[Cite as State v. Campbell, 2015-Ohio-3381.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellant : Appellate Case No. 26497 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 14-CRB-1626 : AARON CAMPBELL : (Criminal Appeal from : Dayton Municipal Court) Defendant-Appellee : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 21st day of August, 2015.
LYNN R. DONALDSON, Atty. Reg. No. 0041507, and STEPHANIE L. COOK, Atty. Reg. No. 0067101, by MATTHEW O. KORTJOHN, Atty. Reg. No. 0083743, Dayton City Attorney’s Office, 335 West Third Street, room 372, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant
JULIA J. MARTIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0084156, Law Office of the Public Defender, 117 South Main Street, Suite 400, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} The State of Ohio appeals the trial court order suppressing Aaron Campbell’s -2- admission to police officers that he had been drinking alcohol, which lead to Campbell
being charged with underage consumption of alcohol. The trial court found that Campbell
was subjected to custodial interrogation without being given Miranda warnings. The State
does not dispute that Miranda warnings were not given but contends that the warnings
were not required because Campbell was not “in custody.” We agree and reverse the
suppression order.
I. Facts
{¶ 2} Around 1:00 a.m. on March 16, 2014, University of Dayton Police Officer
Tom Weber was patrolling a residential neighborhood near the University of Dayton
campus when he noticed Campbell and two females near Campbell’s car, which was
parked along the sidewalk. The two females were getting into the car, and as Officer
Weber approached in his cruiser he saw one of them drop an open container of alcohol on
the ground before she got in. Weber stopped his cruiser in the middle of the street and
approached Campbell, who had not yet gotten in the car.
{¶ 3} Officer Weber asked Campbell for his identification and asked how old he
was. Campbell handed over his ID, telling him that he was eighteen years old. Weber then
turned his attention to the two females. While Weber was talking to them, Campbell
interrupted several times, trying to get Weber’s attention and trying to get the girls to be
cooperative. So when Officer Orrill arrived on the scene, Weber told Campbell to sit on
the sidewalk while he dealt with the two females. Orrill stood near Campbell and spoke to
him. Officer Weber soon learned that the two females were under the legal drinking age,
so he arrested them both for underage consumption.
{¶ 4} After the girls were arrested, Weber turned his attention back to Campbell. -3- Weber asked Officer Orrill if Campbell had been drinking, and Orrill replied that Weber
had told him that he had not been. But when Officer Weber asked Campbell if a
breathalyzer test would show the same, Campbell admitted that “he had a couple of
drinks.” (Suppression Hearing Tr. 14). Weber eventually had Campbell taken to the
campus police station, where Campbell’s parents picked him up.
{¶ 5} Campbell was charged with one count of underage consumption, in violation
of R.C. 4301.69(E), to which he pleaded not guilty. Campbell then filed a motion to
suppress the incriminating statements that he made to the police officers at the time of the
stop. An evidentiary hearing was held at which Officer Weber testified and a DVD of the
audio and video from the body camera that he was wearing was admitted as an exhibit.1
The State stipulated to the fact that Campbell was not given Miranda warnings. The trial
court issued a written decision on November 20, 2014, finding that during the encounter
Campbell was “was not free to go” and therefore Miranda warnings were required before
questioning that resulted in the incriminating statements. Because he had not been given
Miranda warnings, the trial court suppressed all the statements that Campbell made to
the police officers, sustaining Campbell’s suppression motion.
{¶ 6} The State appealed.
II. Analysis
{¶ 7} The State assigns a single error to the trial court. It alleges that the court
erred by granting Campbell’s motion to suppress. The State contends that the trial court
incorrectly found that when officers asked Campbell if he had been drinking, Campbell
was in custody for purposes of Miranda.
1 We watched and listened to the recorded encounter. -4-
{¶ 8} Typically, in reviewing a trial court’s suppression decision, “an appellate
court must accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent,
credible evidence * * * [and] must then independently determine * * * whether the facts
satisfy the applicable legal standard.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio
St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. But we have said that, “in the particular
area of custodial interrogations, * * * whether a suspect is in custody is a mixed question
of fact and law entitled to independent review.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Estepp, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 16279, 1997 WL 736501, *2 (Nov. 26, 1997); see Thompson v.
Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 102, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995).
{¶ 9} Police are not required to give Miranda warnings to every person they
question, even if the person is a suspect. State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 440, 678
N.E.2d 891 (1997). “Only custodial interrogation triggers the need for Miranda warnings.”
(Emphasis sic.) (Citations omitted.) Id. That is so because the Miranda doctrine applies
only in situations that put pressure on a detained person sufficient to “impair his free
exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his
constitutional rights.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 437, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82
L.Ed.2d 317 (1984).
{¶ 10} An investigative stop, a “Terry stop,” does not put this kind of pressure on a
person. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A police
officer “whose ‘observations lead him reasonably to suspect’ that a particular person has
committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime, may detain that person briefly in
order to ‘investigate the circumstances that provoke suspicion.’ ” Berkemer at 439, -5- quoting United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 881, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d
607 (1975). In this situation, the police officer is not required to give the person Miranda
warnings before asking questions, because of the “comparatively nonthreatening
character of detentions of this sort.” Id. As we have said, “[g]eneral, on-the-scene
questioning of persons concerning events that have happened does not ordinarily fall
within the ambit of custodial interrogation.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Barnett, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 14019, 1994 WL 567551, *4 (Aug. 31, 1994). Analogously, the
“noncoercive aspect of ordinary traffic stops” means that “persons temporarily detained
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[Cite as State v. Campbell, 2015-Ohio-3381.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellant : Appellate Case No. 26497 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 14-CRB-1626 : AARON CAMPBELL : (Criminal Appeal from : Dayton Municipal Court) Defendant-Appellee : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 21st day of August, 2015.
LYNN R. DONALDSON, Atty. Reg. No. 0041507, and STEPHANIE L. COOK, Atty. Reg. No. 0067101, by MATTHEW O. KORTJOHN, Atty. Reg. No. 0083743, Dayton City Attorney’s Office, 335 West Third Street, room 372, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant
JULIA J. MARTIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0084156, Law Office of the Public Defender, 117 South Main Street, Suite 400, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} The State of Ohio appeals the trial court order suppressing Aaron Campbell’s -2- admission to police officers that he had been drinking alcohol, which lead to Campbell
being charged with underage consumption of alcohol. The trial court found that Campbell
was subjected to custodial interrogation without being given Miranda warnings. The State
does not dispute that Miranda warnings were not given but contends that the warnings
were not required because Campbell was not “in custody.” We agree and reverse the
suppression order.
I. Facts
{¶ 2} Around 1:00 a.m. on March 16, 2014, University of Dayton Police Officer
Tom Weber was patrolling a residential neighborhood near the University of Dayton
campus when he noticed Campbell and two females near Campbell’s car, which was
parked along the sidewalk. The two females were getting into the car, and as Officer
Weber approached in his cruiser he saw one of them drop an open container of alcohol on
the ground before she got in. Weber stopped his cruiser in the middle of the street and
approached Campbell, who had not yet gotten in the car.
{¶ 3} Officer Weber asked Campbell for his identification and asked how old he
was. Campbell handed over his ID, telling him that he was eighteen years old. Weber then
turned his attention to the two females. While Weber was talking to them, Campbell
interrupted several times, trying to get Weber’s attention and trying to get the girls to be
cooperative. So when Officer Orrill arrived on the scene, Weber told Campbell to sit on
the sidewalk while he dealt with the two females. Orrill stood near Campbell and spoke to
him. Officer Weber soon learned that the two females were under the legal drinking age,
so he arrested them both for underage consumption.
{¶ 4} After the girls were arrested, Weber turned his attention back to Campbell. -3- Weber asked Officer Orrill if Campbell had been drinking, and Orrill replied that Weber
had told him that he had not been. But when Officer Weber asked Campbell if a
breathalyzer test would show the same, Campbell admitted that “he had a couple of
drinks.” (Suppression Hearing Tr. 14). Weber eventually had Campbell taken to the
campus police station, where Campbell’s parents picked him up.
{¶ 5} Campbell was charged with one count of underage consumption, in violation
of R.C. 4301.69(E), to which he pleaded not guilty. Campbell then filed a motion to
suppress the incriminating statements that he made to the police officers at the time of the
stop. An evidentiary hearing was held at which Officer Weber testified and a DVD of the
audio and video from the body camera that he was wearing was admitted as an exhibit.1
The State stipulated to the fact that Campbell was not given Miranda warnings. The trial
court issued a written decision on November 20, 2014, finding that during the encounter
Campbell was “was not free to go” and therefore Miranda warnings were required before
questioning that resulted in the incriminating statements. Because he had not been given
Miranda warnings, the trial court suppressed all the statements that Campbell made to
the police officers, sustaining Campbell’s suppression motion.
{¶ 6} The State appealed.
II. Analysis
{¶ 7} The State assigns a single error to the trial court. It alleges that the court
erred by granting Campbell’s motion to suppress. The State contends that the trial court
incorrectly found that when officers asked Campbell if he had been drinking, Campbell
was in custody for purposes of Miranda.
1 We watched and listened to the recorded encounter. -4-
{¶ 8} Typically, in reviewing a trial court’s suppression decision, “an appellate
court must accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent,
credible evidence * * * [and] must then independently determine * * * whether the facts
satisfy the applicable legal standard.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio
St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. But we have said that, “in the particular
area of custodial interrogations, * * * whether a suspect is in custody is a mixed question
of fact and law entitled to independent review.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Estepp, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 16279, 1997 WL 736501, *2 (Nov. 26, 1997); see Thompson v.
Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 102, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995).
{¶ 9} Police are not required to give Miranda warnings to every person they
question, even if the person is a suspect. State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 440, 678
N.E.2d 891 (1997). “Only custodial interrogation triggers the need for Miranda warnings.”
(Emphasis sic.) (Citations omitted.) Id. That is so because the Miranda doctrine applies
only in situations that put pressure on a detained person sufficient to “impair his free
exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his
constitutional rights.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 437, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82
L.Ed.2d 317 (1984).
{¶ 10} An investigative stop, a “Terry stop,” does not put this kind of pressure on a
person. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A police
officer “whose ‘observations lead him reasonably to suspect’ that a particular person has
committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime, may detain that person briefly in
order to ‘investigate the circumstances that provoke suspicion.’ ” Berkemer at 439, -5- quoting United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 881, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d
607 (1975). In this situation, the police officer is not required to give the person Miranda
warnings before asking questions, because of the “comparatively nonthreatening
character of detentions of this sort.” Id. As we have said, “[g]eneral, on-the-scene
questioning of persons concerning events that have happened does not ordinarily fall
within the ambit of custodial interrogation.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Barnett, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 14019, 1994 WL 567551, *4 (Aug. 31, 1994). Analogously, the
“noncoercive aspect of ordinary traffic stops” means that “persons temporarily detained
pursuant to such stops are not ‘in custody’ for the purposes of Miranda.” Berkemer at 440.
{¶ 11} Of course, a person who has been detained initially for investigatory
purposes or pursuant to a traffic stop may thereafter be subjected to treatment that
renders the person “in custody” and thus be entitled to the protections of Miranda. See id.
Whether the person is “in custody” depends on “ ‘how a reasonable man in the suspect’s
position would have understood his situation.’ ” Biros at 440, quoting Berkemer at 442.
Whether a person is free to go is only part of the equation. Although a person “may not
have been free to go, the fact that he was being detained does not necessarily mean that
he was in custody.” State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2001 CA 55, 2001 WL
1562089 (Dec. 7, 2001). The person is in custody for Miranda purposes if “ ‘there is a
“formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement” of the degree associated with a
formal arrest.’ ” Biros at 440, quoting California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103
S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983).
{¶ 12} Here, we see nothing in the record that suggests that Campbell should have
been given Miranda warnings before he admitted to drinking alcohol. The initial stop, by -6- itself, did not render him “in custody.” And there is little evidence that between the time of
the stop and time of his admission Campbell was restrained to a degree associated with a
formal arrest. Undoubtedly the officer was officious in the encounter. But Campbell was
neither handcuffed nor told that he was under arrest. He was not detained in a police car.
Only about 15 minutes elapsed between the stop and Campbell being taken to the police
station for his parents to pick him up. No other aspects of the interaction between
Campbell and the police officers support the trial court’s finding that Campbell was
subjected to custodial interrogation at the scene of the stop. Campbell’s treatment
“cannot fairly be characterized as the functional equivalent of formal arrest.” Berkemer,
468 U.S. at 442, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317.
{¶ 13} Campbell was not “in custody” for purposes of Miranda when he admitted to
drinking alcohol. Consequently, the trial court erred by suppressing Campbell’s
admission.
{¶ 14} The sole assignment of error is sustained.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 15} The trial court’s judgment is reversed. This case is remanded for further
proceedings.
WELBAUM, J., concurs.
DONOVAN, J., dissenting: {¶ 16} I disagree. Based on the evidence, the trial court could have reasonably
concluded that Campbell was in custody and not free to leave. In my view, Campbell -7- was deprived of his freedom of movement in a significant way when he was ordered to “sit
on the ground,” with an officer standing nearby (or over him). In a routine traffic stop,
drivers are not ordered to sit on the ground for fifteen minutes. Furthermore, in a routine
traffic stop, five officers are not present. Here, both bike patrol officers and a second
cruiser came to the scene. The two juvenile females were cuffed and taken into custody
in Campbell’s presence. As aptly and specifically noted in appellee’s brief, the police
dominated the situation, Campbell’s vehicle was searched, and Officer Weber retained
his driver’s license.
{¶ 17} Further, besides the officious tone noted by the majority, I would find that
the stop rose to the level of “coercive conditions.” Campbell was intimidated into making
incriminating statements by the threat that he would be locked up with “murderers and
rapists.”2
{¶ 18} This was not a temporary, non-police dominated interview as envisioned in
Berkemer. It is inconceivable that a person facing Campbell’s situation would conclude
that he was just free to walk away. I acknowledge that “in the absence of coercive
conditions * * * the short detention involved in a traffic stop falls outside the scope of
Miranda * * *.” State v. Campbell, 2d Dist. Clark No. 94-CA-78, 1995 WL 472142, * 4
(Aug. 9, 1995). This stop does not, however, in my view, fall outside the scope of
Miranda. I agree with the trial court. Campbell was “at the mercy of the police.” Id.
..........
2 An eighteen-year-old without a criminal history would not be astute enough to know that someone accused of underage consumption would not be housed in the same pod with violent offenders such as “murderers and rapists.” -8-
Copies mailed to: Lynn R. Donaldson Stephanie L. Cook Matthew O. Kortjohn Julia J. Martin Hon. Daniel G. Gehres