[Cite as State v. Bradley-Lewis, 2020-Ohio-3563.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NOS. 2019-A-0086 - vs - : 2019-A-0087 2019-A-0088 ORLANDO LAMAAR BRADLEY-LEWIS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeals from the Ashtabula Municipal Court, Case Nos. 2014 CRB 00006, 2014 TRD 00004 and 2014 TRC 00031.
Judgment: Affirmed in part and modified and affirmed as modified in part.
Michael Franklin, Ashtabula City Solicitor, and Lori B. Lamer, Assistant Ashtabula City Solicitor, 110 West 44th Street, Ashtabula, OH 44004 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Michael A. Hiener, P.O. Box 1, Jefferson, OH 44047 (For Defendant-Appellant).
MATT LYNCH, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Orlando Lamaar Bradley-Lewis, appeals his
convictions for Obstructing Official Business, Resisting Arrest, Failure to Reinstate a
Driver’s License, and Reckless Operation in the Ashtabula Municipal Court. For the
following reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and modified and
affirmed as modified in part.
{¶2} On January 1, 2014, in Ashtabula Municipal Court Case No. 14TRD00004,
Bradley was issued a ticket charging him with Failure to Reinstate, an unclassified misdemeanor, in violation of R.C. 4510.21(A), and Reckless Operation, a minor
misdemeanor, in violation of R.C. 4511.20. On the same date, he was issued a ticket for
Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence, a misdemeanor of the first degree, in violation
of R.C 4511.19, in Case No. 14TRC00031. On January 2, 2014, in Case No.
14CRB00006, Complaints were filed charging Bradley with the following: two counts of
Assault, misdemeanors of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A); Aggravated
Menacing, a misdemeanor of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2903.21(A); Obstructing
Official Business, a misdemeanor of the second degree, in violation of R.C. 2921.31(A);
and Resisting Arrest, a misdemeanor of the second degree, in violation of R.C.
2921.33(A). All offenses arose from an incident occurring on January 1, 2014, and the
matters were handled in a consolidated fashion in the trial court.
{¶3} On January 29, 2014, counsel for Bradley, Sam Thomas, filed a notice of
appearance. On February 25, 2014, counsel failed to appear at a pretrial and Bradley
expressed a desire to obtain different counsel. On May 21, 2014, Thomas filed a motion
to withdraw, asserting that Bradley had failed to make payments and stay in contact.
{¶4} On November 21, 2014, the court issued a Judgment Entry putting out a
warrant for Bradley’s arrest for failure to appear at a pretrial. Bradley was arrested in July
2016.
{¶5} According to the court’s docket, on July 21, 2016, attorney Thomas Brown
filed a notice of appearance. He withdrew on July 29 and on December 22, 2016, Bradley
appeared with attorney Kevin Cafferkey at pretrial hearings.
{¶6} On March 27, 2017, attorney Leo Talikka entered an appearance in all three
cases and proceeded to request discovery and file additional motions and continuances.
2 For reasons not present in the record, attorney Talikka moved to withdraw as counsel in
November 2017. At a November 3, 2017 pretrial hearing, the court informed Bradley that
the motion to withdraw had been granted. The court inquired whether he would be hiring
counsel, to which Bradley responded affirmatively and indicated he should obtain counsel
“next week.” The court informed Bradley he “need[ed] to be ready to proceed and go
forward when [the next hearing] is set.” Bradley stated that he could not “control his
attorney dropping out of a case that I already paid him for.” The court responded, “we
can’t control how you threatened your attorney as well,” which allegation Bradley denied.
Bradley appeared at a November 29, 2017 pretrial hearing and the court’s entry indicated
the matter was set for trial and Bradley was “to have new atty. by then.”
{¶7} On December 13, 2017, Bradley filed a pro se motion for recusal, to dismiss
the complaint, and a demand for discovery. On the same date, the court issued a
Judgment Entry, resetting the matter for a jury trial and informing Bradley that he “has the
right to represent himself or hire another attorney to represent him in these cases.” The
entry informed him that he could apply for appointed counsel if he could not afford counsel
and stated that no further continuances would be granted if he was unable to obtain
counsel or lacked diligence in securing an attorney. It denied the motion to recuse.
{¶8} Bradley filed a pro se notice of appeal and proceedings were stayed
pending appeal. His appeal was dismissed due to the lack of a final appealable order.
State v. Bradley-Lewis, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2018-A-0006, et al., 2018-Ohio-1445.
{¶9} Bradley subsequently filed various motions pro se, including motions to
dismiss and for joinder, and a request for discovery.
{¶10} A pretrial hearing was held on September 4, 2018, with the court finding
3 that “offers were made and defendant will consider after consulting with his attorney.”
The court’s judgment noted that trial would go forward on September 28, regardless of
his representation status.
{¶11} Attorney David Per Due filed a notice of appearance on September 20,
2018, requested discovery and a bill of particulars, and the matter was continued several
times.
{¶12} On September 10, 2019, the State moved to dismiss the Assault and
Aggravated Menacing charges, which motion was granted.
{¶13} On November 18, 2019, Per Due filed a Motion to Withdraw as Counsel on
the grounds that, when discussing a plea offer with Bradley, he “became belligerent” and
fired him. A pretrial hearing was held on November 21, 2019. Bradley stated that he
wanted to fire his attorney because he had not talked to him since the last time he was in
court, knew “nothing about the case” and did not build a defense. The court stated that it
was “sure [attorney Per Due] knows enough about this case to proceed to jury trial
tomorrow. So here’s your choices. You’re going to proceed pro se with the jury trial
tomorrow. Is that what you’re going to do?” Bradley responded, “Yeah. It’s the same
result regardless. You’re going to do what you want to do anyway. I objected to
everything that you’ve done.” The court inquired if Per Due was asking to withdraw and
he responded affirmatively, indicating there was a disagreement between himself and
Bradley and he believed he must withdraw. The court granted his request. The following
exchange then occurred:
The court: Mr. Bradley, you intend to proceed on your own pro se tomorrow --
Bradley: Yeah.
4 The court: -- and represent yourself
Bradley: I’m just going to show up.
{¶14} After the State explained its final plea offer, Bradley discussed the merits of
his case and stated: “This is the defense I’m trying to put together with my attorney that I
can’t get ahold of or talk to. When I ask him questions about the case, he just yells at
me. So I’d rather just go and hear it and let you railroad me by myself.” Following the
pretrial, the court issued a judgment entry stating that the motion to withdraw was granted
and Bradley “is proceeding pro se.”
{¶15} A jury trial was held on November 22, 2019, at which the following pertinent
testimony was presented:
{¶16} James Hildebrand, an Ashtabula Police Department patrolman, testified
that on January 1, 2014, at around 1:30 a.m., he was dispatched to a reported fight. He
was subsequently informed that one of the participants in the fight had left the scene and
followed tire tracks in the snow near the area to which he had been dispatched, eastbound
on West 40th Street in Ashtabula. He noted the tire tracks were back and forth on the
road, indicating swerving. Upon following these tracks, he encountered a truck meeting
the dispatch description parked beside a vacant home. He approached the truck and
spoke with three females inside, and one indicated Bradley had been the driver. He
observed footprints in the snow leading away from the driver’s door.
{¶17} Lieutenant Rodney Blaney of the Ashtabula Police Department responded
to the scene where Hildebrand had discovered the suspect’s truck. He followed footprints
in the snow leading from the open driver’s door of the truck and discovered a boot which
was later found to be a match to a boot Bradley was wearing when arrested. Blaney
5 followed the tracks until he saw Bradley standing in the road. Bradley ran from Blaney
and tried to enter a residence (later determined to be the home of Bradley’s grandmother)
by forcing the back door open. Bradley failed to comply with orders to get on the ground
and a taser was used. He was secured and taken into custody.
{¶18} Lieutenant Daniel Gillespie of the Ashtabula Police Department testified that
after he arrived at the house to assist Blaney, Bradley failed to comply with commands
and he used his taser and placed Bradley under arrest. Due to the smell of alcohol on
his breath, Gillespie conducted sobriety tests and determined Bradley was impaired, but
no breath test was given.
{¶19} During the trial, Bradley did not conduct cross-examination or present
witnesses. He asserted that he could not perform cross-examination since he was not
an attorney and objected several times to the trial being held due to his lack of counsel.
{¶20} The jury found Bradley guilty of Obstructing Official Business and Resisting
Arrest and not guilty of OVI. The court sentenced Bradley to serve terms of 90 days in
jail, with 45 days suspended, for each offense, to run consecutively, and fines of $150.
The 45-day sentences were suspended on the condition that Bradley commit no similar
offenses within two years. The court found Bradley guilty of Failure to Reinstate and
Reckless Operation and he was fined $250 and $40, respectively, and ordered to pay
costs.
{¶21} Bradley timely appeals and raises the following assignments of error:
{¶22} “[1.] The trial court erred when it conducted a jury trial without securing a
waiver of counsel from appellant.
{¶23} “[2.] The trial court erred when it admitted a non-certified copy of appellant’s
6 LEADS into evidence as proof he was driving under suspension.
{¶24} “[3.] The verdict of guilty of reckless operation is against the sufficient and
manifest weight of the evidence.”
{¶25} In his first assignment of error, Bradley argues that the court erred by
ordering the trial to go forward when he was unrepresented by counsel and had not
waived his right to counsel.
{¶26} “Pursuant to the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Section 10, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution, a criminal defendant has
the right to assistance of counsel for his defense.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Moore,
11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2015-T-0072, 2017-Ohio-7024, ¶ 15. “Absent a knowing and
intelligent waiver, no person may be imprisoned for any offense, whether classified as
petty, misdemeanor, or felony, unless he was represented by counsel at his trial.” State
v. Wellman, 37 Ohio St.2d 162, 309 N.E.2d 915 (1974), paragraph one of the syllabus.
“[C]ourts must ‘indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver’ of the right to
counsel.” State v. Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d 175, 2016-Ohio-1594, 63 N.E.3d 93, ¶
29, citing Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 404, 97 S.Ct. 1232, 51 L.Ed.2d 424 (1977).
“[T]he state bears the burden of overcoming the presumption against a valid waiver.”
State v. Karnofel, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2015-T-0070, 2017-Ohio-428, ¶ 11.
{¶27} “In order to establish an effective waiver of right to counsel, the trial court
must make sufficient inquiry to determine whether [the] defendant fully understands and
intelligently relinquishes that right.” State v. Ross, 2017-Ohio-709, 86 N.E.3d 44, ¶ 21
(11th Dist.), citing State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366, 345 N.E.2d 399 (1976), paragraph
two of the syllabus. A waiver cannot be presumed from a silent record; “[t]he record must
7 show, or there must be an allegation and evidence which shows, that an accused was
offered counsel but intelligently and understandingly rejected the offer.” (Citation
omitted.) Wellman at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶28} Here, Bradley raises legitimate concerns about the manner in which he
“waived” his right to counsel. The court did not explicitly ask Bradley if he was waiving
his right or discuss the impact of waiving such right. It informed him prior to the final
pretrial that failure to secure counsel could result in him being required to proceed without
counsel and, at the final pretrial hearing the day before trial, stated he had “two options”
but then asked only if he was going to proceed pro se, to which he responded: “Yeah. It’s
the same result regardless. You’re going to do what you want to do anyway. I objected
to everything that you’ve done.” He further stated that he would rather go to trial by
himself and be “railroaded” than maintain current counsel. Throughout the course of the
trial he objected to being required to represent himself. From his interactions with the
court, this was not a scenario where he requested to proceed pro se but one where he
appeared to accept that this was the only choice available. Even if his acquiescence to
the court’s requirement that he proceed pro se constituted waiver, such waiver cannot be
found to have been intelligently given.
{¶29} As to advisements made to Bradley regarding his right to counsel, we do
not find that references to this right were sufficient to constitute a “meaningful dialogue as
to the inherent risks of proceeding pro se.” The transcripts of two pretrial hearings in
which discussions were had with Bradley did not advise of the charges, penalties, or
consequences of proceeding pro se but only communicated to Bradley that the court
would not continue to delay proceedings and that he needed to obtain counsel. The
8 December 13, 2017 judgment entry ruling on various motions and informing Bradley that
his failure to obtain counsel may result in further continuances being denied does state
Bradley has the right to counsel but this entry does not constitute a dialogue nor does it
go beyond a general statement that Bradley had the right to counsel. It is necessary that
a defendant be advised of, in addition to the offenses, punishments, and defenses, the
inherent dangers in proceeding pro se. Karnofel, 2017-Ohio-428, at ¶ 19 (“[t]here was no
inquiry directed to Karnofel to ascertain if she understood the seriousness of the trial and
the potential consequences to her liberty”); State v. McCrory, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2006-
P-0017, 2006-Ohio-6348, ¶ 25 (a meaningful dialogue must include discussion of the
offenses, possible punishments, defenses, and “any other facts which are essential for a
total understanding of the situation”) (citation omitted). The record does not demonstrate
a full or meaningful dialogue or explanation of potential outcomes or defenses or the
inherent dangers in proceeding pro se.
{¶30} While no transcript of an arraignment is in the record, we note that the
record contains several preprinted judgment entries used to make notations on
arraignment, counsel, bond, plea, decision, and sentence, which have a checkmark next
to “Arraignment” and the following preprinted statement: “Acknowledged receipt of a copy
of the complaint, has been informed of the nature of the charge and the maximum penalty,
the right to counsel, the right to a continuance and the other rights under Criminal Rule
5.” This court has held that “waiver of counsel at an arraignment is effective for that
proceeding only; before proceeding with a trial, the trial court must independently
determine whether the defendant desires to waive counsel and whether, at that time, he
has made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Victor,
9 11th Dist. Geauga Nos. 2014-G-3220 and 2014-G-3241, 2015-Ohio-5520, ¶ 33. “The
inquiry necessary to establish a constitutionally valid waiver for trial is, by its nature, more
suited to the trial court, and not the arraignment proceeding” since the “nature of
arraignment proceedings does not lend itself to the judge or magistrate conducting an
inquiry sufficient to pass constitutional muster.” (Citation omitted.) Id. at ¶ 34. Thus,
these are insufficient to demonstrate proper waiver as well.
{¶31} The State argues that waiver is demonstrated by the fact that Bradley
appeared at a status hearing pro se, made pro se filings, and had knowledge of the legal
system, emphasizing that he caused delays through firing counsel on several occasions.
It has been held that “in certain situations, the court may be permitted to infer a waiver of
the right to counsel after considering the ‘total circumstances of the individual case
including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused person.’” State v.
Herron, 11th Dist. Lake Nos. 2009-L-119, et al., 2010-Ohio-2050, ¶ 20, citing State v.
Gabel, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2008-A-0076, 2009-Ohio-3792, ¶ 42.
{¶32} It is accurate that Bradley has experience with the court system, has
represented himself in other actions, and filed some pleadings pro se in this matter. It
does appear that he contributed to the delay in this case by hiring and firing or failing to
communicate with several attorneys. However, even presuming his actions should be
construed as implied waiver, this court has found that a valid waiver “cannot be inferred”
when the court has not “engaged in any meaningful dialogue as to the inherent risks of
proceeding pro se.” Gabel at ¶ 41. This court further explained that while “a few cases
have acknowledged that a defendant can impliedly waive the right to counsel” by their
actions in certain instances, “a defendant’s conduct can never constitute waiver in the
10 absence of the trial court fully advising on the record of that right.” Karnofel, 2017-Ohio-
428, at ¶ 14-15 (“[I]n order to find an implied waiver of the right to counsel, a court must
examine not only the defendant’s actions, but also whether the trial court fully advised the
defendant ‘on the record of the inherent dangers in proceeding pro se’ * * *. * * * [W]hen
a trial court fails in these respects, waiver cannot be inferred.’”); State v. Koons, 7th Dist.
Columbiana No. 06-CO-67, 2007-Ohio-4985, ¶ 46.
{¶33} For the foregoing reasons, we find there was not proper waiver of Bradley’s
right to counsel. The proper remedy “[w]here a defendant has been convicted of a petty
offense without the benefit of counsel and without executing a valid waiver of counsel” is
that “any sentence of confinement must be vacated although the conviction itself is
affirmed.” Gabel at ¶ 43, citing McCrory, 2006-Ohio-6348, at ¶ 29. Thus, Bradley’s 45-
day suspended sentences for Resisting Arrest and Obstructing Official Business are
vacated.
{¶34} Bradley argues that his convictions should be vacated and the matter
remanded for a new trial rather than vacating his sentence because he has already served
his jail term and the foregoing only applies where a defendant has not actually been
imprisoned. He cites no authority for the proposition that it is proper to have a retrial in
these circumstances.
{¶35} We note that in discussing the correct remedy for denial of the right to
counsel in this situation, it has been held that “the right to appointed counsel under the
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments in state criminal proceedings is limited to cases that
lead to actual imprisonment.” State v. Boughner, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 98-G-2161, 1999
WL 1297606, *10 (Dec. 17, 1999). However, we do not find that this means a defendant
11 who has been sentenced to a term of incarceration for a misdemeanor and serves said
term is entitled to a new trial. This principle has been applied in cases where a term of
incarceration was actually imposed, in contrast to those where incarceration was a
potential punishment but was not imposed by the court.
{¶36} Courts have emphasized that the failure to obtain waiver of counsel in a
petty offense “prevents the trial court from imposing a sentence on the defendant” but
“does not vacate the entire conviction” and that the conviction and fine must be
affirmed. Lyndhurst v. Lasker-Hall, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102806, 2016-Ohio-108, ¶
14; Boughner at *10; State v. Delong, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2000 CA 102, 2001 WL
470054, *5 (May 4, 2001) (where a defendant was found guilty of a petty offense without
valid waiver of counsel “there is nothing fatally defective with the judgment in general, but
only with the sentence of confinement component of that judgment”). Further, although
there is limited precedent on the precise issue raised here, in a case that led to “actual
imprisonment,” the appellate court still vacated only the sentence although the defendant
had already served a portion of his incarceration prior to the grant of a stay. State v.
Donahoe, 2d Dist. Greene No. 90 CA 55, 1991 WL 38899, *1-2 (Mar. 21, 1991).
{¶37} Moreover, Bradley served his 45-day jail terms as his stay was denied in
the trial court and he did not seek a stay in this court. In many instances, where a
defendant serves his jail time in a misdemeanor, the matter is rendered moot, which
means that even if there was an error, no remedy would be available. See State v. Troyer,
11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2019-T-0036, 2019-Ohio-4929, ¶ 25 (where defendant “fully
served the jail sentence imposed,” the court noted that “even if we found [defendant's]
assignment of error to have merit, there is no ongoing or future penalty from which this
12 court can grant relief”). We note that in the present matter, the appeal is not moot since
Bradley has two 45-day suspended sentences for which he could still be incarcerated.
State v. Singleton, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0013, 2019-Ohio-4518, ¶ 7. The fact
that Bradley has served the ordered jail term does not warrant reversing his conviction,
which would be contrary to the authority discussed above.
{¶38} The first assignment of error is with merit.
{¶39} In his second assignment of error, Bradley argues that the trial court erred
when it allowed a non-certified Law Enforcement Automated Data System (LEADS) report
to be admitted since the statute allowing admission conflicts with Ohio Evid.R. 803 and
902 and is unconstitutional.
{¶40} As an initial matter, both the State in the trial court when requesting
admission and Bradley here discuss the admission of LEADS records pursuant to R.C.
4510.11, the statute dealing with the offense of Driving Under Suspension. The offense
for which Bradley was charged and convicted was a violation of R.C. 4510.21, Failure to
Reinstate a License. Nonetheless, both offenses contain a substantially similar provision
regarding the admission of the LEADS report. Pursuant to R.C. 4510.21(B):
Upon the request or motion of the prosecuting authority, a noncertified copy of the law enforcement automated data system report or a noncertified copy of a record of the registrar of motor vehicles that shows the name, date of birth, and social security number of a person charged with a violation of division (A) of this section may be admitted into evidence as prima-facie evidence that the license of the person had not been reinstated by the person at the time of the alleged violation of division (A) of this section. The person charged with a violation of division (A) of this section may offer evidence to rebut this prima-facie evidence.
{¶41} The State initially argues that this issue was waived since it was not raised
below. “Failure to raise at the trial court level the issue of the constitutionality of a statute
13 or its application, which issue is apparent at the time of trial, constitutes a waiver of such
issue and a deviation from this state’s orderly procedure, and therefore need not be heard
for the first time on appeal.” State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986),
syllabus. However, such doctrine is discretionary and a court may address the merits of
the argument in cases of “plain error or where the rights and interests involved may
warrant it.” In re M.D., 38 Ohio St.3d 149, 527 N.E.2d 286 (1988), syllabus; State v.
Boczar, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2004-A-0063, 2005-Ohio-6910, ¶ 30. Given the
circumstances in the present matter outlined above, we will address the merits of this
assignment of error.
{¶42} While the State contends that the legislature resolved the issue of
admissibility of noncertified LEADS reports when it amended the law to include the
foregoing provision, this does not address the issue raised by Bradley: whether such a
statute is unconstitutional as in conflict with the Ohio Rules of Evidence.
{¶43} Pursuant to Article IV, Section 5(B) of the Ohio Constitution, “[t]he supreme
court shall prescribe rules governing practice and procedure in all courts of the state * *
*. All laws in conflict with such rules shall be of no further force or effect after such rules
have taken effect.” Thus, the Ohio Rules of Evidence “control over subsequently enacted
inconsistent statutes purporting to govern evidentiary matters.” State v. O’Neill, 11th Dist.
Portage No. 2012-P-0116, 2013-Ohio-2619, ¶ 16, citing State ex rel. Ohio Academy of
Trial Lawyers v. Sheward, 86 Ohio St.3d 451, 491, 715 N.E.2d 1062 (1999). “In order to
demonstrate the legislature infringed upon the judiciary’s power to enact evidentiary rules
appellant must demonstrate the legislation contradicts or is an attempt to supersede an
existing evidentiary rule.” Boczar at ¶ 38.
14 {¶44} Bradley argues there is a conflict between the statutory language outlined
above and Ohio Evid.R. 803 and 902. Evid.R. 803 provides exceptions to the rule against
hearsay, including public records and reports, i.e., “[r]ecords, reports, statements, or data
compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies, setting forth (a) the activities of
the office or agency, or (b) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which
matters there was a duty to report.” Evid.R. 803(8). It does not speak to whether such
records must be certified. There is no conflict as to Evid.R. 803 specifically because it
allows the admission of a LEADS report as a public record. See Cleveland v. Craig, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99619, 2013-Ohio-5742, ¶ 37 (“a LEADS printout is admissible as a
public record under Evid.R. 803(8)(a)”).
{¶45} Evid.R. 902 lists and describes documents which can be admitted without
“extrinsic evidence of authenticity,” including certified copies of public records. Since R.C.
4510.21 provides for admission of noncertified public records, Bradley argues this statute
conflicts with Evid.R. 902. However, Evid.R. 902(10) specifically provides that extrinsic
evidence as a condition precedent to authenticity is not required with respect to “[a]ny
signature, document, or other matter declared by any law of a jurisdiction, state or federal,
to be presumptively or prima facie genuine or authentic.” The Staff Notes state that “Rule
902(10) is a catch-all reminder that the examples of self-authentication set forth in Rule
902 are not the only examples of self-authentication” and note that other examples of self-
authentication could be found in the Revised Code. The legislature’s creation of a statute
that allows for admission of a non-certified LEADS report as prima facie evidence of
failure to reinstate a license is not contradictory to Evid.R. 902 or an attempt to modify the
rule but, instead, is permissible under its language. Since we do not find that the statute
15 conflicts with the Rules of Evidence, the statute is not unconstitutional and admission of
the evidence was proper.
{¶46} The second assignment of error is without merit.
{¶47} In his third assignment of error, Bradley argues that the conviction for
Reckless Operation was against the weight and sufficiency of the evidence since the
State failed to prove that he was operating a motor vehicle in “willful or wanton disregard
for the safety of persons or property.”
{¶48} Sufficiency is a test of the adequacy of the evidence to determine “whether
the evidence is legally sufficient to support the * * * verdict as a matter of law.” (Citation
omitted.) State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “An
appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such
evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt,” i.e., “whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d
492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶49} In contrast, “weight of the evidence addresses the evidence’s effect of
inducing belief” and warrants consideration of “whose evidence is more persuasive - - the
state’s or the defendant’s?” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865
N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25. An appellate court considering whether a verdict is against
the manifest weight of the evidence must consider all the evidence in the record, the
reasonable inferences, the credibility of the witnesses, and whether, “in resolving conflicts
16 in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387,
quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
{¶50} Pursuant to R.C. 4511.20(A), to convict Bradley of Reckless Operation, the
State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did “operate a vehicle * *
* on any street or highway in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or
property.” “[W]hen the operator of a vehicle, with full knowledge of the surrounding
circumstances, recklessly and inexcusably disregards the rights of other motorists, his
conduct may be characterized as wanton.” State v. Earlenbaugh, 18 Ohio St.3d 19, 22,
479 N.E.2d 846 (1985).
{¶51} Here, the testimony of the officers demonstrated that Bradley had operated
the vehicle in question, which matched the description of the one leaving the scene of the
reported assault. When the vehicle was located, the driver’s door was open, footprints
were present in the snow leading away from the driver’s door, and the boot located in the
footprints matched the one boot worn by Bradley when he was arrested. Bradley does
not specifically dispute that he had driven the truck, but, rather, argues there was no
evidence he had driven recklessly.
{¶52} Hildebrand testified that he had pursued the truck from the scene of the
assault and ultimately followed tire tracks in the snow to the location of that truck, the one
driven by Bradley. Although he did not observe Bradley’s driving, he saw that the tracks
went back and forth from the north and south side of the road “swerving down the
roadway” and that this pattern of moving from one side of the road to another continued
down the road. Testimony also indicated that Bradley showed signs of impairment due
17 to alcohol following his arrest, admitted to drinking, and smelled of alcohol.
{¶53} Considering these circumstances, we find the weight and sufficiency of the
evidence support a conviction for Reckless Operation. In determining whether a
conviction for Reckless Operation is supported by the evidence, courts have considered
a variety of circumstances, including whether the defendant has driven between traffic
lines, traveled in a manner unsafe for the current road conditions, and or was under the
influence of alcohol. Cleveland v. Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107138, 2019-Ohio-
543, ¶ 21 (“driving between traffic lanes * * * could constitute a willful or
wanton disregard for the safety of persons”); State v. Vanoss, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2009-T-0047, 2010-Ohio-1453, ¶ 13 (traveling at the posted speed limit can be reckless
operation when it is unsafe given the road conditions, including dark, slippery, ice and
snow covered roads); State v. Tamburin, 145 Ohio App.3d 774, 780-781, 764 N.E.2d 503
(9th Dist.2001) (the court can consider a defendant’s intoxication in conjunction with other
factors, such as failure to stay in marked lanes when determining recklessness). Given
that the facts demonstrate Bradley was driving in snowy conditions back and forth across
both sides of the road while impaired by alcohol, we find the evidence supports a
conviction for Reckless Operation.
{¶54} The third assignment of error is without merit.
{¶55} For the foregoing reasons, Bradley’s convictions in the Ashtabula Municipal
Court are affirmed in part and modified and affirmed as modified in part. Costs to be
taxed against the parties equally.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., MARY JANE TRAPP, J., concur.