[Cite as State v. Buchanan, 2025-Ohio-5348.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 114948 v. :
BOBBY BUCHANAN, JR., :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 26, 2025
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-22-676647-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Ben McNair, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
John F. Corrigan, for appellant.
LISA B. FORBES, P.J.:
Bobby Buchanan, Jr. (“Buchanan”) appeals, challenging his
conviction for aggravated murder and his prison sentences for firearm specifications
associated with two felonious-assault convictions. For the following reasons, we
affirm. I. Facts and Procedural History
A. Before Trial
This case involves two shootings that Buchanan carried out. The first
occurred on November 10, 2022, involving C.N. and N.H. The second is the
December 3, 2022 homicide of Anthony Wynn (“Wynn”) at a gas station. Resulting
from these events, a grand jury indicted Buchanan on December 13, 2022.
Related to the first shooting, Buchanan was charged with the
following counts pertinent to this appeal. Concerning C.N., Buchanan was charged
with Count 9, attempted murder, a first-degree felony, in violation of
R.C. 2923.02/2903.02(A); Count 10, felonious assault, a second-degree felony, in
violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); and Count 11, felonious assault, a second-degree
felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). Concerning N.H., Buchanan was charged
with Count 12, felonious assault, a second-degree felony, in violation of
R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). Each of the above charges was accompanied by one- and three-
year firearm specifications under R.C. 2941.141(A) and 2941.145(A), respectively.
Related to the killing of Wynn, Buchanan was charged with the
following counts pertinent to this appeal: Count 1, aggravated murder, an
unclassified felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A); Count 2, murder, an unclassified
felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A); Count 3, murder, an unclassified felony, in
violation of R.C. 2903.02(B); Count 4, felonious assault, a second-degree felony, in
violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); Count 5, felonious assault, a second-degree felony,
in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). Each of the above charges related to Wynn’s homicide was accompanied by one- and three-year firearm specifications under
R.C. 2941.141(A) and 2941.145(A), respectively.
On September 4, 2024, the case proceeded to a bench trial. The
parties elicited the following testimony pertinent to this appeal.1
B. Trial Testimony
1. C.N.
On behalf of the State, C.N. testified that, on November 10, 2022, he
and N.H. encountered Buchanan while in the parking lot of a grocery store.2 The
three exchanged words. Buchanan then “pulled out a handgun and tried to shoot
[C.N.] in the head” before shooting him in the abdomen.
2. Det. Daniel Lentz
For the State, Daniel Lentz (“Det. Lentz”) testified that he was a
detective for the Cleveland Division of Police and that he investigated the
December 3, 2022 homicide of Anthony Wynn. From the gas station where Wynn
was shot, Det. Lentz obtained security video, which he authenticated and narrated
from the stand. The video was admitted into evidence.
The video shows a black vehicle pull into the gas station. Det. Lentz
identified the man driving the vehicle as Buchanan. The man identified as
1 Though Buchanan raises assignments of error that relate to both shootings, he
challenges only the sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence that supports the court’s finding that he acted “with prior calculation and design” under R.C. 2903.01(A) in killing Wynn. Our summary of the evidence elicited at trial is limited accordingly.
2 In the courtroom, C.N. identified Buchanan as his assailant. Buchanan gets out of car and pumps gas. Seconds later, a white pickup truck pulls
into the gas station, which Det. Lentz testified was driven by Wynn. The man
identified as Wynn exits his vehicle and begins to pump gas, too.
Eventually, Buchanan reenters his car and sits in the driver’s seat.
Det. Lentz noted that, before Buchanan entered the car, his back was facing Wynn.
He testified that, at that point, “no conversation appear[ed] to have taken place
between the two” men.
The video shows Buchanan exit his car again and walk behind its rear.
Another man exits the front passenger seat of Wynn’s car and “walk[s] towards the
store,” according to Det. Lentz. Wynn’s passenger appears to say something to
Wynn, before continuing to walk towards the storefront. As this occurs, Buchannan
removes the gas nozzle from his car and returns it to the pump. Buchanan then
walks partway behind the rear of his car, in the direction of the driver’s seat. He
changes direction, “jumps behind the gas pump and fires his weapon into Wynn
multiple times . . . .” He then “goes back to his vehicle” and drives away.
3. Dr. Catherine Cerny-Zuelzer
For the defense, Catherine Cerny-Zuelzer (“Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer”)
testified that she was a doctor of psychiatry and that she evaluated Buchanan in
September 2023 and July 2024. She believed that Buchanan was experiencing
schizophrenia, psychotic disorder, or substance-abuse disorder. Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer
testified that Buchanan seemed to be seeing and hearing things that were not
actually present. She reviewed Buchanan’s prior medical records, which mentioned that, as early as 2018, he had believed that “implantable devices” were in his ears.
According to Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer, Buchanan believed these devices allowed others to
listen to his life and could control his emotions.
Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer testified that Buchanan also suffered from
paranoid delusions, which she described as a belief unsupported by evidence that
others wanted to harm him. He felt “persecuted by other people” and believed that
others “ha[d] it out for him.” Regarding the Wynn shooting, Buchanan told Dr.
Cerny-Zuelzer that Wynn and his passenger “knew more about me than I could ever
know about [them].” She testified that Buchanan believed that Wynn knew his
nickname, Ave, even though they had never met. At the time of the shooting,
according to Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer, Buchanan was not receiving any psychiatric
treatment.
4. Buchanan
In his own defense, Buchanan testified that he had previously been
admitted to a hospital because he believed he had “some sort of device” in his ears.
He had “pretty consistently complained” about this problem to various medical
providers over nine years. Buchanan believed that the devices allowed other people
to “live within my life” and listen to things that happened to him. In December 2022,
when he shot Wynn, he was not taking any medication or seeing a doctor.
On the day of the shooting, Buchanan drove to the gas station. While
filling his car with gas, he noticed a truck pull into the gas station alongside him. He
heard the truck’s driver — later identified as Wynn — say to he was going to “get Ave popped.” Buchanan testified that Ave was his nickname and that he believed he was
about to be shot. Buchanan drew his firearm and shot Wynn twice.
On cross-examination, regarding his thoughts prior to shooting
Wynn, Buchanan testified as follows:
Q: And you thought about what to do . . ., right?
A: Yep.
Q: And you thought: The thing that I ought to do is shoot him. Fair to say?
A: . . . I don’t think I was completely thinking, I was just responding.
...
Q: You heard him say something, you thought about it, and you made a choice about what to do next. Fair to say?
A: Yeah. I didn’t have anything much more I could do. . . .
In response to questions from the court, Buchanan testified that he
was carrying the gun before the shooting and did not return to his car to get it.
C. Verdict, Sentencing, and this Appeal
On October 16, 2024, the court found Buchanan guilty on all counts
except for Count 12, felonious assault of N.H.
On November 19, 2024, the court held a sentencing hearing.3 For
purposes of sentencing, the court merged Counts 1 through 5, related to the shooting
3 The court sentenced Buchanan to an aggregate prison term of 40 years to life,
and credited him with 716 days of jail-time credit. Buchanan does not challenge his sentence on several counts that are not addressed in this opinion and that do not affect our analysis. of Wynn, and Counts 9 through 11, related to the shooting of C.N. Concerning these
offenses, the State elected to sentence on Counts 1 and 9, which the court did. The
court also sentenced Buchanan to a three-year prison term for the firearm
specification associated with Count 1 and Count 9. Though Counts 4 and 11 had
merged, the court sentenced Buchanan to a three-year prison term for the firearm
specification associated with each count. In total, the court sentenced Buchanan to
four three-year prison terms for firearm specifications.
Buchanan appeals, raising the following assignments of error:
1. After finding appellant guilty of aggravated murder in count one (1) the trial court erred in continuing to deliberate and enter guilty findings in the lesser included offenses contained in counts two (2) through five (5).
2. After finding appellant guilty of attempted murder in count nine (9) the trial court erred in continuing to deliberate and enter guilty findings in the lesser included offenses contained in counts ten (10) and eleven (11).
3. Appellant’s aggravated murder conviction by prior calculation and design in count one (1) was not supported by legally sufficient evidence as required by state and federal due process.
4. Appellant’s aggravated murder conviction by prior calculation and design in count one (1) was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
5. The trial court erred when it sentenced appellant in accordance with State v. Bollar as Bollar was not applicable and, if applicable, because Bollar was wrongly decided.
6. Appellant was prejudiced by ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
II. Law and Analysis
For ease of analysis, we address Buchanan’s assignments of error
together and out of order. A. Assignments of Error Nos. 1 and 2 — Convictions for Lesser- Included Offenses
In his first and second assignments of error, Buchanan asserts that
the court erred by convicting him for the felonious assaults of Wynn and C.N.
Buchanan notes that felonious assault is a “lesser-included” offense of aggravated
murder and attempted murder, for which Buchanan had already been found guilty
with regard to Wynn and C.N., respectively.
In support of these assignments of error, citing State v. Lash, 2017-
Ohio-4065, ¶ 49 (8th Dist.), Buchanan argues that, after the trial court found him
guilty of aggravated murder and attempted murder, it should not have deliberated
on lesser-included offenses. Buchanan misstates the court’s holding in Lash, in
which this court found that an attorney did not render ineffective assistance of
counsel for failure to object to a jury deliberating on lesser-included offenses after
returning a guilty verdict on aggravated murder.
Criminal defendants are routinely found guilty of both an offense and
its lesser-included offenses. See State v. Blackwell, 2025-Ohio-1451, ¶ 2-7 (8th
Dist.) (where defendant shot and killed separate victims on separate dates,
defendant was found guilty of aggravated murder, murder, and felonious assault for
each shooting); State v. Hughes, 2025-Ohio-1730, ¶ 2-4 (8th Dist.) (where
defendant asphyxiated his infant son with a wipe, defendant was found guilty of
murder, endangering children, and involuntary manslaughter); State v. Newberry,
2023-Ohio-3623, ¶ 4, 144-146 (8th Dist.) (where defendant shot one victim to death
and killed another through a combination of blunt impact and burning, defendant was found guilty of aggravated murder, murder, and felonious assault with regard
to each victim). Similarly, the court did not err in returning guilty verdicts on
attempted murder, regarding C.N., and aggravated murder, regarding Wynn, as well
as lesser-included offenses of both crimes.
The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that where a defendant’s
conduct supports a finding of guilt on more than one offense, the court must
consider whether the charges are allied offenses such that they merge for sentencing.
State v. Ruff, 2015-Ohio-995, ¶ 24. The Ohio legislature likewise recognized this
concept when it enacted R.C. 2941.25 (addressing whether multiple charges and
findings of guilt can, consistent with protection against double jeopardy, be
separately sentenced).
Accordingly, assignments of error Nos. 1 and 2 are overruled.
B. Assignment of Error No. 5 — Sentencing for Firearm Specifications Related to Convictions for Lesser-Included Offenses
In his fifth assignment of error, Buchanan asserts that the court erred
by sentencing him for firearm specifications related to his convictions for the lesser-
included offenses discussed above.
R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) addresses convictions for gun specifications
arising from multiple felony convictions. Where a criminal defendant is convicted
of two or more felonies that include aggravated murder, murder, attempted murder,
and felonious assault, if the defendant is convicted of a gun specification described
under R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(a) in connection with two or more of the felonies, the sentencing court “shall impose . . . the prison term specified . . . for each of the two
most serious specifications” for which the defendant was convicted.
R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g). The Ohio Supreme Court has found that an offender can be
sentenced on a firearm specification that accompanies a merged count. State v.
Bollar, 2022-Ohio-4370, ¶ 18-19 (R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) “makes no exception to the
application of its provision if one of the underlying felony offenses has been
merged.”).
Buchanan argues that, unlike in Bollar, he challenges the court’s
ability to deliberate on lesser-included offenses after finding a criminal defendant
guilty of a greater offense. Buchanan argues that Bollar does not address that
question because the defendant pled guilty to the offenses in question. We disagree.
Defendants may be found guilty of both an offense and its lesser-included offenses.
Applying Bollar, when that happens, even if the offenses merge, a sentence should
still be imposed on the two most serious firearm specifications.
Regarding Buchanan’s request that we find Bollar was wrongly
decided, we note that we do not have authority to review or overturn decisions of the
Ohio Supreme Court. Zakel v. State, 2022-Ohio-4637, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.).
Accordingly, assignment of error No. 5 is overruled.
C. Assignment of Error No. 6 — Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Buchanan asserts with his sixth assignment of error that his trial
attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object to Buchanan’s
convictions for lesser-included offenses and sentencing for the associated firearm specifications. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show
that his attorney was deficient, i.e., that counsel made errors so serious that they
were not functioning as counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Counsel’s errors must also have prejudiced
the defense, meaning that defendant did not receive a fair trial. Id. As discussed,
the court did not err by finding Buchanan guilty of various lesser-included offenses,
finding that merger applied, and, nevertheless, sentencing him for firearm
specifications related to those offenses. As such, his trial lawyer’s supposed failure
to object did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
Accordingly, assignment of error No. 6 is overruled.
D. Assignments of Error Nos. 3 and 4 — Sufficiency of the Evidence and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
In his third and fourth assignments of error, Buchanan asserts that
the sufficiency and the manifest weight of the evidence did not support his
convictions for aggravated murder.
Although the terms “sufficiency and “weight” of the evidence are
“quantitatively and qualitatively different,” we address these issues together, while
applying distinct standards of review, because they are closely related. See State v.
Perry, 2018-Ohio-487, ¶ 10 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d
380, 386 (1997).
“A claim of insufficient evidence raises the question whether the
evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict as a matter of law.” State v.
Parker, 2022-Ohio-1237, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.), citing Thompkins at 386. The relevant inquiry in a sufficiency challenge is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime existed beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
When making a sufficiency determination, an appellate court does
not review whether the State’s evidence is to be believed but whether, if believed, the
evidence admitted at trial supports the conviction. State v. Starks, 2009-Ohio-3375,
¶ 25 (8th Dist.), citing Thompkins at 386. Under a sufficiency challenge, witness
credibility is immaterial.
A defendant who “purposely, and with prior calculation and design,
cause[s] the death of another” is guilty of aggravated murder. R.C. 2903.01.
Buchanan does not contest that he purposely caused the death of Wynn; instead, he
argues that the State did not prove beyond reasonable doubt that he did so with prior
calculation and design.
“Prior calculation and design denotes sufficient time and opportunity
for the planning of an act of homicide to constitute prior calculation coupled with
circumstances that demonstrate a scheme designed to implement the calculated
decision to kill.” (Cleaned up.) State v. Sopko, 2025-Ohio-3280, ¶ 38 (8th Dist.);
State v. Cotton, 56 Ohio St.2d 8 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. “A
prolonged period of deliberation is unnecessary, and ‘prior calculation and design
can be found even when the killer quickly conceived and executed the plan to kill
within a few minutes.’” Id., quoting State v. Coley, 93 Ohio St.2d 253, 264 (2001). “There is no bright-line test for determining whether a defendant acted with prior
calculation and design, so courts consider the totality of the circumstances in each
case.” Id., citing State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 19 (1997). One such factor is
“whether the act was ‘drawn out’ or ‘an almost instantaneous eruption of events.’”
Id., quoting id., citing State v. Jenkins, 48 Ohio App.2d 99, 102 (8th Dist. 1976).
The State presented sufficient evidence that Buchanan acted with
prior calculation and design. First, we find that Buchanan had sufficient time and
opportunity to plan the homicide. Wynn was present at the gas station and next to
Buchanan for several minutes before the shooting, part of which Buchanan sat alone
in the driver’s seat of his car.
Second, we cannot say that Buchanan’s actions constituted an almost
instantaneous eruption of events as would support only a conviction for simple
murder. Before the shooting, in the gas station security video, Wynn’s passenger
appears to say something to Wynn. Several seconds pass, as the passenger walks
away from Wynn towards the storefront. Buchanan begins to move away from
Wynn. He walks behind the rear of his car, moving in the direction of his driver’s
seat. He then changes direction, jumps behind the gas pump, and shoots Wynn
twice. Buchanan’s reversal of course before shooting Wynn demonstrates prior
calculation and design sufficient to support his aggravated-murder conviction. See
State v. Walker, 2016-Ohio-8295, ¶ 22. (“Pursuing and killing a fleeing or
incapacitated victim after an initial confrontation strongly indicates prior calculation and design.”) Also, on cross-examination, Buchanan agreed that, before
shooting Wynn, he thought about what to do and made a choice to shoot.
In contrast to sufficiency, a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence
challenge “addresses the evidence’s effect of inducing belief,” i.e., “whose evidence
is more persuasive — the state’s or the defendant’s?” State v. Wilson, 2007-Ohio-
2202, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386-387. When considering an
appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the
Ohio Supreme Court recently explained that “[the] court looks at the entire record
and ‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of
witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
[factfinder] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice
that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”’” State v. Brown,
2025-Ohio-2804, ¶ 30, quoting Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio
App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist. 1983).
At trial, the finder of fact is in the “best position to view the witnesses
and observe their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections that are critical
observations in determining the credibility of a witness and his or her testimony.”
State v. Sheline, 2019-Ohio-528, ¶ 100 (8th Dist.). Reversal on manifest-weight
grounds is reserved for the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily
against the conviction.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.
Based on our review of the record, we find the evidence does not
weigh heavily against a conviction such that the court clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice by finding Buchanan guilty of aggravated murder.
As discussed above, the gas station security video contradicts Buchanan’s testimony
that, when he shot Wynn, he was not thinking and “just responding” to Wynn’s
purported verbal threat. Several seconds pass between the apparent conversation
between Wynn and his passenger and the shooting. During this time, Buchanan
starts to walk away from Wynn. Rather than proceed to get in his car and drive
away, Buchanan turns around, moves towards Wynn, and shoots him twice.
Further, although Dr. Cerny-Zuelzer concluded that Buchanan suffered from
hallucinations and paranoid delusions, she did not testify that Buchanan lacked the
cognitive ability to preconceive a plan.
Accordingly, appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error are
overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case
remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence. A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LISA B. FORBES, PRESIDING JUDGE
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., and WILLIAM A. KLATT, J.,* CONCUR
(*Sitting by assignment: William A. Klatt, J., retired, of the Tenth District Court of Appeals.)