Mr. Justice Burnett
delivered the opinion of the court.
1, 2. It is not directly so stated, but we assume in favor of the defendant, as the parties evidently intended that he was conducting a place where intoxicating liquors were sold under a regular license, and employed a bartender in the prosecution of the business. On this assumption, coupled with the amended form of indictment set forth, we find that apparently the authorities are in hopeless conflict as regards the culpability of the defendant under such circumstances. The precedents in his favor proceed upon the theory that no one can commit a crime in the absence of any intent to do so. This is the keynote of all the utterances on that subject so far as our investigation goes, and there are many eminent jurists who press this doctrine with great persuasiveness. The decisions to the contrary are based upon the doctrine that in statutory crimes, unless there is incorporated into the legislative definition the element of knowledge on the part of the defendant, the intent with which the act was done is not an ingredient of the offense. This feature is the differentiating characteristic between the two classes of cases. The courts of this state are committed to the latter doctrine.
In State v. Chastain, 19 Or. 176 (23 Pac. 963), the defendant was indicted for selling spirituous liquor without a license. He offered to show that he was in [328] the employment of another whom he honestly supposed had a license authorizing the sale, but the court in an exhaustive opinion by Mr. Justice Lord, after reviewing the authorities, states:
“As statutes of this character bind the party to know the facts and to keep them at his peril, neither the motives nor the intent of the defendant can relieve him. When a sale is made without a license, the intent is immaterial, when the statute makes the act indictable irrespective of guilty knowledge, and, in such case, ignorance of fact, no matter how sincere, cannot be a defense. It is enough that under the statute the commission of the act prohibited constitutes the offense, irrespective of the motives or knowledge of the defendant, and as his principal had no license to sell, the defendant must stand for him, so far as appertains to this prosecution.”
In State v. Gulley, 41 Or. 318 (70 Pac. 385), the defendant was found by a special verdict to have sold liquor in good faith to one who represented himself to be more than 21 years of age but who in fact was a minor. The court held by Mr. Chief Justice Moore that:
“In prosecutions for distinctly statutory offenses, such as selling liquor to minors, for example, where the statute does not make guilty knowledge an element, it is unnecessary to show an intent to violate the law, and that defendant acted in good faith on mistaken information is not a defense.,’ ’
In State v. Sterritt, 19 Or. 352 (24 Pac. 523), the defendant was indicted for the crime of unlawfully moving sheep infected with scab, from place to place, without first having obtained a traveling permit therefor. The defendant demurred to the indictment because it did not show that he knew the sheep were infected with scab at the time of their alleged removal, but the [329] court considered that objection untenable, relying upon State v. Chastain, supra.
So far as applicable, the Oregon statute on this subject reads thus in Section 2142, L. O. L.:
‘ ‘ If any person shall sell, give, or cause to be sold or given, any intoxicating liquor to any minor in this state, * * such person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. * * ”
It will be observed that our statute does not prescribe guilty knowledge or intent as an element of the crime. It is said in Section 2370, L. O. L., that:
“All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether it be felony or misdemeanor, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the crime, or aid and abet in its commission, though not present, are principals, and to be tried and punished as such.”
On the postulate that the bartender was an employee of the defendant in the conduct of a licensed business, the defendant is directly concerned in the traffic. It is he who of all others makes it possible for the bartender to commit the act forbidden by the statute. He furnishes the liquor to sell and the place in which it is sold. He employs agents for that purpose, who carry on the business for him. Responsible to the state under his license, he must take the risks of the business and at his peril see that his employees obey the law. If he would derive profit from the venture in the hands of his employee, he must accept the hazard with the benefit. As said in Carroll v. State, 63 Md. 551, 557 (3 Atl. 29, 32), speaking of instructions given by a principal to his agent not to violate the law:
“The cases, therefore, which hold that such orders will exculpate the principal, are inconsistent with the [330] rule that in such case intent is immaterial. If intent is not an ingredient in the offense, it logically follows that it must be immaterial whether such orders are given or not, for he who does by another that which he cannot lawfully do in person must be responsible for the agent’s act. In fact, it is his act. If the principal makes such sale at his peril, and is not excusable, because he did not know or was deceived, for the reason that he was bound to know, and if he was not certain should decline to sell, or take the hazard, it cannot be that by setting another to do his work, and occupying himself elsewhere and otherwise, he can reap the benefit of his agent’s sales, and escape the consequences of the agent’s conduct.”
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Mr. Justice Burnett
delivered the opinion of the court.
1, 2. It is not directly so stated, but we assume in favor of the defendant, as the parties evidently intended that he was conducting a place where intoxicating liquors were sold under a regular license, and employed a bartender in the prosecution of the business. On this assumption, coupled with the amended form of indictment set forth, we find that apparently the authorities are in hopeless conflict as regards the culpability of the defendant under such circumstances. The precedents in his favor proceed upon the theory that no one can commit a crime in the absence of any intent to do so. This is the keynote of all the utterances on that subject so far as our investigation goes, and there are many eminent jurists who press this doctrine with great persuasiveness. The decisions to the contrary are based upon the doctrine that in statutory crimes, unless there is incorporated into the legislative definition the element of knowledge on the part of the defendant, the intent with which the act was done is not an ingredient of the offense. This feature is the differentiating characteristic between the two classes of cases. The courts of this state are committed to the latter doctrine.
In State v. Chastain, 19 Or. 176 (23 Pac. 963), the defendant was indicted for selling spirituous liquor without a license. He offered to show that he was in [328] the employment of another whom he honestly supposed had a license authorizing the sale, but the court in an exhaustive opinion by Mr. Justice Lord, after reviewing the authorities, states:
“As statutes of this character bind the party to know the facts and to keep them at his peril, neither the motives nor the intent of the defendant can relieve him. When a sale is made without a license, the intent is immaterial, when the statute makes the act indictable irrespective of guilty knowledge, and, in such case, ignorance of fact, no matter how sincere, cannot be a defense. It is enough that under the statute the commission of the act prohibited constitutes the offense, irrespective of the motives or knowledge of the defendant, and as his principal had no license to sell, the defendant must stand for him, so far as appertains to this prosecution.”
In State v. Gulley, 41 Or. 318 (70 Pac. 385), the defendant was found by a special verdict to have sold liquor in good faith to one who represented himself to be more than 21 years of age but who in fact was a minor. The court held by Mr. Chief Justice Moore that:
“In prosecutions for distinctly statutory offenses, such as selling liquor to minors, for example, where the statute does not make guilty knowledge an element, it is unnecessary to show an intent to violate the law, and that defendant acted in good faith on mistaken information is not a defense.,’ ’
In State v. Sterritt, 19 Or. 352 (24 Pac. 523), the defendant was indicted for the crime of unlawfully moving sheep infected with scab, from place to place, without first having obtained a traveling permit therefor. The defendant demurred to the indictment because it did not show that he knew the sheep were infected with scab at the time of their alleged removal, but the [329] court considered that objection untenable, relying upon State v. Chastain, supra.
So far as applicable, the Oregon statute on this subject reads thus in Section 2142, L. O. L.:
‘ ‘ If any person shall sell, give, or cause to be sold or given, any intoxicating liquor to any minor in this state, * * such person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. * * ”
It will be observed that our statute does not prescribe guilty knowledge or intent as an element of the crime. It is said in Section 2370, L. O. L., that:
“All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether it be felony or misdemeanor, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the crime, or aid and abet in its commission, though not present, are principals, and to be tried and punished as such.”
On the postulate that the bartender was an employee of the defendant in the conduct of a licensed business, the defendant is directly concerned in the traffic. It is he who of all others makes it possible for the bartender to commit the act forbidden by the statute. He furnishes the liquor to sell and the place in which it is sold. He employs agents for that purpose, who carry on the business for him. Responsible to the state under his license, he must take the risks of the business and at his peril see that his employees obey the law. If he would derive profit from the venture in the hands of his employee, he must accept the hazard with the benefit. As said in Carroll v. State, 63 Md. 551, 557 (3 Atl. 29, 32), speaking of instructions given by a principal to his agent not to violate the law:
“The cases, therefore, which hold that such orders will exculpate the principal, are inconsistent with the [330] rule that in such case intent is immaterial. If intent is not an ingredient in the offense, it logically follows that it must be immaterial whether such orders are given or not, for he who does by another that which he cannot lawfully do in person must be responsible for the agent’s act. In fact, it is his act. If the principal makes such sale at his peril, and is not excusable, because he did not know or was deceived, for the reason that he was bound to know, and if he was not certain should decline to sell, or take the hazard, it cannot be that by setting another to do his work, and occupying himself elsewhere and otherwise, he can reap the benefit of his agent’s sales, and escape the consequences of the agent’s conduct.”
Here was a sale. From whom? To whom? The answer is plain that it was from the defendant to the minor. It involves a passing of property from the former to the latter for a valuable consideration. The bartender is not shown to have had any interest in the property. The defendant derived whatever profit accrued from the transaction. Having engaged himself with the bartender in the business, he is liable like the bartender and with him for an act done in pursuance of the undertaking. The reason is found in the fact that intent is not made an element of the statutory offense so that the defendant is liable in like manner as his agent employed to conduct the business: Walters v. State, 174 Ind. 545 (92 N. E. 537); Olson v. State, 143 Wis. 413 (127 N. W. 975); State v. Anderson, 127 La. 1041 (54 South. 344, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 1103); Reismier v. State, 148 Wis. 593 (135 N. W. 153); State v. Gilmore, 80 Vt. 514 (68 Atl. 658, 13 Ann. Cas. 321, and notes, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 786). The traffic in intoxicating liquors has always been more or less under the ban of the law as an expression of the police power of the state, and there are no in[331] tendments in its favor. Under statutes like ours, the defendant’s directions to his employees, in reality, amount only to self-serving declarations of his good intent; but this court is already committed to.the doctrine that intent is a negligible and immaterial circumstance in such cases. The conclusion is that the indictment, containing, as it does, a direct charge of the crime defined in the statute, is sufficient, and is not affected by the stipulated addition about want of, knowledge on the part of the defendant and his instructions to the bartender. The court erred in sustaining the demurrer.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings. Reversed and Remanded.