Woods, Judge:
Section 45 of chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1881, under which the defendant was indicted, is an exact re-print of section 53 of chapter 194 of the Acts of 1872-3, and also of section 47 of chapter 43 of the-Code of West Virginia, and’describes four different offences, each of which is declared to be a misdemeanor: First, any person who shall kill a tree and leave it standing within fifty feet of a road; second, or who shall, without lawful authority, knowingly and wilfully break down and destroy,.injure or obstruct any bridge, or any bench or log placed across a stream for the 'accommodation of travelers; third, or who shall destroy, injure, deface or alter, any guide-board, milestone or milepost; and fourth, or who shall obstruct or injure any road, or ditch, made for the purpose of draining a road.
[811] Here are four different offences, in only one of which the act is required to be clone “knowingly and toilfully” in order to complete the offence. The public is at all times entitled to the free and unobstructed use of the public road, and whoever, without lawful authority places- any obstruction therein, which deprives the public of this right violates this statute, whether the wrongful act was done ignorantly or knowingly, accidentally or wilfully. It was, therefore, unnecessary to allege in the indictment, that the wrongful act of the defendant was committed “knowingly and wil-fully.” It would have been sufficient to allege, that the act was done unlawfully, or without lawful authority. The words “knowingly and wilfully” used in the indictment may be treated as surplusage, and then the offence will be described substantially in the words of the statute. "We are of opinion that the court did not err in overruling the defendant’s demurrer to the indictment.
This construction of the statute, renders it unnecessary in this case, to consider or decide, whether a corporation can be guilty of an offence, where the unlawful act is required to be “knowingly and wilfully” done. But inasmuch as the law is now well settled, that a corporation is liable in civil proceedings for injuries knowingly and wilfully committed by its servants acting under its authority, and is indictable for acts of misfeasance, as well as for non-feasance, we apprehend that when a proper case arises, there will be but little difficulty in applying to it, in criminal cases, for wrongful acts knowingly and wilfully committed in plain violation of law, the same rule as in civil cases.
Before the defendant could be convicted it was incumbent on the State to establish by competent evidence that “Hull’s lane road” mentioned in the indictment was at the time the same was alleged to have been obstructed, a public road; that the same had been obstructed within one year next before the finding of the indictment; and that it had been so obstructed by the defendant. Failing to prove either of these facts, the defendant was entitled to an acquittal. It follows therefore, that the defendant had the right to introduce any competent evidence, to show that neither of these facts were true. It had the right to deny and disprove any or all of [812] them; that it had the right to prove that “Hull’s lane road” was a private, and not a public road; that this road had not been so obstructed; and that the defendant had not obstructed said road — are propositions too plain for argument. How it is not easy to perceive any better way for the defendant to prove that it did not obstruct the road, than to prove that some other person had done so. The evidence on behalf of the State set out in the bill'of exceptions shows, that the Hull lane road, where it crossed the railroad line west of Huntington in Cabell county, had at one time been in tolerably good condition, but that in March of this (1883) year, the employes of the railroad running west from Huntington had raised the track of the railway about seven inches higher than it formerly was, and had made it almost impossible to cross the railway with a wagon on the Hull road, and that the ascent to the railway and the descent from it was too steep to cross it hauling sawlogs, as the log would hang on the track in crossing it and made it dangerous in crossing, and that the embankment made by the company was seven or eight feet high at the place where the Hull road crosses the railway. On cross-examination of one of the State’s witnesses, the defendant’s counsel asked him,“who he meant by they, or the company,” to which he replied, that “he supposed it was the Chesapeake and Ohio railway, but he did not know of his own knowledge.” The defendant’s counsel then asked the witness, “if the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy railroad, did not run the line of railway from Huntington to the Big Sandy river?” The defendant’s counsel also asked another witness for the State on his cross-examination the following question: “Is not the line of railroad extending from Huntington westward to the Big Sandy river in the possession of the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company, and was it not in the possession of, and run by said last named company at the time said obstruction was placed in Hull lane road in March ?”
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Woods, Judge:
Section 45 of chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1881, under which the defendant was indicted, is an exact re-print of section 53 of chapter 194 of the Acts of 1872-3, and also of section 47 of chapter 43 of the-Code of West Virginia, and’describes four different offences, each of which is declared to be a misdemeanor: First, any person who shall kill a tree and leave it standing within fifty feet of a road; second, or who shall, without lawful authority, knowingly and wilfully break down and destroy,.injure or obstruct any bridge, or any bench or log placed across a stream for the 'accommodation of travelers; third, or who shall destroy, injure, deface or alter, any guide-board, milestone or milepost; and fourth, or who shall obstruct or injure any road, or ditch, made for the purpose of draining a road.
[811] Here are four different offences, in only one of which the act is required to be clone “knowingly and toilfully” in order to complete the offence. The public is at all times entitled to the free and unobstructed use of the public road, and whoever, without lawful authority places- any obstruction therein, which deprives the public of this right violates this statute, whether the wrongful act was done ignorantly or knowingly, accidentally or wilfully. It was, therefore, unnecessary to allege in the indictment, that the wrongful act of the defendant was committed “knowingly and wil-fully.” It would have been sufficient to allege, that the act was done unlawfully, or without lawful authority. The words “knowingly and wilfully” used in the indictment may be treated as surplusage, and then the offence will be described substantially in the words of the statute. "We are of opinion that the court did not err in overruling the defendant’s demurrer to the indictment.
This construction of the statute, renders it unnecessary in this case, to consider or decide, whether a corporation can be guilty of an offence, where the unlawful act is required to be “knowingly and wilfully” done. But inasmuch as the law is now well settled, that a corporation is liable in civil proceedings for injuries knowingly and wilfully committed by its servants acting under its authority, and is indictable for acts of misfeasance, as well as for non-feasance, we apprehend that when a proper case arises, there will be but little difficulty in applying to it, in criminal cases, for wrongful acts knowingly and wilfully committed in plain violation of law, the same rule as in civil cases.
Before the defendant could be convicted it was incumbent on the State to establish by competent evidence that “Hull’s lane road” mentioned in the indictment was at the time the same was alleged to have been obstructed, a public road; that the same had been obstructed within one year next before the finding of the indictment; and that it had been so obstructed by the defendant. Failing to prove either of these facts, the defendant was entitled to an acquittal. It follows therefore, that the defendant had the right to introduce any competent evidence, to show that neither of these facts were true. It had the right to deny and disprove any or all of [812] them; that it had the right to prove that “Hull’s lane road” was a private, and not a public road; that this road had not been so obstructed; and that the defendant had not obstructed said road — are propositions too plain for argument. How it is not easy to perceive any better way for the defendant to prove that it did not obstruct the road, than to prove that some other person had done so. The evidence on behalf of the State set out in the bill'of exceptions shows, that the Hull lane road, where it crossed the railroad line west of Huntington in Cabell county, had at one time been in tolerably good condition, but that in March of this (1883) year, the employes of the railroad running west from Huntington had raised the track of the railway about seven inches higher than it formerly was, and had made it almost impossible to cross the railway with a wagon on the Hull road, and that the ascent to the railway and the descent from it was too steep to cross it hauling sawlogs, as the log would hang on the track in crossing it and made it dangerous in crossing, and that the embankment made by the company was seven or eight feet high at the place where the Hull road crosses the railway. On cross-examination of one of the State’s witnesses, the defendant’s counsel asked him,“who he meant by they, or the company,” to which he replied, that “he supposed it was the Chesapeake and Ohio railway, but he did not know of his own knowledge.” The defendant’s counsel then asked the witness, “if the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy railroad, did not run the line of railway from Huntington to the Big Sandy river?” The defendant’s counsel also asked another witness for the State on his cross-examination the following question: “Is not the line of railroad extending from Huntington westward to the Big Sandy river in the possession of the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company, and was it not in the possession of, and run by said last named company at the time said obstruction was placed in Hull lane road in March ?”
The court refused to permit the said witnesses to answer either of these questions, and this forms one of the grounds of the defendant’s bill of exceptions. The court then against the protest of the defendant’s counsel asked one of the same [813] witnesses the following questions: “Do you know of any other railroad in Cabell county except the Chesapeake and Ohio railway ?” to which the witness answered, “No.” “Has Hull’s lane road been worked and used as a public road ?” to which the witness answered, “Yes.” To both of these questions and answers the defendant by its counsel again excepted. No other mention was made by any of the witnesses of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, whereupon the court stated in the presence of the jury, “that all the witnesses proved that there was but one railroad running through the county, and that, the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad.” To this remark of the court the defendant again excepted. This statement made by the courtin thepresence of the j ury was well calculated to convince the j urors, that the prisoner was guilty, for if it was true there was no other railroad in the county except the defendant’s railroad, and as the court had prevented the defendant from proving that any other railroad company had possession of the defendant’s railroad, there was no escape from the conclusion, 1hat in the mind of the court at least, the defendant was the party which obstructed the road. Such a statement was unwarranted by the evidence in the record, unless we assume that the confessed ignorance of a witness, as to a material fact, is equivalent to knowledge of the same fact, for the witness only stated that “he supposed the Chesapeake and Ohio railway did it, but he didn’t know of his own knowledge,” and that he did not know of any other railroad .in Cabell county except.the Chesapeake and Ohio railway.” The statement indicated to the jury, the opinion of the court as to the weight of the evidence, and was therefore on well settled principles unauthorized, for which if there was no other error this Court would reverse the judgment of the circuit court. State v. Hurst, 11 W. Va. We are at a loss to understand upon what principle or rule of law ting, court refused to permit the witnesses to answer the questions propounded by the defendant’s counsel tending to elicit the fact that at the time the alleged obstruction was placed in Hull’s lane road, in the line of railroad running west of Huntington, that portion of railroad line in Cabell county extending westward from Huntington to the Big Sandy [814] river, was in the actual possession and use of another railroad company. If the defendant had made it appear that that portion ot said railroad line at the time and place when and where the obstruction was placed, was in the actual and exclusive use of the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company, it would tend to shoAv that the road was obstructed by that company, and not by the defendant. This was a fact material for the defence of the defendant and the evidence sought to be elicited by the defendant’s questions was competent and material in support of that fact, and ought not to have been excluded. We are further of opinion that the circuit court erred in refusing to permit the witness to answer the defendant’s said questions.
As this case must be reversed for these errors it will be unnecessary to determine whether the court erred in the form of the question propounded by it to ascertain whether Hull’s lane road ivas a public road, as it is not probable the question on a new trial will be propounded in the same form, for if the form of the question ivas objectionable the objection can be easily obviated by inquiry 'whether the road had been worked, and if so, in what manner and by whom worked.
For the reasons before stated the judgment of the circuit court of Cabell county must be reversed, the verdict set aside and a new trial awarded to the defendant.
Reversed. Remanded.