No. 13297
I N THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF M N A A OTN
197 6
THE STATE OF MONTANA,
p l a i n t i f f and A p p e l l a n t ,
-vs - L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J. CLINE,
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from: D i s t r i c t Court o f t h e T h i r d J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , Honorable R o b e r t Boyd, Judge p r e s i d i n g .
Counsel o f Record:
For Appellant :
Hon. R o b e r t L. Woodahl, A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , Helena, Montana A l b e r t W. M e l o l i n g a r g u e d , S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y Genera 1, Helena, Montana James J. Masar, County A t t o r n e y , Deer Lodge, Montana
F o r Respondent :
Morrison and Hedman, W h i t e f i s h , Montana Frank Morrison a r g u e d , W h i t e f i s h , Montana D. R . Matthews a r g u e d , M i s s o u l a , Montana
Submitted: A p r i l 7 , 1976
Decided : APP 2 T: 1976 4FR 2 r:: 1998 Filed : Mr. J u s t i c e Wesley C a s t l e s d e l i v e r e d t h e Opinion o f t h e C o u r t .
T h i s i s a n a p p e a l by t h e s t a t e of Montana from a n o r d e r
of t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t , Powell County, d a t e d F e b r u a r y 1 3 , 1976,
wherein t h e Honorable R o b e r t J . Boyd g r a n t e d a d e f e n s e motion
t o t r a n s f e r t o Missoula County, c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X i n c l u s i v e
of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e d i n Powell County October 23,
1975.
On August 27, 1975, t h e s t a t e o f Montana f i l e d a n i n -
f o r m a t i o n and a f f i d a v i t i n s u p p o r t t h e r e o f i n Powell County,
c h a r g i n g L. R. B r e t z and M e r r e l J . C l i n e i n a f i v e c o u n t i n f o r -
m a t i o n w i t h t h e f e l o n i e s of c o n s p i r a c y and s o l i c i t a t i o n a s
s p e c i f i e d i n s e c t i o n 94-4-102, R.C.M. 1947 and s e c t i o n 94-4-101,
R.C.M. 1947, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t s o c c u r r e d
i n J u l y 1975 i n t h e s t a t e p r i s o n where B r e t z and C l i n e w e r e
serving sentences f o r felony convictions.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e two p r i s o n e r s w e r e
t r a n s f e r r e d , by o r d e r of Warden C r i s t , t o t h e Missoula County
jail. While i n t h e Missoula County j a i l , B r e t z and C l i n e w e r e
a l l e g e d t o have committed c e r t a i n a c t s r e s u l t i n g i n t h e f i l i n g
of a n amended i n f o r m a t i o n i n Powell County, a d d i n g f i v e new
c o u n t s , V I t h r o u g h X: c o n s p i r a c y t o commit p e r j u r y , s o l i c i t a t i o n
t o commit p e r j u r y , tampering w i t h w i t n e s s e s , and f a b r i c a t i o n o f
physical evidence. Each o f t h e s e a c t s w a s a l l e g e d t o have been
done w i t h d i r e c t r e g a r d t o t h e t h e n pending f i v e c o u n t s p r e v i o u s l y
f i l e d i n Powell County. Each a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t , however, w a s
d e s i g n a t e d a s e p a r a t e and new c r i m e o c c u r r i n g i n M i s s o u l a County.
Counts V I t h r o u g h X , by t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n became
s u b j e c t t o d e f e n s e m o t i o n s f o r change o f venue from Powell t o
Missoula County. On F e b r u a r y 1 3 , 1976, Judge Boyd g r a n t e d t h e
m o t i o n s , o r d e r i n g venue changed t o Missoula County on Counts V I
t h r o u g h X of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y , Judge Boyd was d i s q u a l i f i e d and Judge J a c k Green assumed j u r i s d i c t i o n o f
t h e o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n case s t i l l pending i n Powell County.
The s o l e i s s u e on t h i s a p p e a l i s whether t h e p r o p e r
p l a c e f o r venue o f c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X o f t h e amended informa-
t i o n i s i n Powell County o r Missoula County.
I t i s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e S t a t e i n i t s amended informa-
t i o n and s u p p o r t i n g a f f i d a v i t t h a t t h e a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t s i n
Missoula County, c o m p r i s i n g c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X , c o n s t i t u t e d a
c a l c u l a t e d a t t e m p t t o d e s t r o y t h e c r e d i b i l i t y of o n e J a c k LaMere,
a s t a t e witness expected t o t e s t i f y a s t o t h e a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l
a c t i v i t i e s i n Powell County s p e c i f i e d i n c o u n t s I t h r o u g h V .
For p u r p o s e s of b r e v i t y and c l a r i t y , we set f o r t h c o u n t No. I X
of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n a s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e S t a t e ' s p o s i t i o n :
"For a f u r t h e r and s e p a r a t e c a u s e o f a c t i o n , b e i n g a d i f f e r e n t o f f e n s e of t h e same c l a s s of crimes and o f f e n s e s and c o n n e c t e d i n i t s commission w i t h a l l p r e c e d i n g c o u n t s h e r e o f , t h e s a i d d e f e n d a n t s , L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, t h e n and t h e r e b e i n g , t h e n and t h e r e w i l l f u l l y , purposely, knowlingly, wrongfully, and f e l o n i o u s l y , on o r a b o u t and between t h e d a t e s of August 25, 1975 and October 22, 1975, a t and i n t h e County o f M i s s o u l a , S t a t e of Montana, d i d commit t h e c r i m e of TAMPERING W I T H WITNESSES, a f e l o n y , a s s p e c i f i e d i n S e c t i o n 94-7-207, R.C.M. 1947, i n t h a t s a i d d e f e n d a n t s L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, d i d p u r p o s e l y , knowingly, w i l l f u l l y , w r o n g f u l l y , u n l a w f u l l y and f e l o n i o u s l y a t t e m p t t o i n d u c e and o t h e r w i s e c a u s e a w i t n e s s t o t e s t i f y and i n f o r m f a l s e l y and w i t h h o l d t e s t i m o n y and i n f o r m a t i o n w h i l e b e l i e v i n g t h a t o f f i c i a l p r o c e e d i n g s and i n - v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e pending i n t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t of t h e T h i r d J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t o f t h e S t a t e o f Montana, i n and f o r t h e County o f P o w e l l , e n t i t l e d THE STATE O MONTANA, P l a i n t i f f , v s . F L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, Defendants * * *". (Emphasis s u p p l i e d . )
S e c t i o n 95-402, R.C.M. 1947, p r o v i d e s t h a t where a n o f f e n s e
i s committed p a r t l y i n one c o u n t y and p a r t l y i n a n o t h e r :
"Where two ( 2 ) o r more a c t s a r e r e q u i s i t e t o t h e commission of any o f f e n s e , t h e t r i a l may be i n any c o u n t y i n which any o f such a c t s o c c u r . " (Emphasis supplied) . The R e v i s e d Commission Comment i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h i s p a r t i c u -
l a r s t a t u t e said:
"This provision allows t h e t r i a l t o t a k e place i n t h e most c o n v e n i e n t c o u n t y where a n e l e m e n t o f t h e o f f e n s e o c c u r r e d . * * * The o n l y e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e which a r e o f i n t e r e s t a r e t h o s e a c t s c o n s t i - t u t i n g o r r e q u i s i t e t o t h e consummation o f t h e o f f e n s e ; t h e t r i a l o f t h e c a s e may b e h e l d i n a n y c o u n t y i n which s u c h a c t s o c c u r . "
The Commission comment c i t e s S t a t e v . C a s s i l l , 70 Mont.
433, 227 P . 49.
C o n s i d e r i n g a g a i n c o u n t No. I X , "Tampering w i t h W i t n e s s e s "
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No. 13297
I N THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF M N A A OTN
197 6
THE STATE OF MONTANA,
p l a i n t i f f and A p p e l l a n t ,
-vs - L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J. CLINE,
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from: D i s t r i c t Court o f t h e T h i r d J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , Honorable R o b e r t Boyd, Judge p r e s i d i n g .
Counsel o f Record:
For Appellant :
Hon. R o b e r t L. Woodahl, A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , Helena, Montana A l b e r t W. M e l o l i n g a r g u e d , S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y Genera 1, Helena, Montana James J. Masar, County A t t o r n e y , Deer Lodge, Montana
F o r Respondent :
Morrison and Hedman, W h i t e f i s h , Montana Frank Morrison a r g u e d , W h i t e f i s h , Montana D. R . Matthews a r g u e d , M i s s o u l a , Montana
Submitted: A p r i l 7 , 1976
Decided : APP 2 T: 1976 4FR 2 r:: 1998 Filed : Mr. J u s t i c e Wesley C a s t l e s d e l i v e r e d t h e Opinion o f t h e C o u r t .
T h i s i s a n a p p e a l by t h e s t a t e of Montana from a n o r d e r
of t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t , Powell County, d a t e d F e b r u a r y 1 3 , 1976,
wherein t h e Honorable R o b e r t J . Boyd g r a n t e d a d e f e n s e motion
t o t r a n s f e r t o Missoula County, c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X i n c l u s i v e
of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e d i n Powell County October 23,
1975.
On August 27, 1975, t h e s t a t e o f Montana f i l e d a n i n -
f o r m a t i o n and a f f i d a v i t i n s u p p o r t t h e r e o f i n Powell County,
c h a r g i n g L. R. B r e t z and M e r r e l J . C l i n e i n a f i v e c o u n t i n f o r -
m a t i o n w i t h t h e f e l o n i e s of c o n s p i r a c y and s o l i c i t a t i o n a s
s p e c i f i e d i n s e c t i o n 94-4-102, R.C.M. 1947 and s e c t i o n 94-4-101,
R.C.M. 1947, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t s o c c u r r e d
i n J u l y 1975 i n t h e s t a t e p r i s o n where B r e t z and C l i n e w e r e
serving sentences f o r felony convictions.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e two p r i s o n e r s w e r e
t r a n s f e r r e d , by o r d e r of Warden C r i s t , t o t h e Missoula County
jail. While i n t h e Missoula County j a i l , B r e t z and C l i n e w e r e
a l l e g e d t o have committed c e r t a i n a c t s r e s u l t i n g i n t h e f i l i n g
of a n amended i n f o r m a t i o n i n Powell County, a d d i n g f i v e new
c o u n t s , V I t h r o u g h X: c o n s p i r a c y t o commit p e r j u r y , s o l i c i t a t i o n
t o commit p e r j u r y , tampering w i t h w i t n e s s e s , and f a b r i c a t i o n o f
physical evidence. Each o f t h e s e a c t s w a s a l l e g e d t o have been
done w i t h d i r e c t r e g a r d t o t h e t h e n pending f i v e c o u n t s p r e v i o u s l y
f i l e d i n Powell County. Each a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t , however, w a s
d e s i g n a t e d a s e p a r a t e and new c r i m e o c c u r r i n g i n M i s s o u l a County.
Counts V I t h r o u g h X , by t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n became
s u b j e c t t o d e f e n s e m o t i o n s f o r change o f venue from Powell t o
Missoula County. On F e b r u a r y 1 3 , 1976, Judge Boyd g r a n t e d t h e
m o t i o n s , o r d e r i n g venue changed t o Missoula County on Counts V I
t h r o u g h X of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y , Judge Boyd was d i s q u a l i f i e d and Judge J a c k Green assumed j u r i s d i c t i o n o f
t h e o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n case s t i l l pending i n Powell County.
The s o l e i s s u e on t h i s a p p e a l i s whether t h e p r o p e r
p l a c e f o r venue o f c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X o f t h e amended informa-
t i o n i s i n Powell County o r Missoula County.
I t i s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e S t a t e i n i t s amended informa-
t i o n and s u p p o r t i n g a f f i d a v i t t h a t t h e a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l a c t s i n
Missoula County, c o m p r i s i n g c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X , c o n s t i t u t e d a
c a l c u l a t e d a t t e m p t t o d e s t r o y t h e c r e d i b i l i t y of o n e J a c k LaMere,
a s t a t e witness expected t o t e s t i f y a s t o t h e a l l e g e d c r i m i n a l
a c t i v i t i e s i n Powell County s p e c i f i e d i n c o u n t s I t h r o u g h V .
For p u r p o s e s of b r e v i t y and c l a r i t y , we set f o r t h c o u n t No. I X
of t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n a s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e S t a t e ' s p o s i t i o n :
"For a f u r t h e r and s e p a r a t e c a u s e o f a c t i o n , b e i n g a d i f f e r e n t o f f e n s e of t h e same c l a s s of crimes and o f f e n s e s and c o n n e c t e d i n i t s commission w i t h a l l p r e c e d i n g c o u n t s h e r e o f , t h e s a i d d e f e n d a n t s , L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, t h e n and t h e r e b e i n g , t h e n and t h e r e w i l l f u l l y , purposely, knowlingly, wrongfully, and f e l o n i o u s l y , on o r a b o u t and between t h e d a t e s of August 25, 1975 and October 22, 1975, a t and i n t h e County o f M i s s o u l a , S t a t e of Montana, d i d commit t h e c r i m e of TAMPERING W I T H WITNESSES, a f e l o n y , a s s p e c i f i e d i n S e c t i o n 94-7-207, R.C.M. 1947, i n t h a t s a i d d e f e n d a n t s L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, d i d p u r p o s e l y , knowingly, w i l l f u l l y , w r o n g f u l l y , u n l a w f u l l y and f e l o n i o u s l y a t t e m p t t o i n d u c e and o t h e r w i s e c a u s e a w i t n e s s t o t e s t i f y and i n f o r m f a l s e l y and w i t h h o l d t e s t i m o n y and i n f o r m a t i o n w h i l e b e l i e v i n g t h a t o f f i c i a l p r o c e e d i n g s and i n - v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e pending i n t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t of t h e T h i r d J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t o f t h e S t a t e o f Montana, i n and f o r t h e County o f P o w e l l , e n t i t l e d THE STATE O MONTANA, P l a i n t i f f , v s . F L. R. BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, Defendants * * *". (Emphasis s u p p l i e d . )
S e c t i o n 95-402, R.C.M. 1947, p r o v i d e s t h a t where a n o f f e n s e
i s committed p a r t l y i n one c o u n t y and p a r t l y i n a n o t h e r :
"Where two ( 2 ) o r more a c t s a r e r e q u i s i t e t o t h e commission of any o f f e n s e , t h e t r i a l may be i n any c o u n t y i n which any o f such a c t s o c c u r . " (Emphasis supplied) . The R e v i s e d Commission Comment i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h i s p a r t i c u -
l a r s t a t u t e said:
"This provision allows t h e t r i a l t o t a k e place i n t h e most c o n v e n i e n t c o u n t y where a n e l e m e n t o f t h e o f f e n s e o c c u r r e d . * * * The o n l y e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e which a r e o f i n t e r e s t a r e t h o s e a c t s c o n s t i - t u t i n g o r r e q u i s i t e t o t h e consummation o f t h e o f f e n s e ; t h e t r i a l o f t h e c a s e may b e h e l d i n a n y c o u n t y i n which s u c h a c t s o c c u r . "
The Commission comment c i t e s S t a t e v . C a s s i l l , 70 Mont.
433, 227 P . 49.
C o n s i d e r i n g a g a i n c o u n t No. I X , "Tampering w i t h W i t n e s s e s "
and k e e p i n g i n mind t h e s p e c i f i c l a n g u a g e of s e c t i o n 95-402 h e r e -
inbefore underlined, " * * * a c t s * * * r e q u i s i t e t o t h e commis- sion" of t h e c r i m e charged, we note t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r count
c o r r e c t l y s t a t e s t h e elements of t h e o f f e n s e of tampering w i t h
a w i t n e s s , p u r s u a n t t o s e c t i o n 94-7-207, R.C.M. 1947, by a l l e g i n g
t h e a c t o f t a m p e r i n g i n M i s s o u l a County " * * * while believing
t h a t o f f i c i a l p r o c e e d i n g s and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e p e n d i n g * * * i n and f o r t h e County of P o w e l l , e n t i t l e d THE STATE O MONTANA, F
P l a i n t i f f , v s . L. R . BRETZ and MERREL J . CLINE, D e f e n d a n t s * * *". Thus, s i n c e t h e a c t s r e q u i s i t e t o t h e commission o f t h e a l l e g e d
o f f e n s e of tampering w i t h a w i t n e s s occurred i n b o t h c o u n t i e s ,
Powell and M i s s o u l a , c o u n t No. I X c a n n o t s t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e
P o w e l l County c h a r g e s u n d e r t h e f a c t s a l l e g e d . This s a m e r a t i o n a l e
c a n b e a p p l i e d t o c o u n t s V I , V I I , V I I I , and X .
Respondents u r g e t h a t S t a t e v . R o t h e r , 130 Mont. 357,
361, 303 P.2d 393 i s c o n t r o l l i n g and r e q u i r e s a c o n t r a r y r e s u l t .
I n R o t h e r , by a 3 t o 2 m a j o r i t y , t h i s C o u r t h e l d t h a t t h e crime
o f p e r j u r y by s w e a r i n g t o a f a l s e a f f i d a v i t i n Lake County b e f o r e
a N o t a r y P u b l i c , was c o m p l e t e i n i t s e l f i n t h a t c o u n t y e v e n
t h o u g h t h e f a l s e a f f i d a v i t w a s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e S t a t e Board o f
E q u a l i z a t i o n i n L e w i s and C l a r k County. The R o t h e r c a s e was
n a r r o w l y c o n s t r u e d u n d e r o u r s t a t u t e p r i o r t o s e c t i o n 95-402. The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n i n d i c a t e d however t h a t had t h e c r i m e been more
t h a n p e r j u r y , s u c h a s w e m i g h t now have by t h e c o u n t s y s t e m
p r o v i d e d f o r i n T i t l e 95, a d o p t e d e f f e c t i v e J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 6 8 , t h e
same t i m e t h e new venue s t a t u t e s w e r e a d o p t e d , t h e r e s u l t s would
have been d i f f e r e n t . The C o u r t s a i d i n R o t h e r , p . 361:
" T h i s i s n o t a c a s e where t h e c r i m e i s committed i n more t h a n o n e c o u n t y u n d e r t h e r e c o r d b e f o r e us. T r u e , had t h e r e c o r d shown t h a t t h e d e f e n d - a n t a f t e r making t h e a f f i d a v i t c a r r i e d it t o Lewis and C l a r k County and t h e r e p l a c e d it b e f o r e t h e s t a t e b o a r d o f e q u a l i z a t i o n , t h e n it may b e t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n r e s t e d i n e i t h e r Lake o r Lewis & C l a r k County. But t h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e h e r e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t b r o u g h t t h e a f f i d a v i t t o Helena i n person. "
F i n a l l y , t h o u g h b o t h P o w e l l and M i s s o u l a C o u n t i e s would have been
p r o p e r c o u n t i e s f o r venue p u r p o s e s i n i t i a l l y u n d e r o u r i n t e r p r e -
t a t i o n o f s e c t i o n 95-402, o n c e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n was f i l e d i n P o w e l l
County t h a t i s where t h e a c t i o n must s t a y . See S t a t e v. Bretz,
166 Mont. 4 4 4 , 534 P.2d 496, 32 St.Rep. 374. Therefore t h e d i s -
t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n t r a n s f e r r i n g counts V I through X t o Missoula.
The o r d e r o f J u d g e R o b e r t Boyd c h a n g i n g venue t o M i s s o u l a
County i s r e v e r s e d and s e t a s i d e and c o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X o f t h e
amended i n f o r m a t i o n a r e o r d e r e d t r a n s f e r r e d back t o P o w e l l County
a s a p a r t o f t h e amended i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t r i a l .
4 Justice ,' Mr. J u s t i c e Frank I . Haswell and M r . ~usticeGene B . Daly dissenting: W e would a f f i r m J u d g e Boyd's o r d e r c h a n g i n g t h e p l a c e
o f t r i a l o f Counts VI t h r o u g h X t o M i s s o u l a County.
The amended i n f o r m a t i o n e x p r e s s l y c h a r g e s t h a t e a c h o f
t h e s e crimes was committed " a t and i n t h e County o f M i s s o u l a ,
S t a t e o f Montana". Defendants' conduct forming t h e b a s i s of
e a c h c h a r g e i s s p e c i f i c a l l y a l l e g e d t o have o c c u r r e d " w h i l e t h e
s a i d d e f e n d a n t s were p h y s i c a l l y c o n f i n e d i n t h e M i s s o u l a County
j a i l s i t u a t e d a t M i s s o u l a , Montana". Both t h e Montana C o n s t i -
t u t i o n and a Montana s t a t u t e r e q u i r e t r i a l t o b e h e l d i n t h e
c o u n t y where t h e a l l e g e d c r i m e w a s committed. Art. 11, S e c . 2 4 ,
Montana C o n s t i t u t i o n ; s e c t i o n 95-401, R.C.M. 1947.
The m a j o r i t y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e pendency o f c r i m i n a l
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e d e f e n d a n t s i n P o w e l l County i s " r e q u i s i t e
t o t h e commission" o f t h e c r i m e s c h a r g e d i n C o u n t s V I t h r o u g h X
and t h e r e f o r e a l l c h a r g e s s h o u l d b e t r i e d i n P o w e l l County. We
disagree.
While it i s a r g u a b l e t h a t t h e p e n d i n g c h a r g e s i n P o w e l l
County f u r n i s h e d t h e m o t i v e f o r commission o f t h e crimes c h a r g e d
i n Counts V I t h r o u g h X I s u c h m o t i v e i s no e l e m e n t o r r e q u i s i t e
of t h e l a t t e r charges. The a l l e g e d crimes of c o n s p i r a c y t o commit
p e r j u r y , s o l i c i t a t i o n t o commit p e r j u r y , t a m p e r i n g w i t h w i t n e s s e s ,
and f a b r i c a t i o n o f p h y s i c a l e v i d e n c e w e r e c o m p l e t e i n t h e m s e l v e s
by t h e a l l e g e d c o n d u c t o f t h e d e f e n d a n t s w i t h o r w i t h o u t a pend-
i n g c r i m i n a l p r o c e e d i n g a g a i n s t them i n P o w e l l County. If the l a w
w e r e o t h e r w i s e , a d e f e n d a n t c o u l d n e v e r be c h a r g e d w i t h t h e s e
c r i m e s a b s e n t p e n d i n g p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t him.
For t h e s e r e a s o n s , w e d i s s e n t .