The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Chiee Justice Gary.
The defendants were indicted for the murder of Davis Freize, and were convicted of manslaughter. Freize was killed in a general fight that took place on the early morning of the 27th of November, 1915, in front of the office of the Judson Mills. A few days before the homicide took place, a labor union was organized among the employees of the mill, and soon thereafter a strike of the weavers was called. A number of the employees joined in the strike,’and the mill was closed, and so remained for about 20 days. On November 15th, a large majority of the employees who'had become strikers returned for work, and the mill again started its operations. Those who continued on the strike, • stationed pickets along the public roadways, about 200 yards from the mill, for the purpose of persuading the employees to join the strikers. There was no trouble until the morning of the 27th of November, when a party of the strikers, after failing in their efforts to influence the employees to join them, left their post and came past the mill office, where several of the workers had gathered. This was in the early morning while it was still dark, and a few minutes after the mill had commenced its work. The strikers and the employees exchanged a few jokes, when the defendant, Harvey (one of the strikers), took exception to some remarks that were made in regard to him, and this led to a fight then and there, in which about four or five strikers and an equal number
of employees took part. The defendants, Harvey and Williams, were strikers, and the defendants, Brown, Huggins and Humphries, were non-strikers. As the fight took place while it was still dark, the testimony is confused and conflicting, in regard to what occurred. Several of the combatants were severely cut, and David Freize (striker) was so badly cut that he did not linger long. There was testimony to the effect that when the fight commenced, Harvey had a knife, and that a bystander (Tidwell) exclaimed, “Look ■out, men; Harvey has his knife open;” that he saw the knife, and that Harvey struck at Humphries with it. In other words, there was testimony tending to show that those who joined in the combat knew that a knife was being used by one of the combatants. The defendants, Brown, Huggins and Humphries, alone appealed.
1
These appellants made a motion for a severance, on the ground that their defenses were antangonistic to the defenses of the other two defendants; but the motion was refused, and this is made the basis for the first assignment of error. It is only necessary to cite the case of
State v. Wade,
95 S. C. 387, 79 S. E. 106, to show that the exception raising this question cannot be sustained.
2
The second exception is as follows: “His Honor erred in admitting the testimony of the witness, Hendrix Rector, to the effect that the deceased, David Freize, had stated to him, that Brown and Humphries had cut him, it being submitted that said testimony was hearsay, and that the rule with regard to dying declarations had not been complied with, in that it did not appear that said Freize was in imminent danger of death, and was without hope of recovery.”
Hendrix Rector, sheriff of Greenville county, testified as follows:
“Was notified of the killing. Went to the home of Freize shortly after daylight. * * * Freize said, T am cut to
death, and killed/-or words to that effect. I asked him who> were connected with the difficulty. He said Brown and Humphries had cut him.”
The only reasonable interpretation of the words, “I am cut to death, and killed,” is that the declarant realized that he was at the point of death, and did not have any hope of recovery. It will be observed that he not only stated that he was cut to death, but that he was killed. The appellants’ attorneys rely upon the case of
State v. Belcher,
13 S. C. 459, in which the Court uses the following language:
“Hearsay is evidence of facts with which the witness is not acquainted, but which he merely states from the relation of others, and is inadmissible for the double reason that the party originally stating the facts does not speak under oath, and the party against whom the evidence is offered has no opportunity to cross-examine the party making the statements. The only case in the whole range of the criminal law, where evidence is admissible against the accused without an- opportunity of cross-examination, is that of ‘dying declarations’ in cases of homicide, and they are only admissible from the necessity of the case, and when made
in extremis,
when the party is at the point of death, and is conscious of it, when every hope of this world is gone, and every motive to falsehood is silenced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth. For the reason that the admission of such statement is exceptional, they ought always to be excluded unless they come within the rule in every respect.
State v. Quick,
15 Rich. 342;
State v. McEvoy,
9 S. C. 211; Roscoe’s Cr. Ev. 31. The testimony of Dr. Harrison as to the statements of the deceased to him does not come within the definition of dying declarations, and was mere hearsay. -He did not witness the acts complained of, but only related what she -told him had taken place. She was afflicted with a lingering disease. Her statement was made April 21st, and she did not die until July 12, nearly three months after. It does not appear that
the statement was made
in extremis;
she said she thought at the time that the violence was inflicted that ‘she would then die,’ but she did not say that, at the time she made the statement, she considered herself in the very presence of death, soon to occur.”
The difference between this case and that of
State v. Belcher,
13 S. C. 459, is clearly pointed out by the Court when it says:
“She said she thought at the time the violence was inflicted that ‘she would then die,’ but she did not say that at the time she made the statement she considered herself in the very presence of death, soon to occur;” whereas, the words in the present case indicate a consciousness of approaching death, and the abandonment of all hope.
The third exception is as follows:
“That, having admitted the testimony of the said Hendrix Rector, to the effect that the said Freize had stated to him that Brown and Humphries (meaning the defendants) had cut him, his Honor erred in refusing to admit the testimony of Miss Alice Agnew (head nurse at the hospital), to the effect that said Freize had subsequently, while in the hospital, stated to her in reply to the question as to who cut him, that he did not know; it was dark.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Chiee Justice Gary.
The defendants were indicted for the murder of Davis Freize, and were convicted of manslaughter. Freize was killed in a general fight that took place on the early morning of the 27th of November, 1915, in front of the office of the Judson Mills. A few days before the homicide took place, a labor union was organized among the employees of the mill, and soon thereafter a strike of the weavers was called. A number of the employees joined in the strike,’and the mill was closed, and so remained for about 20 days. On November 15th, a large majority of the employees who'had become strikers returned for work, and the mill again started its operations. Those who continued on the strike, • stationed pickets along the public roadways, about 200 yards from the mill, for the purpose of persuading the employees to join the strikers. There was no trouble until the morning of the 27th of November, when a party of the strikers, after failing in their efforts to influence the employees to join them, left their post and came past the mill office, where several of the workers had gathered. This was in the early morning while it was still dark, and a few minutes after the mill had commenced its work. The strikers and the employees exchanged a few jokes, when the defendant, Harvey (one of the strikers), took exception to some remarks that were made in regard to him, and this led to a fight then and there, in which about four or five strikers and an equal number
of employees took part. The defendants, Harvey and Williams, were strikers, and the defendants, Brown, Huggins and Humphries, were non-strikers. As the fight took place while it was still dark, the testimony is confused and conflicting, in regard to what occurred. Several of the combatants were severely cut, and David Freize (striker) was so badly cut that he did not linger long. There was testimony to the effect that when the fight commenced, Harvey had a knife, and that a bystander (Tidwell) exclaimed, “Look ■out, men; Harvey has his knife open;” that he saw the knife, and that Harvey struck at Humphries with it. In other words, there was testimony tending to show that those who joined in the combat knew that a knife was being used by one of the combatants. The defendants, Brown, Huggins and Humphries, alone appealed.
1
These appellants made a motion for a severance, on the ground that their defenses were antangonistic to the defenses of the other two defendants; but the motion was refused, and this is made the basis for the first assignment of error. It is only necessary to cite the case of
State v. Wade,
95 S. C. 387, 79 S. E. 106, to show that the exception raising this question cannot be sustained.
2
The second exception is as follows: “His Honor erred in admitting the testimony of the witness, Hendrix Rector, to the effect that the deceased, David Freize, had stated to him, that Brown and Humphries had cut him, it being submitted that said testimony was hearsay, and that the rule with regard to dying declarations had not been complied with, in that it did not appear that said Freize was in imminent danger of death, and was without hope of recovery.”
Hendrix Rector, sheriff of Greenville county, testified as follows:
“Was notified of the killing. Went to the home of Freize shortly after daylight. * * * Freize said, T am cut to
death, and killed/-or words to that effect. I asked him who> were connected with the difficulty. He said Brown and Humphries had cut him.”
The only reasonable interpretation of the words, “I am cut to death, and killed,” is that the declarant realized that he was at the point of death, and did not have any hope of recovery. It will be observed that he not only stated that he was cut to death, but that he was killed. The appellants’ attorneys rely upon the case of
State v. Belcher,
13 S. C. 459, in which the Court uses the following language:
“Hearsay is evidence of facts with which the witness is not acquainted, but which he merely states from the relation of others, and is inadmissible for the double reason that the party originally stating the facts does not speak under oath, and the party against whom the evidence is offered has no opportunity to cross-examine the party making the statements. The only case in the whole range of the criminal law, where evidence is admissible against the accused without an- opportunity of cross-examination, is that of ‘dying declarations’ in cases of homicide, and they are only admissible from the necessity of the case, and when made
in extremis,
when the party is at the point of death, and is conscious of it, when every hope of this world is gone, and every motive to falsehood is silenced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth. For the reason that the admission of such statement is exceptional, they ought always to be excluded unless they come within the rule in every respect.
State v. Quick,
15 Rich. 342;
State v. McEvoy,
9 S. C. 211; Roscoe’s Cr. Ev. 31. The testimony of Dr. Harrison as to the statements of the deceased to him does not come within the definition of dying declarations, and was mere hearsay. -He did not witness the acts complained of, but only related what she -told him had taken place. She was afflicted with a lingering disease. Her statement was made April 21st, and she did not die until July 12, nearly three months after. It does not appear that
the statement was made
in extremis;
she said she thought at the time that the violence was inflicted that ‘she would then die,’ but she did not say that, at the time she made the statement, she considered herself in the very presence of death, soon to occur.”
The difference between this case and that of
State v. Belcher,
13 S. C. 459, is clearly pointed out by the Court when it says:
“She said she thought at the time the violence was inflicted that ‘she would then die,’ but she did not say that at the time she made the statement she considered herself in the very presence of death, soon to occur;” whereas, the words in the present case indicate a consciousness of approaching death, and the abandonment of all hope.
The third exception is as follows:
“That, having admitted the testimony of the said Hendrix Rector, to the effect that the said Freize had stated to him that Brown and Humphries (meaning the defendants) had cut him, his Honor erred in refusing to admit the testimony of Miss Alice Agnew (head nurse at the hospital), to the effect that said Freize had subsequently, while in the hospital, stated to her in reply to the question as to who cut him, that he did not know; it was dark. It being submitted that said testimony was admissible upon the following grounds:' (a) The Judge admitted the statement made by Freize to Hendrix Rector a short time previous, as a dying declaration, and it was not shown that any change had taken place in the condition of the said Freize, or that he had, subsequent to the statement to Rector, entertained any hope of recovery, (b) It-is submitted that said statement to Miss Agnew was competent, in contradiction of the previous statement made by Freize, whether regarded as a dying declaration or otherwise.”
3
We will consider, first, subdivision (a). It is incumbent on the party offering to introduce in evidence a dying decla
ration to show that it fulfills the requirements of the law; and the mere fact that declarations may have been made on a previous occasion, under such circumstances' as rendered them admissible, is not sufficient to show that the subsequent declarations are. admissible.
State v. Belcher,
13 S. C. 459. The record discloses the fact that the declarations' made to Rector were at the home of the deceased, shortly after daylight, on the morning of the homicide, but that those subsequently made to Miss Alice Agnew were at the city hospital. It does not, however, appear how much time elapsed between the two declarations. Under such circumstances, the ruling of his Honor, the presiding Judge, is free from error.
4
The next question to be determined is whether subdivision (b) can be sustained. In the case of the
State v. Taylor,
56 S. C. 360, 34 S. E. 939, the Court decided that dying declarations cannot be impeached by statements, made by the deceased to another party, at another time, and not under shadow of impending death. The reasons, assigned are as follows :
“To hold that it is competent to impeach the dying declarations of a deceased person by testimony tending to show that she had made statements in conflict with those contained in her dying declarations, not under the sanction of an oath, nor under the shadow of impending death, would tend, not only to afford a strong temptation to the fabrication of false testimony, to save the life of the accused, when death had rendered it impossible to rebut or explain such statements, but would also tend to absolutely destroy the efficiency of dying declarations as evidence.”
The decision is reaffirmed in
State v. Stuckey,
56 S. C. 576, 35 S. E. 263. Those cases are conclusive of the questions 'under consideration.
5, 6
All the other exceptions (which will be reported) relate to the law of mutual combat, and the questions presented by
them must be determined, in connection with the following requests which were charged: “That, to constitute mutual combat, it is not necessary that there should be a positive agreement between the participating parties to enter the combat; it is sufficient if they wilfully enter into the conflict, upon the impulse of the moment. If one comes to the assistance of his friend or relative, and takes part in a difficulty in which such friend or relative is engaged, he enters the combat upon the same footing of. the person to whose assistance he comes, and under the same legal status'.”
State v. Cook,
78 S. C. 253, 59 S. E. 862, 15
L.
R. A. (N. S.) 1013, 125 Am. St. Rep. 788, 13 Ann. Cas. 1051.
“That every one is presumed to know the consequences of his act, and if one voluntarily enters a mutual combat where deadly weapons are used, knowing that they are being used, and death results to one of the participating parties, every one engaged in such combat is equally guilty, regardless of whether he used a deadly weapon or not. And regardless of whether hé was on one side or the other makes no difference, and where all are participating in the mutual combat, all are equally responsible for the natural consequences.”
“One who sees another attacked by great force, and his life endangered or subjected to serious bodily harm, has a right to interfere to prevent death or serious bodily harm, and one has the right to interfere to the extent of taking the life of the assailant.”
“If one lawfully interferes to prevent a homicide or serious bodily harm, from being imposed upon a third party, inadvertently strikes a bystander, and death results, if in good faith such party inadvertently struck the bystander to prevent a felony, such person would not be guilty of any crime. It would be an accident.”
“If A is in company with B and B is set upon by a mob, and B’s life endangered, A would have a right to interfere
to the extent of taking life of any member of the mob, in order to prevent death of B or serious bodily harm being done to- B.”
“When no conspiracy has been shown to have existed between the actual perpetrators and the one charged with aiding, it is essential to the guilt of the latter that he should not only have been present when the killing was done, but should have actually participated in the crime.”
“Although it may be positively proven that one or two or more persons committed a crime, yet if it is uncertain which is the guilty party, all must be acquitted. No one can be convicted till it is established that he is the party who committed the offense.”
“Court: I charge you that, gentlemen, if there was the absence of an agreement to have mutual combat. Where people agree to have a mutual combat, they are engaged in an unlawful act; they are all presumed to intend the consequences which naturally flow from an unlawful act; and, if one of the participants be on one side himself and the other be slain by participating in the mutual combat, all are equally guilty of the killing.”
The case of
State v. Lee,
85 S. C. 101,
67
S. E. 141, 137 Am. St. Rep. 869, shows that the fifth exception cannot be sustained.
When the fourth, sixth, seventh and eighth exceptions are considered in connection with the entire charge, it will be seen that they must be overruled. Instead of being prejudicial to the appellants, the charge was too favorable to them. Affirmed.
Messrs. Justices Hydrick, Watts and Gage concur.