State v. Cabral

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. No. 35,878 5 KEVIN CABRAL, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Briana Zamora, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 The Law Offices of Ramsey & Hoon, LLC 13 Twila A. Hoon 14 Albuquerque, NM

15 for Appellant 16 MEMORANDUM OPINION 17 ZAMORA, Judge. 18 {1} Defendant appeals from the district court’s affirmance of his convictions after 19 a bench trial in metropolitan court for driving while under the influence of

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1 intoxicating liquor (DWI), no driver’s license, and driving a vehicle at night without 2 headlights. This Court issued a calendar notice proposing summary affirmance. 3 Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition to this Court’s notice of proposed 4 disposition, which we have duly considered. Unpersuaded, we affirm. 5 {2} In our calendar notice, we noted that the district court issued a thorough, well- 6 reasoned memorandum opinion, presenting the facts and arguments of the case and 7 the district court’s analysis in response thereto. [CN 2] After observing that Defendant 8 raised the same issues in his appeal to this Court as he did in his on-record appeal to 9 the district court, we proposed to agree with the district court in its factual 10 presentation, analysis, and conclusion. [CN 2] Consequently, we proposed to adopt 11 the district court’s memorandum opinion for purposes of this appeal. [CN 2] 12 {3} We invited Defendant to present any specific objections to the facts or the law 13 as presented by the district court in its memorandum opinion—as he would to any 14 other proposed disposition from this Court—with a memorandum in opposition filed 15 within the time allowed. [CN 2-3] See Hennessy v. Duryea, 1998-NMCA-036, ¶ 24, 16 124 N.M. 754, 955 P.2d 683 (“Our courts have repeatedly held that, in summary 17 calendar cases, the burden is on the party opposing the proposed disposition to clearly 18 point out errors in fact or law.”). In response to this Court’s calendar notice, 19 Defendant has filed a memorandum in opposition, reiterating his arguments with

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1 respect to each of the five issues he raised on appeal: (1) the metropolitan court abused 2 its discretion in admitting the breath card into evidence; (2) the metropolitan court 3 erred in finding that the twenty-minute deprivation period was met; (3) there was 4 insufficient evidence to support Defendant’s conviction for no driver’s license; (4) 5 there was insufficient evidence to support Defendant’s conviction for driving while 6 impaired to the slightest degree; and (5) Defendant was arrested without probable 7 cause. [MIO 2-12] 8 {4} After review of the arguments laid out in the memorandum in opposition, it 9 does not appear that Defendant has pointed out error in law or fact—or otherwise 10 presented us with any arguments not already presented to the district court—with 11 respect to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the DWI conviction and with 12 respect to the alleged lack of probable cause to support his arrest. [See MIO 9-12; see 13 also RP 126-7] Because we are not convinced that our proposed disposition is 14 incorrect on these two issues, we affirm. See id. Defendant has, however, made 15 additional arguments on the remaining issues, asserting error in our application of the 16 law. We address each in turn. 17 {5} First, Defendant continues to argue that the metropolitan court erred in 18 admitting the breath card into evidence because Officer Trahan did not testify that the 19 gas canister attached to the breath test instrument was approved by the Scientific

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1 Laboratory Division (SLD). [MIO 2-3] While he acknowledges that we held in State 2 v. Hobbs, 2016-NMCA-022, ¶ 22, 366 P.3d 304, that the State need not make a 3 threshold showing that the equipment—including the gas canister—attached to the 4 breath test instrument is SLD-approved in order to lay an appropriate foundation 5 under Rule 11-104(A) NMRA for the admission of the breath test results, Defendant 6 contends that such a rule renders meaningless the administrative requirement that the 7 equipment be SLD-approved. [MIO 3] In essence, Defendant argues that our holding 8 in Hobbs should be viewed to require a threshold showing that the gas canister was 9 approved by SLD in the first instance. [Id.] However, Defendant does not argue why 10 such a showing would be any more accuracy-ensuring than requiring the officer to 11 confirm that each piece of equipment is approved before each breath test is 12 administered, a requirement that we expressly disclaimed in Hobbs. See 2016-NMCA- 13 022, ¶ 22 (stating that there was “no basis from which to conclude that confirmation 14 by the certified instrument operator at the time of the BAT that the gas tank [was] 15 SLD-approved is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the BAT”). Moreover, 16 Defendant was not foreclosed from challenging the foundation for the breath card and 17 could have engaged in discovery to establish that the subject gas canister was in fact 18 not approved by SLD. See id. ¶ 22 (recognizing that a “defendant is entitled to 19 discovery concerning SLD-approved equipment to use in challenging the foundation

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1 for or the reliability of his or her BAT results”). It does not appear that Defendant did 2 so here. Therefore, we remain unconvinced that the metropolitan court erred in 3 determining that the State laid a sufficient foundation for the admission of the breath 4 card. 5 {6} Next, Defendant continues to challenge the metropolitan court’s determination 6 that the twenty-minute deprivation period was met. [MIO 4-8] In support of his 7 position, Defendant asserts that Officer Trahan failed to continuously observe him 8 during the twenty-minute period. [MIO 4] Defendant also asserts that although he was 9 handcuffed behind his back in the backseat of Officer Trahan’s police vehicle during 10 the twenty-minute period, there was no testimony that the vehicle was “cleared of any 11 items that [he] could have eaten, drank, or smoked.” [MIO 7] Consequently, 12 Defendant contends that the metropolitan court had to assume or speculate that the 13 vehicle was cleared and that such guesswork was insufficient to support a finding that 14 the twenty-minute deprivation period was met. We note, however, that in State v. 15 Willie, 2009-NMSC-037, ¶ 16, 146 N.M. 481, 212 P.3d 369, our Supreme Court held 16 that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy the deprivation requirement when the 17 defendants were restrained for nearly an hour after arrest “in such a way that it would 18 be unlikely that they could have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything” even though they 19 were not observed continuously. We are not persuaded that the metropolitan court in

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1 this case had to engage in guesswork or speculation to conclude that it was unlikely 2 that there would have been something for Defendant to eat, drink, or smoke in the 3 backseat of a police vehicle, or that even if there were, that it was unlikely that 4 Defendant would have been able to eat, drink, or smoke with his hands cuffed behind 5 his back. Thus, we cannot say that the metropolitan court abused its discretion in 6 finding by a preponderance of the evidence that the deprivation period was met. See 7 id. ¶ 12 (holding that whether a regulation relating to breath tests has been satisfied 8 is a factual determination to be made by the trial court, which must be satisfied by a 9 preponderance of the evidence). 10 {7} Lastly, Defendant continues to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to 11 support his conviction for no driver’s license. [MIO 8-9] The evidence presented at 12 trial was that upon making the traffic stop, Officer Trahan requested Defendant’s 13 documents. [RP 168] Defendant could not produce a driver’s license. [Id.] On video, 14 Defendant was captured admitting that he did not have a driver’s license and that he 15 was “working on it.” [RP 169] Defendant argues that his failure to produce the 16 driver’s license to Officer Trahan “simply established [that] he did not have it on him 17 that day.” [MIO 8] Consequently, Defendant argues that he was convicted based 18 solely on his statement that he did not have a license. [Id.] Defendant contends that 19 this is a violation of the corpus delicti rule, which states that “unless the corpus delicti

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1 of the offense charged has been otherwise established, a conviction cannot be 2 sustained solely on extrajudicial confessions or admissions of the accused.” State v. 3 Paris, 1966-NMSC-039, ¶ 6, 76 N.M. 291, 414 P.2d 512. Even disregarding the 4 admission, however, Defendant’s failure to produce the license to the officer at the 5 time of the stop, coupled with his subsequent failure to produce the license in court, 6 constituted sufficient and direct proof that he did not have a driver’s license. See 7 NMSA 1978, § 66-5-2(C) (2013) (“A person charged with violating the provisions of 8 this section shall not be convicted if the person produces, in court, a driver’s license 9 issued to the person that was valid at the time of the person’s arrest.”). The corpus 10 delicti having been established by Defendant’s failure to produce a valid driver’s 11 license, we are not convinced that he was convicted solely on the basis of his 12 admission to being unlicensed. To the extent that Defendant’s argument appears to 13 depend at least somewhat on the State’s failure to introduce evidence from the Motor 14 Vehicle Department confirming that he did not have a valid driver’s license [MIO 8- 15 9], it appears that any such failure would go to the weight of the evidence. However, 16 we do not re-weigh evidence. See State v. Slade, 2014-NMCA-088, ¶ 13, 331 P.3d 17 930 (“[A]ppellate courts do not search for inferences supporting a contrary verdict or 18 re-weigh the evidence because this type of analysis would substitute an appellate

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1 court’s judgment for that of the [fact-finder].” (internal quotation marks and citation 2 omitted)). 3 {8} Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, as well as those provided in our 4 notice of proposed disposition, we affirm. 5 {9} IT IS SO ORDERED.

6 7 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

8 WE CONCUR:

9 10 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge

11 12 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge