1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 29,123
5 CHRISTOPHER DURAN,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY 8 Ralph D. Shamas, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 13 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 KENNEDY, Judge.
18 Defendant challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for directed
19 verdict and argues the district court improperly admitted certain statements and
20 photographs. We issued a calendar notice proposing to affirm the district court on
21 April 8, 2009. Defendant timely filed, after extension, a memorandum in opposition 1 on June 8, 2009. We remain unpersuaded by Defendant’s arguments and affirm the
2 district court.
3 With regard to the directed verdict, “[t]he question presented by a directed
4 verdict motion is whether there was substantial evidence to support the charge.” State
5 v. Dominguez, 115 N.M. 445, 455, 853 P.2d 147, 157 (Ct. App. 1993) (citation
6 omitted). When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support
7 a conviction, we must determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or
8 circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
9 with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M.
10 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988). This Court “views the evidence in a light most
11 favorable to the verdict, considering that the State has the burden of proof beyond a
12 reasonable doubt.” State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 12, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72
13 (citation omitted). “This court does not weigh the evidence and may not substitute its
14 judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support
15 the verdict.” Sutphin, 107 N.M. at 131, 753 P.2d at 1319 (citation omitted). However,
16 we also observe that evidence equally consistent with two inferences does not, without
17 more, provide a basis for adopting a hypothesis. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 12.
18 Defendant was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon. To establish
19 Defendant’s guilt, the State was required to prove that: (1) Defendant possessed a
2 1 firearm; (2) Defendant, in the preceding ten years, was convicted and sentenced to one
2 or more years imprisonment by a court of the United States or by a court of any state
3 and has not been pardoned of the conviction by the appropriate authority; and (3) the
4 offense occurred on or about the 24th day of February, 2008. UJI 14-701 NMRA.
5 Only the first element appears to have been appealed in the current case. Because
6 Defendant was not in actual possession of the gun at the time he was arrested, his
7 conviction was apparently based on a theory of constructive possession. For
8 constructive possession, the State must prove both that Defendant knew the gun was
9 present in the car and exercised control over it. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13; UJI
10 14-130 NMRA. [RP 60] “Proximity alone does not constitute possession.” Garcia,
11 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13 (citation omitted). We therefore consider whether there was
12 a reasonable analysis the jury could have used to find knowledge and control. Id.
13 Applying the standard described above, we turn to the evidence presented
14 below, as reflected in the docketing statement and memorandum in opposition. [DS
15 3-15; MIO 1-10] Defendant provides a lengthy description of the testimony
16 presented at trial. Our review of the testimony suggests the jury could have, after a
17 reasonable analysis, determined Defendant had knowledge and control of the firearm
18 found in the car. First, Tricia Hutson testified she saw a red Ford Focus pull up to the
19 restaurant and the driver open the trunk and retrieve a gun. [DS 4; MIO 1] She also
3 1 testified she was familiar with guns and that she was sure she saw the driver withdraw
2 a gun. [Id.] She then attempted to call 911. [Id.] When she was unable to reach 911,
3 she called dispatch and relayed the license plate number of the car. [DS 4; MIO 2]
4 Moreover, Barry Nateman testified the driver of the car was male and that Mr.
5 Nateman followed the car from the parking lot until it was pulled over by police, only
6 losing sight of the car briefly. [DS 6; MIO 4] While neither Ms. Hutson nor Mr.
7 Nateman could identify Defendant, Ginnie Salas testified Defendant was the driver
8 [DS 8-9; MIO 5], as did Officer Aldana. [DS 11; MIO 7] Officer Aldana also
9 testified he could see a gun in the car, positioned between the passenger seat and the
10 adjustment lever in the front seat. [Id.]
11 We acknowledge some of the witnesses offered contradictory testimony,
12 including testimony that the gun belonged to someone other than Defendant. [DS 14]
13 Defendant urges us to find Ms. Hutson’s testimony not credible. [MIO 12] We
14 reiterate, however, that we do not engage in re-weighing the credibility of each
15 witness. See generally State v. Armijo, 2005-NMCA-010, ¶ 4, 136 N.M. 723, 104
16 P.3d 1114 (“[I]t is for the fact-finder to evaluate the weight of the evidence, to assess
17 the credibility of the various witnesses, and to resolve any conflicts in the evidence;
18 we will not substitute our judgment as to such matters.”). We hold that Ms. Hutson’s
19 testimony, while contradicted by other testimony, was enough for a reasonable jury
4 1 to find an inference of knowledge and control under these circumstances. See State
2 v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 24. The jury could have reasonably concluded the
3 testimony proved Defendant, as both the sole male occupant of the vehicle and the
4 driver, was also the same individual that Ms. Hutson had seen handling the gun
5 minutes before and that Mr. Nateman had followed. We therefore hold the testimony
6 in this case satisfied the State’s burden of proof with respect to each of the elements
7 of the offense.
8 Turning to Defendant’s next issue, Defendant argues the district court erred in
9 permitting Ms. Hutson to testify she heard a woman yelling at Defendant “Put that
10 away. You don’t need that here.” [MIO 1] The State apparently argued both that the
11 statement was an excited utterance and that the statement was not offered for the truth
12 of the matter. [MIO 2] Defendant argued that if the statement were not offered for
13 the truth of the matter, it was irrelevant. [Id.] The district court allowed the testimony
14 as “an excited utterance made by an unavailable witness.” [Id.]
15 “We review the admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard
16 and will not reverse in the absence of a clear abuse.” State v. Sarracino, 1998-NMSC-
17 022, ¶ 20, 125 N.M. 511, 964 P.2d 72. We have previously held the district court has
18 broad discretion in determining whether a statement qualifies as an excited utterance
19 as defined by Rule 11-803(B) NMRA. See State v. Hernandez, 1999-NMCA-105, ¶
5 1 10, 127 N.M. 769, 987 P.2d 1156 (noting the district court's assessment of whether a
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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 29,123
5 CHRISTOPHER DURAN,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY 8 Ralph D. Shamas, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 13 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 KENNEDY, Judge.
18 Defendant challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for directed
19 verdict and argues the district court improperly admitted certain statements and
20 photographs. We issued a calendar notice proposing to affirm the district court on
21 April 8, 2009. Defendant timely filed, after extension, a memorandum in opposition 1 on June 8, 2009. We remain unpersuaded by Defendant’s arguments and affirm the
2 district court.
3 With regard to the directed verdict, “[t]he question presented by a directed
4 verdict motion is whether there was substantial evidence to support the charge.” State
5 v. Dominguez, 115 N.M. 445, 455, 853 P.2d 147, 157 (Ct. App. 1993) (citation
6 omitted). When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support
7 a conviction, we must determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or
8 circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
9 with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M.
10 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988). This Court “views the evidence in a light most
11 favorable to the verdict, considering that the State has the burden of proof beyond a
12 reasonable doubt.” State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 12, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72
13 (citation omitted). “This court does not weigh the evidence and may not substitute its
14 judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support
15 the verdict.” Sutphin, 107 N.M. at 131, 753 P.2d at 1319 (citation omitted). However,
16 we also observe that evidence equally consistent with two inferences does not, without
17 more, provide a basis for adopting a hypothesis. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 12.
18 Defendant was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon. To establish
19 Defendant’s guilt, the State was required to prove that: (1) Defendant possessed a
2 1 firearm; (2) Defendant, in the preceding ten years, was convicted and sentenced to one
2 or more years imprisonment by a court of the United States or by a court of any state
3 and has not been pardoned of the conviction by the appropriate authority; and (3) the
4 offense occurred on or about the 24th day of February, 2008. UJI 14-701 NMRA.
5 Only the first element appears to have been appealed in the current case. Because
6 Defendant was not in actual possession of the gun at the time he was arrested, his
7 conviction was apparently based on a theory of constructive possession. For
8 constructive possession, the State must prove both that Defendant knew the gun was
9 present in the car and exercised control over it. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13; UJI
10 14-130 NMRA. [RP 60] “Proximity alone does not constitute possession.” Garcia,
11 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13 (citation omitted). We therefore consider whether there was
12 a reasonable analysis the jury could have used to find knowledge and control. Id.
13 Applying the standard described above, we turn to the evidence presented
14 below, as reflected in the docketing statement and memorandum in opposition. [DS
15 3-15; MIO 1-10] Defendant provides a lengthy description of the testimony
16 presented at trial. Our review of the testimony suggests the jury could have, after a
17 reasonable analysis, determined Defendant had knowledge and control of the firearm
18 found in the car. First, Tricia Hutson testified she saw a red Ford Focus pull up to the
19 restaurant and the driver open the trunk and retrieve a gun. [DS 4; MIO 1] She also
3 1 testified she was familiar with guns and that she was sure she saw the driver withdraw
2 a gun. [Id.] She then attempted to call 911. [Id.] When she was unable to reach 911,
3 she called dispatch and relayed the license plate number of the car. [DS 4; MIO 2]
4 Moreover, Barry Nateman testified the driver of the car was male and that Mr.
5 Nateman followed the car from the parking lot until it was pulled over by police, only
6 losing sight of the car briefly. [DS 6; MIO 4] While neither Ms. Hutson nor Mr.
7 Nateman could identify Defendant, Ginnie Salas testified Defendant was the driver
8 [DS 8-9; MIO 5], as did Officer Aldana. [DS 11; MIO 7] Officer Aldana also
9 testified he could see a gun in the car, positioned between the passenger seat and the
10 adjustment lever in the front seat. [Id.]
11 We acknowledge some of the witnesses offered contradictory testimony,
12 including testimony that the gun belonged to someone other than Defendant. [DS 14]
13 Defendant urges us to find Ms. Hutson’s testimony not credible. [MIO 12] We
14 reiterate, however, that we do not engage in re-weighing the credibility of each
15 witness. See generally State v. Armijo, 2005-NMCA-010, ¶ 4, 136 N.M. 723, 104
16 P.3d 1114 (“[I]t is for the fact-finder to evaluate the weight of the evidence, to assess
17 the credibility of the various witnesses, and to resolve any conflicts in the evidence;
18 we will not substitute our judgment as to such matters.”). We hold that Ms. Hutson’s
19 testimony, while contradicted by other testimony, was enough for a reasonable jury
4 1 to find an inference of knowledge and control under these circumstances. See State
2 v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 24. The jury could have reasonably concluded the
3 testimony proved Defendant, as both the sole male occupant of the vehicle and the
4 driver, was also the same individual that Ms. Hutson had seen handling the gun
5 minutes before and that Mr. Nateman had followed. We therefore hold the testimony
6 in this case satisfied the State’s burden of proof with respect to each of the elements
7 of the offense.
8 Turning to Defendant’s next issue, Defendant argues the district court erred in
9 permitting Ms. Hutson to testify she heard a woman yelling at Defendant “Put that
10 away. You don’t need that here.” [MIO 1] The State apparently argued both that the
11 statement was an excited utterance and that the statement was not offered for the truth
12 of the matter. [MIO 2] Defendant argued that if the statement were not offered for
13 the truth of the matter, it was irrelevant. [Id.] The district court allowed the testimony
14 as “an excited utterance made by an unavailable witness.” [Id.]
15 “We review the admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard
16 and will not reverse in the absence of a clear abuse.” State v. Sarracino, 1998-NMSC-
17 022, ¶ 20, 125 N.M. 511, 964 P.2d 72. We have previously held the district court has
18 broad discretion in determining whether a statement qualifies as an excited utterance
19 as defined by Rule 11-803(B) NMRA. See State v. Hernandez, 1999-NMCA-105, ¶
5 1 10, 127 N.M. 769, 987 P.2d 1156 (noting the district court's assessment of whether a
2 statement meets this definition should be guided by consideration of a variety of
3 factors, including: “(1) the time lapse between the startling event and the statement,
4 (2) whether the declarant had an opportunity to fabricate the statement, (3) the mental
5 and physical state of the declarant at the time of the statement, (4) whether the
6 statement was self-serving, and (5) whether the statement was made in response to an
7 inquiry”). We also reiterate we will uphold the district court’s ruling if it is right for
8 any reason. See, e.g., State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 26, 141 N.M. 185, 152
9 P.3d 828 (holding that the appellate court will affirm the district court’s decision if it
10 is right for any reason, so long as it is not unfair to the appellant).
11 We first note we doubt Ms. Hutson’s statement constituted hearsay at all.
12 While the limited record lacks clarity with regard to the State’s argument, it is
13 conceivable the statement was offered as part of the factual events leading up to Ms.
14 Hutson’s decision to call 911, rather than to prove the truth of the matter asserted, i.e.,
15 that someone was told to “put that [gun] away. You don’t need that [ gun] here.” As
16 such, the statement would not be hearsay, nor irrelevant, and its admission would have
17 been proper.
18 Further, we note that even were the admission of this statement improper, any
19 error was harmless error. Our Supreme Court, in State v. Barr, No. 30,191, slip op.
6 1 at ¶¶ 53, 56 (N.M. Ct. App. May 22, 2009), recently clarified the standard for
2 determining whether error constitutes harmless error. For non-constitutional error, a
3 reviewing court should only conclude that “error is harmless when there is no
4 reasonable probability the error affected the verdict.” Id. ¶ 53 (emphasis in original).
5 “Non-constitutional error is reversible only if the reviewing court is able to say, in the
6 context of the specific evidence presented at trial, that it is reasonably probable that
7 the jury’s verdict would have been different but for the error.” Id. To decide whether
8 the error was harmless, a reviewing court should consider whether there is (1)
9 substantial evidence to support the conviction without reference to the improperly
10 admitted evidence; (2) such a disproportionate volume of permissible evidence that,
11 in comparison, the amount of improper evidence will appear minuscule; and (3) no
12 substantial conflicting evidence to discredit the State’s testimony. Id. ¶ 56.
13 The purpose of this analysis is not to re-judge the defendant. “The harmless
14 error analysis does not center on whether, in spite of the error, the right result was
15 reached. Rather, the focus is on whether the verdict was impacted by the error.” Id.
16 ¶ 57. Here, we do not see how this particular statement would affect the jury’s
17 decision. Defendant himself suggests the testimony is irrelevant; he suggests the
18 woman’s statement could have meant “put your wallet away, I am paying for dinner.”
19 [MIO 15] Rather, it is Ms. Hutson’s other testimony, that she saw Defendant pull a
7 1 gun out of the trunk, which, if improperly admitted, might have resulted in a
2 reasonable probability of the statement impacting the jury’s verdict. That is not the
3 case here. While there may have been some conflicting evidence, we hold substantial
4 evidence existed to support the conviction even without the statement in question and
5 that, given the other testimony, any error in admitting the statement was “minuscule.”
6 Finally, with regard to the photographs, Defendant argues the district court
7 erred in admitting multiple photographs of the same gun. [MIO 20-21] Photographs
8 are generally relevant and admissible for the purpose of clarifying and illustrating
9 testimony. State v. Hutchinson, 99 N.M. 616, 624-25, 661 P.2d 1315, 1323-24 (1983)
10 (citations omitted) (reiterating photographs may serve as corroboration of witness
11 testimony). The fact that a photograph is cumulative or repetitious does not
12 necessarily render it inadmissible as long as it is reasonably relevant to the issues of
13 the case. Id. Defendant fails to provide us with any facts indicating the district court
14 abused its discretion by allowing the introduction of the photos of the gun found in
15 the car driven by Defendant. Nor has he explained how he might have been
16 prejudiced by their admission.
17 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court.
18 IT IS SO ORDERED.
19 ___________________________________
8 1 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
2 WE CONCUR:
3 ___________________________ 4 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Chief Judge
5 ___________________________ 6 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge