view, we find that it would be reasonable to believe
that Cardenas, a lawful, permanent resident of the United States for 27 years with a wife
and three children who are all United States citizens, would likely have taken his chance
at trial rather than risk the high likelihood of being deported and separated from his family.
Cardenas averred the same in his affidavit. Thus, in that respect, it would have been
rational for Cardenas to reject the plea offer had he known he would likely be deported
once convicted.
{¶ 48} However, the third factor of considering the outcome of trial does not weigh
in Cardenas’s favor. While the plea and sentencing hearing transcripts were not filed in
this appeal, the record nevertheless includes a motion filed by the State requesting the
release of $675 held by the Darke County Sheriff’s Office that gives insight into the
circumstances underlying the charges against Cardenas. The motion indicates that
Cardenas’s trafficking charges stemmed from a search warrant that was executed at his
home after the Darke County Drug Task Force engaged in several controlled drug
purchases at his residence. Based on this information, it is reasonable to assume that
the State had a strong case against Cardenas. Furthermore, there is nothing in the
record indicating that Cardenas had a defense to the trafficking charges. Accordingly,
the record indicates that a favorable outcome at trial would have been highly unlikely,
thus making the decision to reject a plea agreement irrational. -22-
{¶ 49} We also note that while Ohio courts have previously held that a trial court’s
proper advisement under R.C. 2943.031 cures the prejudice resulting from an attorney’s
deficient performance, more recently, Ohio courts and federal courts have begun to back
away from that principle and are holding that a proper advisement may preclude a finding
of prejudice. Galdamez, 2015-Ohio-3681, 41 N.E.3d 467 at ¶ 25; Ayesta, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 101383, 2015-Ohio-1695 at ¶ 20; State v. Yapp, 2015-Ohio-1654, 32
N.E.3d 996, ¶ 16 (8th Dist.); State v. Arrunategui, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26547, 2013-
Ohio-1525, ¶ 15; United States v. Batamula, 788 F.3d 166 (5th Cir.2015), rehearing en
banc granted, 805 F.3d 611 (5th Cir.2015), on rehearing en banc, 823 F.3d 237 (5th
Cir.2016); United States v. Kayode, 777 F.3d 719, 728-29 (5th Cir.2014) (while judicial
admonishments [regarding the possible deportation consequences of a plea] are not a
substitute for effective assistance of counsel, they are relevant under the second
Strickland prong in determining whether a defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s error).
As previously discussed, Cardenas conceded that the trial court in this case substantially
complied with the advisement in R.C. 2943.031(A), and while not determinative, this fact
weighs against a finding of prejudice.
{¶ 50} Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding no manifest miscarriage of justice with respect to
Cardenas’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Although the trial court incorrectly
found that Cardenas’s trial counsel did not render deficient performance, it correctly
determined that Cardenas failed to establish the prejudice prong of the Strickland
analysis, albeit for different reasons. See State v. Hall, 2d Dist. Miami No. 97 CA 22,
1997 WL 691509, *1 (Oct. 24, 1997), citing Newcomb v. Dredge, 105 Ohio App. 417, 152 -23-
N.E.2d 801 (2d Dist.1957) (“[i]f a trial court has stated an erroneous basis for its judgment,
an appellate court will affirm the judgment if it is legally correct on other grounds, that is,
when it achieves the right result for the wrong reasons”).
{¶ 51} The unreasonable delay in filing his motion to withdraw guilty plea, the
unlikelihood of him succeeding at trial, and his professed understanding of the trial court’s
substantially compliant R.C. 2943.031 advisement does not support Cardenas’s claim
that he would not have accepted the plea agreement and entered a guilty plea had his
attorney correctly advised him that deportation was indeed a possibility. We find that the
strongest evidence to that effect is that Cardenas did not seek to withdraw his plea at a
reasonable time after he was notified by the DHS that he was subject to deportation.
{¶ 52} Cardenas’s third argument is overruled.
4. Res Judicata
{¶ 53} Under his fourth claim, Cardenas contends the trial court erred in finding
that his motion to withdraw guilty plea was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. This
claim is moot because despite the trial court concluding that res judicata barred the
motion, the trial court still ruled on the merits of Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty plea
and properly overruled it.
{¶ 54} Cardenas’s fourth argument is overruled.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 55} Having overruled all of Cardenas’s arguments, the judgment of the trial
court overruling Cardenas’s motion to withdraw guilty plea is affirmed. -24-
HALL, J., concurs.
DONOVAN, P.J., dissenting.
{¶ 56} I respectfully dissent. Simply put, Cardenas was the victim of ineffective
assistance of counsel at every stage of the instant proceedings. Moreover, in view of
the totality of the circumstances surrounding Cardenas’ ill-advised guilty plea and
subsequent lengthy deportation proceedings, I find that the four-year delay in filing his
motion to withdraw his guilty plea was not unreasonable.
{¶ 57} I agree with the majority that Attorney Finnarn’s failure to inform or
misadvising Cardenas that he would be subject to deportation if he pled to, and was
subsequently found guilty of three counts of trafficking constituted ineffective assistance.
At the hearing for Cardenas’ motion to withdraw his guilty pleas held on April 9, 2015,
Attorney Finnarn testified that he never discussed the possibility of deportation with the
defendant. Specifically, Finnarn testified that Cardenas was not subject to deportation
because he possessed a social security card, and he was disabled. Finnarn’s advice to
Cardenas that he “probably wouldn’t have any problems” regarding deportation is clearly
ineffective given Cardenas’ lack of knowledge with respect to the deportation process.
Thus, the first prong of Strickland is satisfied.
{¶ 58} However, with respect to Strickland’s second prong, I believe that the
majority has incorrectly found that Cardenas was not prejudiced by Attorney Finnarn’s
concededly deficient counseling. As a result of Attorney Finnarn’s deficient
performance, Cardenas pled guilty to the charges instead of exercising his constitutional
right to trial. Upon being found guilty after his pleas, Cardenas was subject to removal -25-
proceedings. Cardenas asserts that, if he had received correct advice regarding the
consequences of his pleas, he would not have pled guilty, and would have taken his case
to trial. In determining prejudice, we must ask whether a decision to reject the plea would
have been rational under the circumstances. Padilla at 372, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed. 2d
284. Here, Cardenas had nothing to lose and everything to gain by taking his case to
trial, especially in light of the fact that he was automatically subject to deportation upon
being found guilty. Galdamez, 2015-Ohio-3681, 41 N.E.3d 467, ¶ 39 (10th Dist.).
Cardenas has been a lawful, permanent resident of the United States since he was
married to a U.S. citizen and has a family. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that
Cardenas would have decided to take his chances at trial, rather than subject himself to
automatic deportation.
{¶ 59} I’d also find that Cardenas’ four year delay in filing his motion to withdraw
was reasonable under the circumstances presented in the instant case. First, it is
significant to note that R.C. 2943.031 provides no time limit regarding when a defendant
may file a motion to withdraw a guilty plea based upon their attorney’s failure to advise
him of the potential for deportation. State v. Francis, 104 Ohio St.3d 490, 2004-Ohio-
6894, 820 N.E.2d 355. However, even a considerable delay in filing the motion to
withdraw will not support a denial of said motion when the guilty plea will result in
immigration-related consequences which did not become evident for some time after the
plea was entered. State v. Khan, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21718, 2007-Ohio-4208, ¶ 39.
{¶ 60} Here, Cardenas entered his pleas on April 21, 2011, and was sentenced to
an aggregate nine month sentence on May 31, 2011. While he was incarcerated, the
DHS issued a deportation notice to Cardenas on June 11, 2011. Cardenas first -26-
appeared before the immigration court on November 7, 2012. After a series of motions
and administrative hearings, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), on August 24, 2014,
dismissed his appeal of the DHS’s decision ordering his deportation to Mexico.
Thereafter, Cardenas appealed the decision from the BIA in the Sixth Circuit Court of
Appeals in September of 2014. The Sixth Circuit granted a stay of the Immigration
Court’s removal order on December 18, 2014. While the appeal was pending in the Sixth
Circuit, Cardenas filed his motion to withdraw his guilty plea in the Darke County Court of
Common Pleas on March 30, 2015.
{¶ 61} Simply put, Cardenas exhausted all of his administrative remedies before
pursuing the withdrawal of his plea. Therefore, I cannot conclude that Cardenas’
conduct was dilatory. Once it became clear that his administrative path was foreclosed,
he quickly filed his motion to withdraw based upon the fact the he was not advised by the
trial court, or his admittedly deficient counsel, that he would be subject to automatic
deportation upon pleading guilty to the instant offenses. On these facts, the timing of
Cardenas’ motion to withdraw was reasonable and justified. Similar to the defendant in
Sibai, wherein the appellate court held that a ten-year delay was reasonable, Cardenas’
guilty pleas had significant immigration consequences that were not apparent until several
years after he entered his plea. Id. at 2005-Ohio-2730, ¶ 12-13.
{¶ 62} Accordingly, I would reverse.
............. -27-
Copies mailed to:
Deborah S. Quigley Karen D. Bradley Hon. Jonathan P. Hein